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ld/cp/closepath ld/ARC/arcn ld/TR{65536 div}bd/lj/setlinejoin ld/lc
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def/sc{scignore{pop pop pop}{0 index 2 index eq 2 index 4 index eq
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32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
370 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 1 SJ
483 673 1041 (Conceptual schema:) 1041 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
520 837 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
614 837 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
639 839 1945 (Students\(sid: string, name: string, login: string,) 1945 SB
970 983 919 ( age: integer, gpa:real\)) 919 SB
520 1127 50 (\226) 50 SB
614 1127 2034 ( Courses\(cid: string, cname:string, credits:integer\)) 2034 SB
520 1271 50 (\226) 50 SB
614 1271 1804 ( Enrolled\(sid:string, cid:string, grade:string\)) 1804 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
370 1456 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 1 SJ
483 1417 879 (Physical schema:) 879 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
520 1581 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 4 SJ
614 1581 1542 (Relations stored as unordered files.) 1542 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
520 1724 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 5 SJ
614 1724 1488 (Index on first column of Students.) 1488 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
370 1911 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
483 1872 1268 (External Schema \(View\):) 1268 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
520 2038 50 (\226) 50 SB
614 2038 284 (Course) 283 SB
897 2038 578 (_info\(cid:strin) 577 SB
1474 2038 387 (g,enrollm) 386 SB
1860 2038 470 (ent:integer\)) 470 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 1 SJ
420 304 1291 (Data Independence) 1291 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
533 748 2083 (Applications insulated from how data is) 2083 SB
-2 2 SJ
533 888 1149 (structured and stored.) 1149 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1096 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-4 2 SJ
533 1059 1239 (Logical data independence) 1239 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 2 SJ
1768 1057 87 (: ) 87 SB
0 84 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
1851 1057 812 (Protection from) 812 SB
-2 2 SJ
533 1197 578 (changes in ) 578 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
1109 1199 339 (logical ) 339 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
1447 1197 885 (structure of data.) 885 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1404 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-2 2 SJ
533 1367 1298 (Physical data independence) 1298 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
1829 1365 116 (: ) 116 SB
0 84 0 fC
-1 1 SJ
1942 1365 812 (Protection from) 812 SB
-2 2 SJ
533 1505 578 (changes in ) 578 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1109 1507 389 (physical) 389 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
1498 1505 914 ( structure of data.) 914 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 80 /ZapfDingbats font
465 1896 96 (*) 96 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
561 1883 2191 ( One of the most important benefits of using a DBMS!) 2191 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
470 304 1440 (Concurrency Control) 1440 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
345 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
458 648 2036 (Concurrent execution of user programs) 2036 SB
-5 5 SJ
458 788 2109 (is essential for good DBMS performance.) 2109 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
495 952 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 6 SJ
589 952 2157 (Because disk accesses are frequent, and relatively) 2157 SB
18 9 SJ
589 1072 2171 (slow, it is important to keep the cpu humming by) 2171 SB
18 5 SJ
589 1192 2118 (working on several user programs concurrently.) 2118 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
345 1379 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
458 1340 2415 (Interleaving actions of different user programs) 2415 SB
458 1480 2391 (can lead to inconsistency: e.g., check is cleared) 2391 SB
-5 5 SJ
458 1620 2158 (while account balance is being computed.) 2158 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
345 1827 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-7 7 SJ
458 1788 2484 (DBMS ensures such problems don\222t arise: users) 2484 SB
458 1929 2482 (can pretend they are using a single-user system.) 2482 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-18 6 SJ
320 312 2728 (Transaction: An Execution of a DB Program) 2728 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
320 587 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
433 548 777 (Key concept is ) 777 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1207 550 537 (transaction) 537 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
1744 548 58 (, ) 58 SB
0 84 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
1801 548 618 (which is an ) 618 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
188 55 0 fC
2416 550 315 (atomic) 315 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-8 4 SJ
433 688 2298 (sequence of database actions \(reads/writes\).) 2298 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
320 896 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
433 857 2294 (Each transaction, executed completely, must) 2294 SB
433 997 901 (leave the DB in a ) 901 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1334 999 730 (consistent state) 730 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2064 999 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2093 997 377 (if DB is) 377 SB
-4 4 SJ
433 1137 2029 (consistent when the transaction begins.) 2029 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 1301 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 5 SJ
564 1301 1358 (Users can specify some simple ) 1358 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
1932 1303 833 (integrity constraints) 833 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2767 1303 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2794 1301 112 (on) 112 SB
20 8 SJ
564 1421 2365 (the data, and the DBMS will enforce these constraints.) 2365 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 1564 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
24 8 SJ
564 1564 2379 (Beyond this, the DBMS does not really understand the) 2379 SB
21 9 SJ
564 1684 2221 (semantics of the data. \(e.g., it does not understand) 2221 SB
18 8 SJ
564 1804 2153 (how the interest on a bank account is computed\).) 2153 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 1948 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 7 SJ
564 1948 2399 (Thus, ensuring that a transaction \(run alone\) preserves) 2399 SB
15 4 SJ
564 2067 1263 (consistency is ultimately the ) 1263 SB
188 55 0 fC
1842 2067 258 (user\222s) 258 SB
0 84 0 fC
4 1 SJ
2100 2067 653 ( responsibility!) 653 SB
1 #C
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%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-16 2 SJ
420 312 2259 (Scheduling Concurrent Transactions) 2259 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
245 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
358 623 2375 (DBMS ensures that execution of {T1, ... , Tn} is) 2375 SB
-3 3 SJ
358 763 1010 (equivalent to some ) 1010 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1365 765 256 (serial) 256 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
1621 763 1068 ( execution T1\222 ... Tn\222.) 1068 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
395 927 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
23 6 SJ
489 927 2443 (Before reading/writing an object, a transaction requests) 2443 SB
21 12 SJ
489 1047 2431 (a lock on the object, and waits till the DBMS gives it the) 2431 SB
22 11 SJ
489 1167 2459 (lock. All locks are released at the end of the transaction.) 2459 SB
252 1 40 fC
489 1287 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 99 99 1 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 1 SJ
522 1287 423 (Strict 2PL) 423 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 2 SJ
948 1287 798 ( locking protocol.\)) 798 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
395 1431 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
489 1431 240 (Idea: ) 240 SB
0 84 0 fC
15 10 SJ
730 1431 2167 (If an action of Ti \(say, writing X\) affects Tj \(which) 2167 SB
17 10 SJ
489 1550 2310 (perhaps reads X\), one of them, say Ti, will obtain the) 2310 SB
21 12 SJ
489 1670 2480 (lock on X first and Tj is forced to wait until Ti completes;) 2480 SB
17 4 SJ
489 1790 1686 (this effectively orders the transactions.) 1686 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
395 1934 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 13 SJ
489 1934 2469 (What if Tj already has a lock on Y and Ti later requests a) 2469 SB
7 3 SJ
489 2053 479 (lock on Y? ) 479 SB
252 1 40 fC
974 2053 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 99 99 1 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1007 2053 416 (Deadlock) 416 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1423 2053 86 (!\) ) 86 SB
0 84 0 fC
9 4 SJ
1511 2053 438 (Ti or Tj is ) 438 SB
32 0 0 99 99 1 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1957 2053 337 (aborted) 337 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2294 2053 25 ( ) 25 SB
0 84 0 fC
2 1 SJ
2321 2053 609 (and restarted!) 609 SB
1 #C
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 1 SJ
395 304 1364 (Ensuring Atomicity) 1364 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
220 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 2 SJ
333 673 789 (DBMS ensures ) 789 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1118 675 446 (atomicity) 446 SB
0 84 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
1564 675 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 1 SJ
1591 673 1282 (\(all-or-nothing property\)) 1282 SB
333 813 2374 (even if system crashes in the middle of a Xact.) 2374 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
220 1021 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
333 982 283 (Idea: ) 283 SB
0 84 0 fC
616 982 384 (Keep a ) 384 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1000 984 144 (log) 144 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1144 982 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
1173 982 1720 (\(history\) of all actions carried out) 1720 SB
333 1122 2260 (by the DBMS while executing a set of Xacts:) 2260 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
370 1286 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
464 1286 280 (Before) 280 SB
0 84 0 fC
18 8 SJ
744 1286 1648 ( a change is made to the database, the) 1648 SB
20 8 SJ
464 1406 2239 (corresponding log entry is forced to a safe location.) 2239 SB
464 1525 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
497 1527 570 (WAL protocol) 570 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
14 7 SJ
1069 1525 1805 (; OS support for this is often inadequate.\)) 1805 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
370 1669 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 7 SJ
464 1669 1974 (After a crash, the effects of partially executed) 1974 SB
4 2 SJ
464 1789 716 (transactions are ) 716 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1183 1791 301 (undone) 301 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
12 7 SJ
1484 1789 1485 ( using the log. \(Thanks to WAL, if) 1485 SB
21 7 SJ
464 1909 2401 (log entry wasn\222t saved before the crash, corresponding) 2401 SB
11 5 SJ
464 2028 1624 (change was not applied to database!\)) 1624 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
420 304 544 (The Log) 544 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 648 2343 (The following actions are recorded in the log:) 2343 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 814 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
3 3 SJ
389 814 745 (Ti writes an object) 745 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1138 812 75 (: ) 75 SB
0 84 0 fC
7 6 SJ
1216 812 1432 (the old value and the new value.) 1432 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
445 989 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 6 SJ
520 953 1011 (Log record must go to disk ) 1011 SB
32 0 0 84 84 1 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1533 955 198 (before) 198 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1731 953 21 ( ) 21 SB
0 84 0 fC
1 2 SJ
1753 953 670 (the changed page!) 670 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 1078 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
1 1 SJ
389 1078 730 (Ti commits/aborts) 730 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1121 1076 75 (: ) 75 SB
0 84 0 fC
8 5 SJ
1199 1076 1493 (a log record indicating this action.) 1493 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1263 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1224 2806 (Log records chained together by Xact id, so it\222s easy to) 2806 SB
258 1364 2499 (undo a specific Xact \(e.g., to resolve a deadlock\).) 2499 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1571 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
258 1532 636 (Log is often ) 636 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
891 1534 455 (duplexed ) 455 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
1345 1532 227 (and ) 227 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1571 1534 402 (archived) 402 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
1973 1532 1046 ( on \223stable\224 storage.) 1046 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1739 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1700 2613 (All log related activities \(and in fact, all CC related) 2613 SB
-6 6 SJ
258 1841 2801 (activities such as lock/unlock, dealing with deadlocks) 2801 SB
258 1981 2328 (etc.\) are handled transparently by the DBMS.) 2328 SB
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 1066 355 1709 218 CB
1849 427 M -4 3 -4 2 -5 3 -4 2 -4 1 -5 2 -4 1 -4 1 -3 0 -4 1 -3 0 -2 0 -6 0 -7 0 -8 0 -7 0 -7 0 -6 0 -4 0 -1 0 20 PP
9 1 7 2 7 3 5 3 5 4 3 4 3 4 2 3 2 9 0 10 -1 10 -2 12 -4 12 -6 12 -7 13 -7 12 -4 5 -3 4 -4 4 -4 3 20 PP
33 0 34 -1 35 0 34 -1 36 -1 34 0 35 -1 34 0 32 -1 32 0 30 -1 28 0 27 0 24 -1 21 0 19 0 15 -1 12 0 9 0 4 0 20 PP
8 -17 9 -16 9 -15 11 -14 12 -11 13 -8 15 -6 16 -2 2 0 6 0 10 0 13 -1 17 0 20 0 22 0 25 -1 27 0 29 -1 31 0 32 -1 20 PP
3 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 6 0 7 0 5 0 4 0 1 0 3 -7 2 -10 3 -12 4 -15 4 -16 5 -16 6 -17 6 -18 20 PP
-1 -11 0 -11 1 -11 2 -10 4 -10 5 -11 7 -10 9 -9 4 -4 4 -3 4 -3 4 -3 4 -2 4 -1 4 -2 4 -1 3 -1 4 0 3 -1 3 0 20 PP
-14 0 -10 1 -7 0 -4 0 -10 0 -10 -1 -8 0 -8 -1 -7 -1 -6 -2 -6 -2 -5 -2 -4 -2 -4 -3 -3 -3 -3 -4 -2 -4 -1 -4 -1 -5 -1 -5 20 PP
-26 1 -26 0 -29 1 -29 1 -30 1 -31 1 -31 1 -32 1 -31 1 -31 1 -31 1 -30 1 -29 1 -28 1 -27 1 -25 1 -23 0 -21 1 -19 0 -15 1 20 PP
-6 16 -6 15 -7 15 -8 14 -8 13 -10 13 -10 11 -12 9 -13 8 -14 7 -16 4 -17 2 -4 0 -8 0 -10 1 -14 0 -17 1 -19 0 -21 1 -23 1 20 PP
-4 15 -5 14 -5 16 -5 15 4 PP
1 F
n
gr
255 255 255 fC
/fm 256 def
1761 481 M 1 -1 -10 0 2 -7 20 0 -4 4 -2 5 -2 5 0 5 0 4 2 4 1 2 3 1 1 0 1 0 1 -1 2 0 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 20 PP
-2 0 -3 0 -3 0 -2 0 -2 0 -2 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 -6 9 0 0 -3 -1 -3 0 -3 0 -2 -9 0 1 -6 8 0 0 -2 1 -3 1 -2 20 PP
5 -2 5 -1 6 -1 6 0 6 1 4 3 3 5 2 6 1 6 0 8 -1 9 -2 9 -3 10 -3 8 -4 7 -5 5 -4 4 -5 3 -3 1 -4 0 20 PP
1 -2 -21 0 3 -8 20 0 1 -4 1 -4 2 -3 1 -3 -17 0 7 -9 15 0 1 -2 3 -3 2 -3 2 -2 -11 0 4 -4 4 -4 5 -3 4 -2 20 PP
-4 0 2 -8 38 0 -1 -3 -1 -2 -1 -3 0 -2 -32 0 3 -7 28 0 1 -3 0 -2 0 -3 0 -3 -25 0 3 -8 23 -1 0 -2 1 -2 0 -2 20 PP
-7 9 -7 7 -9 6 -10 5 -11 2 -2 0 -2 0 -3 0 -3 0 -3 1 -4 0 -4 0 -3 0 -4 0 -4 0 -4 0 -4 0 -4 0 -4 0 -4 0 20 PP
4 -9 4 -8 2 -9 2 -9 0 -9 -1 -8 -2 -8 -4 -6 -6 -6 6 1 5 4 4 5 2 7 1 8 0 9 -1 10 -2 10 -4 11 -4 10 -6 9 20 PP
-5 7 -5 7 -4 8 -3 9 -2 9 -2 8 0 9 0 8 0 8 2 6 3 5 4 3 4 1 6 0 7 -3 6 -4 6 -5 5 -6 5 -7 5 -8 20 PP
0 -5 35 0 0 -3 0 -3 0 -2 0 -3 -27 -2 4 -5 22 0 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 0 -2 0 -7 1 -6 3 -6 4 20 PP
-7 0 -4 -3 13 0 2 -3 1 -2 1 -2 1 -3 -17 -2 3 -5 17 -2 1 -2 0 -3 1 -2 0 -3 -33 -2 15 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
/fm 256 def
/fm 256 def
17 .5 2690 229 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
3 .5 2531 230 B 1 F n
3 .5 2557 230 B 1 F n
0 .5 2583 230 B 1 F n
3 .5 2610 230 B 1 F n
3 .5 2634 230 B 1 F n
38 .5 2675 230 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
3 .5 2507 231 B 1 F n
5 .5 2529 231 B 1 F n
5 .5 2555 231 B 1 F n
2 .5 2582 231 B 1 F n
6 .5 2607 231 B 1 F n
5 .5 2632 231 B 1 F n
44 .5 2665 231 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 2369 232 B 1 F n
0 .5 2391 232 B 1 F n
0 .5 2485 232 B 1 F n
5 .5 2505 232 B 1 F n
6 .5 2527 232 B 1 F n
5 .5 2554 232 B 1 F n
6 .5 2579 232 B 1 F n
9 .5 2604 232 B 1 F n
7 .5 2629 232 B 1 F n
49 .5 2657 232 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
3 .5 2366 233 B 1 F n
3 .5 2388 233 B 1 F n
2 .5 2482 233 B 1 F n
6 .5 2503 233 B 1 F n
7 .5 2526 233 B 1 F n
8 .5 2551 233 B 1 F n
9 .5 2576 233 B 1 F n
11 .5 2602 233 B 1 F n
10 .5 2627 233 B 1 F n
50 .5 2653 233 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
4 .5 2364 234 B 1 F n
3 .5 2387 234 B 1 F n
0 .5 2416 234 B 1 F n
4 .5 2480 234 B 1 F n
7 .5 2502 234 B 1 F n
8 .5 2525 234 B 1 F n
10 .5 2549 234 B 1 F n
12 .5 2574 234 B 1 F n
13 .5 2600 234 B 1 F n
11 .5 2626 234 B 1 F n
50 .5 2650 234 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 2314 235 B 1 F n
0 .5 2340 235 B 1 F n
5 .5 2363 235 B 1 F n
5 .5 2385 235 B 1 F n
3 .5 2413 235 B 1 F n
5 .5 2478 235 B 1 F n
8 .5 2500 235 B 1 F n
10 .5 2524 235 B 1 F n
11 .5 2548 235 B 1 F n
13 .5 2573 235 B 1 F n
14 .5 2599 235 B 1 F n
14 .5 2624 235 B 1 F n
51 .5 2647 235 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 2289 236 B 1 F n
1 .5 2313 236 B 1 F n
2 .5 2338 236 B 1 F n
7 .5 2361 236 B 1 F n
5 .5 2384 236 B 1 F n
4 .5 2411 236 B 1 F n
5 .5 2477 236 B 1 F n
9 .5 2499 236 B 1 F n
12 .5 2522 236 B 1 F n
12 .5 2547 236 B 1 F n
17 .5 2570 236 B 1 F n
18 .5 2596 236 B 1 F n
15 .5 2623 236 B 1 F n
53 .5 2644 236 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
2 .5 2287 237 B 1 F n
2 .5 2312 237 B 1 F n
4 .5 2336 237 B 1 F n
7 .5 2360 237 B 1 F n
6 .5 2383 237 B 1 F n
5 .5 2410 237 B 1 F n
0 .5 2436 237 B 1 F n
3 .5 2458 237 B 1 F n
7 .5 2475 237 B 1 F n
11 .5 2497 237 B 1 F n
14 .5 2520 237 B 1 F n
15 .5 2545 237 B 1 F n
20 .5 2568 237 B 1 F n
21 .5 2594 237 B 1 F n
73 .5 2622 237 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 2261 238 B 1 F n
2 .5 2286 238 B 1 F n
2 .5 2311 238 B 1 F n
4 .5 2335 238 B 1 F n
8 .5 2359 238 B 1 F n
7 .5 2382 238 B 1 F n
5 .5 2409 238 B 1 F n
3 .5 2433 238 B 1 F n
4 .5 2456 238 B 1 F n
7 .5 2474 238 B 1 F n
12 .5 2495 238 B 1 F n
15 .5 2519 238 B 1 F n
16 .5 2544 238 B 1 F n
127 .5 2567 238 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 2237 239 B 1 F n
2 .5 2259 239 B 1 F n
3 .5 2285 239 B 1 F n
3 .5 2310 239 B 1 F n
6 .5 2333 239 B 1 F n
8 .5 2358 239 B 1 F n
8 .5 2381 239 B 1 F n
7 .5 2407 239 B 1 F n
5 .5 2430 239 B 1 F n
5 .5 2454 239 B 1 F n
8 .5 2473 239 B 1 F n
13 .5 2494 239 B 1 F n
17 .5 2518 239 B 1 F n
151 .5 2542 239 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 2236 240 B 1 F n
3 .5 2258 240 B 1 F n
5 .5 2283 240 B 1 F n
4 .5 2309 240 B 1 F n
7 .5 2332 240 B 1 F n
10 .5 2356 240 B 1 F n
9 .5 2380 240 B 1 F n
8 .5 2406 240 B 1 F n
7 .5 2428 240 B 1 F n
6 .5 2452 240 B 1 F n
9 .5 2471 240 B 1 F n
14 .5 2493 240 B 1 F n
18 .5 2517 240 B 1 F n
151 .5 2540 240 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 2235 241 B 1 F n
3 .5 2257 241 B 1 F n
5 .5 2282 241 B 1 F n
5 .5 2308 241 B 1 F n
8 .5 2331 241 B 1 F n
10 .5 2355 241 B 1 F n
10 .5 2379 241 B 1 F n
9 .5 2405 241 B 1 F n
8 .5 2426 241 B 1 F n
8 .5 2450 241 B 1 F n
10 .5 2470 241 B 1 F n
16 .5 2492 241 B 1 F n
175 .5 2515 241 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 2213 242 B 1 F n
2 .5 2234 242 B 1 F n
3 .5 2257 242 B 1 F n
6 .5 2281 242 B 1 F n
5 .5 2307 242 B 1 F n
8 .5 2330 242 B 1 F n
11 .5 2354 242 B 1 F n
11 .5 2378 242 B 1 F n
10 .5 2403 242 B 1 F n
9 .5 2425 242 B 1 F n
9 .5 2448 242 B 1 F n
12 .5 2468 242 B 1 F n
17 .5 2491 242 B 1 F n
175 .5 2514 242 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 2188 243 B 1 F n
2 .5 2211 243 B 1 F n
3 .5 2233 243 B 1 F n
4 .5 2256 243 B 1 F n
6 .5 2280 243 B 1 F n
7 .5 2305 243 B 1 F n
8 .5 2330 243 B 1 F n
11 .5 2353 243 B 1 F n
11 .5 2378 243 B 1 F n
11 .5 2402 243 B 1 F n
11 .5 2423 243 B 1 F n
11 .5 2446 243 B 1 F n
14 .5 2466 243 B 1 F n
19 .5 2489 243 B 1 F n
175 .5 2512 243 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 2187 244 B 1 F n
3 .5 2209 244 B 1 F n
3 .5 2232 244 B 1 F n
5 .5 2255 244 B 1 F n
7 .5 2279 244 B 1 F n
8 .5 2304 244 B 1 F n
9 .5 2329 244 B 1 F n
12 .5 2352 244 B 1 F n
12 .5 2377 244 B 1 F n
12 .5 2401 244 B 1 F n
11 .5 2422 244 B 1 F n
12 .5 2444 244 B 1 F n
15 .5 2465 244 B 1 F n
198 .5 2488 244 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 2186 245 B 1 F n
4 .5 2208 245 B 1 F n
4 .5 2231 245 B 1 F n
5 .5 2254 245 B 1 F n
8 .5 2278 245 B 1 F n
9 .5 2303 245 B 1 F n
10 .5 2328 245 B 1 F n
13 .5 2351 245 B 1 F n
13 .5 2376 245 B 1 F n
14 .5 2399 245 B 1 F n
12 .5 2421 245 B 1 F n
14 .5 2442 245 B 1 F n
17 .5 2463 245 B 1 F n
199 .5 2486 245 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
2 .5 2185 246 B 1 F n
5 .5 2206 246 B 1 F n
5 .5 2230 246 B 1 F n
6 .5 2253 246 B 1 F n
8 .5 2277 246 B 1 F n
10 .5 2302 246 B 1 F n
10 .5 2327 246 B 1 F n
13 .5 2350 246 B 1 F n
14 .5 2375 246 B 1 F n
15 .5 2398 246 B 1 F n
13 .5 2420 246 B 1 F n
16 .5 2440 246 B 1 F n
20 .5 2462 246 B 1 F n
199 .5 2485 246 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 2164 247 B 1 F n
2 .5 2185 247 B 1 F n
6 .5 2205 247 B 1 F n
5 .5 2229 247 B 1 F n
6 .5 2253 247 B 1 F n
9 .5 2276 247 B 1 F n
11 .5 2301 247 B 1 F n
11 .5 2326 247 B 1 F n
14 .5 2349 247 B 1 F n
16 .5 2373 247 B 1 F n
16 .5 2397 247 B 1 F n
14 .5 2419 247 B 1 F n
17 .5 2439 247 B 1 F n
222 .5 2461 247 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
2 .5 2162 248 B 1 F n
3 .5 2184 248 B 1 F n
6 .5 2204 248 B 1 F n
5 .5 2229 248 B 1 F n
7 .5 2252 248 B 1 F n
10 .5 2275 248 B 1 F n
11 .5 2301 248 B 1 F n
11 .5 2326 248 B 1 F n
15 .5 2348 248 B 1 F n
17 .5 2372 248 B 1 F n
17 .5 2396 248 B 1 F n
16 .5 2417 248 B 1 F n
21 .5 2437 248 B 1 F n
222 .5 2460 248 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 2138 249 B 1 F n
2 .5 2161 249 B 1 F n
3 .5 2183 249 B 1 F n
6 .5 2204 249 B 1 F n
6 .5 2228 249 B 1 F n
7 .5 2251 249 B 1 F n
11 .5 2274 249 B 1 F n
12 .5 2300 249 B 1 F n
12 .5 2325 249 B 1 F n
14 .5 2348 249 B 1 F n
18 .5 2371 249 B 1 F n
18 .5 2395 249 B 1 F n
265 .5 2416 249 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 2116 250 B 1 F n
2 .5 2136 250 B 1 F n
3 .5 2160 250 B 1 F n
4 .5 2182 250 B 1 F n
6 .5 2203 250 B 1 F n
6 .5 2227 250 B 1 F n
8 .5 2250 250 B 1 F n
11 .5 2273 250 B 1 F n
12 .5 2299 250 B 1 F n
12 .5 2324 250 B 1 F n
15 .5 2347 250 B 1 F n
20 .5 2370 250 B 1 F n
20 .5 2393 250 B 1 F n
266 .5 2414 250 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 2115 251 B 1 F n
3 .5 2135 251 B 1 F n
3 .5 2160 251 B 1 F n
4 .5 2182 251 B 1 F n
7 .5 2202 251 B 1 F n
7 .5 2226 251 B 1 F n
9 .5 2249 251 B 1 F n
12 .5 2272 251 B 1 F n
13 .5 2298 251 B 1 F n
12 .5 2324 251 B 1 F n
16 .5 2346 251 B 1 F n
309 .5 2370 251 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
2 .5 2113 252 B 1 F n
3 .5 2134 252 B 1 F n
3 .5 2159 252 B 1 F n
4 .5 2181 252 B 1 F n
7 .5 2202 252 B 1 F n
8 .5 2225 252 B 1 F n
9 .5 2249 252 B 1 F n
13 .5 2271 252 B 1 F n
14 .5 2297 252 B 1 F n
13 .5 2323 252 B 1 F n
15 .5 2346 252 B 1 F n
309 .5 2369 252 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
3 .5 2112 253 B 1 F n
3 .5 2134 253 B 1 F n
4 .5 2158 253 B 1 F n
5 .5 2180 253 B 1 F n
8 .5 2201 253 B 1 F n
8 .5 2225 253 B 1 F n
9 .5 2248 253 B 1 F n
13 .5 2270 253 B 1 F n
15 .5 2296 253 B 1 F n
13 .5 2323 253 B 1 F n
16 .5 2345 253 B 1 F n
309 .5 2368 253 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 2091 254 B 1 F n
3 .5 2111 254 B 1 F n
4 .5 2133 254 B 1 F n
5 .5 2157 254 B 1 F n
5 .5 2180 254 B 1 F n
8 .5 2200 254 B 1 F n
8 .5 2224 254 B 1 F n
10 .5 2247 254 B 1 F n
13 .5 2270 254 B 1 F n
17 .5 2294 254 B 1 F n
14 .5 2322 254 B 1 F n
17 .5 2344 254 B 1 F n
309 .5 2367 254 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 2090 255 B 1 F n
4 .5 2110 255 B 1 F n
4 .5 2133 255 B 1 F n
5 .5 2156 255 B 1 F n
6 .5 2179 255 B 1 F n
9 .5 2199 255 B 1 F n
9 .5 2223 255 B 1 F n
10 .5 2247 255 B 1 F n
14 .5 2269 255 B 1 F n
18 .5 2293 255 B 1 F n
14 .5 2322 255 B 1 F n
19 .5 2343 255 B 1 F n
309 .5 2366 255 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 2089 256 B 1 F n
4 .5 2110 256 B 1 F n
5 .5 2132 256 B 1 F n
5 .5 2156 256 B 1 F n
6 .5 2178 256 B 1 F n
9 .5 2199 256 B 1 F n
10 .5 2222 256 B 1 F n
10 .5 2246 256 B 1 F n
15 .5 2268 256 B 1 F n
19 .5 2292 256 B 1 F n
15 .5 2321 256 B 1 F n
20 .5 2342 256 B 1 F n
309 .5 2365 256 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 2064 257 B 1 F n
2 .5 2088 257 B 1 F n
4 .5 2109 257 B 1 F n
5 .5 2131 257 B 1 F n
6 .5 2155 257 B 1 F n
6 .5 2178 257 B 1 F n
10 .5 2198 257 B 1 F n
11 .5 2221 257 B 1 F n
11 .5 2245 257 B 1 F n
16 .5 2267 257 B 1 F n
20 .5 2291 257 B 1 F n
16 .5 2320 257 B 1 F n
332 .5 2341 257 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 2063 258 B 1 F n
3 .5 2087 258 B 1 F n
5 .5 2108 258 B 1 F n
6 .5 2130 258 B 1 F n
7 .5 2154 258 B 1 F n
7 .5 2177 258 B 1 F n
11 .5 2197 258 B 1 F n
12 .5 2220 258 B 1 F n
11 .5 2245 258 B 1 F n
16 .5 2267 258 B 1 F n
22 .5 2290 258 B 1 F n
16 .5 2320 258 B 1 F n
332 .5 2340 258 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 2063 259 B 1 F n
3 .5 2086 259 B 1 F n
5 .5 2107 259 B 1 F n
6 .5 2130 259 B 1 F n
8 .5 2153 259 B 1 F n
8 .5 2176 259 B 1 F n
11 .5 2196 259 B 1 F n
13 .5 2219 259 B 1 F n
12 .5 2244 259 B 1 F n
16 .5 2266 259 B 1 F n
22 .5 2290 259 B 1 F n
17 .5 2319 259 B 1 F n
332 .5 2340 259 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 2062 260 B 1 F n
4 .5 2085 260 B 1 F n
5 .5 2107 260 B 1 F n
7 .5 2129 260 B 1 F n
9 .5 2152 260 B 1 F n
8 .5 2176 260 B 1 F n
12 .5 2195 260 B 1 F n
13 .5 2218 260 B 1 F n
13 .5 2243 260 B 1 F n
17 .5 2265 260 B 1 F n
23 .5 2289 260 B 1 F n
17 .5 2319 260 B 1 F n
332 .5 2339 260 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
2 .5 2061 261 B 1 F n
5 .5 2084 261 B 1 F n
6 .5 2106 261 B 1 F n
8 .5 2128 261 B 1 F n
9 .5 2152 261 B 1 F n
8 .5 2175 261 B 1 F n
12 .5 2195 261 B 1 F n
14 .5 2217 261 B 1 F n
14 .5 2242 261 B 1 F n
18 .5 2264 261 B 1 F n
24 .5 2288 261 B 1 F n
18 .5 2318 261 B 1 F n
332 .5 2338 261 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 2038 262 B 1 F n
3 .5 2060 262 B 1 F n
5 .5 2083 262 B 1 F n
7 .5 2105 262 B 1 F n
8 .5 2127 262 B 1 F n
9 .5 2151 262 B 1 F n
9 .5 2174 262 B 1 F n
13 .5 2194 262 B 1 F n
15 .5 2216 262 B 1 F n
13 .5 2242 262 B 1 F n
19 .5 2263 262 B 1 F n
25 .5 2287 262 B 1 F n
353 .5 2317 262 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 2037 263 B 1 F n
3 .5 2060 263 B 1 F n
5 .5 2083 263 B 1 F n
6 .5 2105 263 B 1 F n
9 .5 2126 263 B 1 F n
10 .5 2150 263 B 1 F n
9 .5 2174 263 B 1 F n
14 .5 2193 263 B 1 F n
16 .5 2215 263 B 1 F n
14 .5 2241 263 B 1 F n
20 .5 2262 263 B 1 F n
25 .5 2287 263 B 1 F n
353 .5 2316 263 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 2037 264 B 1 F n
4 .5 2059 264 B 1 F n
6 .5 2082 264 B 1 F n
7 .5 2104 264 B 1 F n
10 .5 2125 264 B 1 F n
10 .5 2150 264 B 1 F n
10 .5 2173 264 B 1 F n
14 .5 2192 264 B 1 F n
16 .5 2215 264 B 1 F n
15 .5 2240 264 B 1 F n
22 .5 2261 264 B 1 F n
27 .5 2286 264 B 1 F n
353 .5 2315 264 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 2017 265 B 1 F n
1 .5 2036 265 B 1 F n
4 .5 2058 265 B 1 F n
7 .5 2081 265 B 1 F n
8 .5 2103 265 B 1 F n
10 .5 2125 265 B 1 F n
11 .5 2149 265 B 1 F n
11 .5 2172 265 B 1 F n
15 .5 2191 265 B 1 F n
17 .5 2214 265 B 1 F n
16 .5 2239 265 B 1 F n
23 .5 2260 265 B 1 F n
383 .5 2285 265 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 2016 266 B 1 F n
2 .5 2035 266 B 1 F n
5 .5 2057 266 B 1 F n
7 .5 2081 266 B 1 F n
8 .5 2103 266 B 1 F n
11 .5 2124 266 B 1 F n
12 .5 2148 266 B 1 F n
11 .5 2172 266 B 1 F n
15 .5 2191 266 B 1 F n
18 .5 2213 266 B 1 F n
16 .5 2239 266 B 1 F n
409 .5 2258 266 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 2015 267 B 1 F n
3 .5 2034 267 B 1 F n
6 .5 2056 267 B 1 F n
8 .5 2080 267 B 1 F n
9 .5 2102 267 B 1 F n
11 .5 2123 267 B 1 F n
12 .5 2148 267 B 1 F n
12 .5 2171 267 B 1 F n
16 .5 2190 267 B 1 F n
17 .5 2213 267 B 1 F n
17 .5 2238 267 B 1 F n
409 .5 2257 267 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
2 .5 2014 268 B 1 F n
3 .5 2034 268 B 1 F n
6 .5 2056 268 B 1 F n
9 .5 2079 268 B 1 F n
10 .5 2101 268 B 1 F n
12 .5 2122 268 B 1 F n
13 .5 2147 268 B 1 F n
13 .5 2170 268 B 1 F n
15 .5 2190 268 B 1 F n
18 .5 2212 268 B 1 F n
18 .5 2237 268 B 1 F n
410 .5 2256 268 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 1990 269 B 1 F n
3 .5 2013 269 B 1 F n
3 .5 2033 269 B 1 F n
7 .5 2055 269 B 1 F n
9 .5 2078 269 B 1 F n
9 .5 2101 269 B 1 F n
13 .5 2121 269 B 1 F n
14 .5 2146 269 B 1 F n
14 .5 2169 269 B 1 F n
16 .5 2189 269 B 1 F n
19 .5 2211 269 B 1 F n
429 .5 2236 269 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 1989 270 B 1 F n
3 .5 2012 270 B 1 F n
4 .5 2032 270 B 1 F n
8 .5 2054 270 B 1 F n
9 .5 2078 270 B 1 F n
10 .5 2100 270 B 1 F n
13 .5 2121 270 B 1 F n
14 .5 2146 270 B 1 F n
14 .5 2169 270 B 1 F n
17 .5 2188 270 B 1 F n
20 .5 2210 270 B 1 F n
428 .5 2236 270 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 1988 271 B 1 F n
3 .5 2012 271 B 1 F n
5 .5 2031 271 B 1 F n
9 .5 2053 271 B 1 F n
10 .5 2077 271 B 1 F n
11 .5 2099 271 B 1 F n
14 .5 2120 271 B 1 F n
15 .5 2145 271 B 1 F n
15 .5 2168 271 B 1 F n
17 .5 2188 271 B 1 F n
21 .5 2209 271 B 1 F n
429 .5 2235 271 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
2 .5 1987 272 B 1 F n
4 .5 2011 272 B 1 F n
5 .5 2031 272 B 1 F n
10 .5 2052 272 B 1 F n
11 .5 2076 272 B 1 F n
12 .5 2098 272 B 1 F n
15 .5 2119 272 B 1 F n
16 .5 2144 272 B 1 F n
16 .5 2167 272 B 1 F n
18 .5 2187 272 B 1 F n
23 .5 2208 272 B 1 F n
429 .5 2234 272 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
3 .5 1986 273 B 1 F n
4 .5 2010 273 B 1 F n
6 .5 2030 273 B 1 F n
9 .5 2052 273 B 1 F n
12 .5 2075 273 B 1 F n
12 .5 2098 273 B 1 F n
15 .5 2119 273 B 1 F n
17 .5 2143 273 B 1 F n
18 .5 2166 273 B 1 F n
45 .5 2186 273 B 1 F n
431 .5 2232 273 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
3 .5 1985 274 B 1 F n
5 .5 2009 274 B 1 F n
7 .5 2029 274 B 1 F n
10 .5 2051 274 B 1 F n
13 .5 2074 274 B 1 F n
13 .5 2097 274 B 1 F n
15 .5 2118 274 B 1 F n
18 .5 2142 274 B 1 F n
497 .5 2165 274 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
3 .5 1985 275 B 1 F n
4 .5 2009 275 B 1 F n
7 .5 2029 275 B 1 F n
11 .5 2050 275 B 1 F n
13 .5 2074 275 B 1 F n
14 .5 2096 275 B 1 F n
16 .5 2117 275 B 1 F n
20 .5 2141 275 B 1 F n
498 .5 2164 275 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
3 .5 1984 276 B 1 F n
5 .5 2008 276 B 1 F n
8 .5 2028 276 B 1 F n
11 .5 2050 276 B 1 F n
14 .5 2073 276 B 1 F n
15 .5 2095 276 B 1 F n
16 .5 2117 276 B 1 F n
21 .5 2140 276 B 1 F n
498 .5 2163 276 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
4 .5 1983 277 B 1 F n
6 .5 2007 277 B 1 F n
8 .5 2027 277 B 1 F n
12 .5 2049 277 B 1 F n
15 .5 2072 277 B 1 F n
15 .5 2094 277 B 1 F n
17 .5 2116 277 B 1 F n
521 .5 2140 277 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 1966 278 B 1 F n
5 .5 1982 278 B 1 F n
6 .5 2006 278 B 1 F n
8 .5 2027 278 B 1 F n
13 .5 2048 278 B 1 F n
14 .5 2072 278 B 1 F n
15 .5 2094 278 B 1 F n
19 .5 2115 278 B 1 F n
521 .5 2139 278 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
2 .5 1964 279 B 1 F n
5 .5 1981 279 B 1 F n
6 .5 2006 279 B 1 F n
9 .5 2026 279 B 1 F n
14 .5 2047 279 B 1 F n
15 .5 2071 279 B 1 F n
16 .5 2093 279 B 1 F n
19 .5 2115 279 B 1 F n
522 .5 2138 279 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
2 .5 1963 280 B 1 F n
5 .5 1981 280 B 1 F n
7 .5 2005 280 B 1 F n
10 .5 2025 280 B 1 F n
14 .5 2047 280 B 1 F n
16 .5 2070 280 B 1 F n
16 .5 2093 280 B 1 F n
545 .5 2114 280 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
3 .5 1962 281 B 1 F n
6 .5 1980 281 B 1 F n
7 .5 2004 281 B 1 F n
11 .5 2024 281 B 1 F n
15 .5 2046 281 B 1 F n
17 .5 2069 281 B 1 F n
17 .5 2092 281 B 1 F n
546 .5 2113 281 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
3 .5 1961 282 B 1 F n
7 .5 1979 282 B 1 F n
8 .5 2003 282 B 1 F n
11 .5 2024 282 B 1 F n
16 .5 2045 282 B 1 F n
17 .5 2069 282 B 1 F n
18 .5 2091 282 B 1 F n
547 .5 2112 282 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
4 .5 1960 283 B 1 F n
8 .5 1978 283 B 1 F n
8 .5 2003 283 B 1 F n
12 .5 2023 283 B 1 F n
17 .5 2044 283 B 1 F n
18 .5 2068 283 B 1 F n
20 .5 2090 283 B 1 F n
547 .5 2111 283 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
4 .5 1959 284 B 1 F n
8 .5 1977 284 B 1 F n
9 .5 2002 284 B 1 F n
13 .5 2022 284 B 1 F n
18 .5 2043 284 B 1 F n
20 .5 2067 284 B 1 F n
21 .5 2089 284 B 1 F n
547 .5 2111 284 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
5 .5 1958 285 B 1 F n
9 .5 1976 285 B 1 F n
9 .5 2001 285 B 1 F n
13 .5 2022 285 B 1 F n
19 .5 2042 285 B 1 F n
591 .5 2066 285 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
5 .5 1957 286 B 1 F n
9 .5 1976 286 B 1 F n
10 .5 2000 286 B 1 F n
13 .5 2021 286 B 1 F n
19 .5 2042 286 B 1 F n
591 .5 2066 286 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
7 .5 1955 287 B 1 F n
10 .5 1975 287 B 1 F n
11 .5 1999 287 B 1 F n
14 .5 2020 287 B 1 F n
20 .5 2041 287 B 1 F n
591 .5 2065 287 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
7 .5 1954 288 B 1 F n
11 .5 1974 288 B 1 F n
11 .5 1999 288 B 1 F n
14 .5 2020 288 B 1 F n
22 .5 2040 288 B 1 F n
592 .5 2064 288 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
8 .5 1953 289 B 1 F n
12 .5 1973 289 B 1 F n
12 .5 1998 289 B 1 F n
15 .5 2019 289 B 1 F n
616 .5 2039 289 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
8 .5 1952 290 B 1 F n
12 .5 1972 290 B 1 F n
12 .5 1997 290 B 1 F n
16 .5 2018 290 B 1 F n
616 .5 2039 290 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 1951 291 B 1 F n
12 .5 1972 291 B 1 F n
13 .5 1996 291 B 1 F n
17 .5 2018 291 B 1 F n
617 .5 2038 291 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 1951 292 B 1 F n
13 .5 1971 292 B 1 F n
13 .5 1996 292 B 1 F n
18 .5 2017 292 B 1 F n
617 .5 2037 292 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 1935 293 B 1 F n
10 .5 1950 293 B 1 F n
14 .5 1970 293 B 1 F n
14 .5 1995 293 B 1 F n
638 .5 2016 293 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
0 .5 1934 294 B 1 F n
10 .5 1949 294 B 1 F n
14 .5 1970 294 B 1 F n
15 .5 1994 294 B 1 F n
637 .5 2016 294 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 1933 295 B 1 F n
11 .5 1948 295 B 1 F n
15 .5 1969 295 B 1 F n
16 .5 1993 295 B 1 F n
638 .5 2015 295 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
2 .5 1931 296 B 1 F n
12 .5 1947 296 B 1 F n
16 .5 1968 296 B 1 F n
17 .5 1992 296 B 1 F n
638 .5 2014 296 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
2 .5 1930 297 B 1 F n
13 .5 1946 297 B 1 F n
17 .5 1967 297 B 1 F n
18 .5 1991 297 B 1 F n
639 .5 2013 297 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
3 .5 1929 298 B 1 F n
12 .5 1946 298 B 1 F n
17 .5 1967 298 B 1 F n
19 .5 1990 298 B 1 F n
640 .5 2012 298 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
3 .5 1928 299 B 1 F n
13 .5 1945 299 B 1 F n
18 .5 1966 299 B 1 F n
20 .5 1989 299 B 1 F n
640 .5 2011 299 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
4 .5 1927 300 B 1 F n
14 .5 1944 300 B 1 F n
19 .5 1965 300 B 1 F n
662 .5 1989 300 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
5 .5 1925 301 B 1 F n
15 .5 1943 301 B 1 F n
20 .5 1964 301 B 1 F n
662 .5 1988 301 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
6 .5 1924 302 B 1 F n
16 .5 1942 302 B 1 F n
21 .5 1964 302 B 1 F n
663 .5 1987 302 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
7 .5 1923 303 B 1 F n
18 .5 1940 303 B 1 F n
22 .5 1963 303 B 1 F n
664 .5 1986 303 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
8 .5 1922 304 B 1 F n
20 .5 1939 304 B 1 F n
687 .5 1962 304 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 1921 305 B 1 F n
711 .5 1938 305 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 1920 306 B 1 F n
711 .5 1937 306 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 1920 307 B 1 F n
713 .5 1935 307 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
12 .5 1919 308 B 1 F n
713 .5 1934 308 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
729 .5 1918 309 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
730 .5 1917 310 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
729 .5 1917 311 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
730 .5 1916 312 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
731 .5 1915 313 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
731 .5 1914 314 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
732 .5 1913 315 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
732 .5 1913 316 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
732 .5 1912 317 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
733 .5 1911 318 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
734 .5 1910 319 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
733 .5 1910 320 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
734 .5 1909 321 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
734 .5 1909 322 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
734 .5 1908 323 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
735 .5 1907 324 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
735 .5 1907 325 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
735 .5 1906 326 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
736 .5 1905 327 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
736 .5 1905 328 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
736 .5 1904 329 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
736 .5 1904 330 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
737 .5 1903 331 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
737 .5 1902 332 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
737 .5 1902 333 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
738 .5 1901 334 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
738 .5 1901 335 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
738 .5 1900 336 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
738 .5 1900 337 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
739 .5 1899 338 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
739 .5 1899 339 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
739 .5 1898 340 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
739 .5 1898 341 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
740 .5 1897 342 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
739 .5 1897 343 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
740 .5 1896 344 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
740 .5 1896 345 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
741 .5 1895 346 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
740 .5 1895 347 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
741 .5 1894 348 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
741 .5 1894 349 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
742 .5 1893 350 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
741 .5 1893 351 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
742 .5 1892 352 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
742 .5 1892 353 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
742 .5 1891 354 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
742 .5 1891 355 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
743 .5 1890 356 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
743 .5 1890 357 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
743 .5 1889 358 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
743 .5 1889 359 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
743 .5 1889 360 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
744 .5 1888 361 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
743 .5 1888 362 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
744 .5 1887 363 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
744 .5 1887 364 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
743 .5 1887 365 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
744 .5 1886 366 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
744 .5 1886 367 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1885 368 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
744 .5 1885 369 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1884 370 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1884 371 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1884 372 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1883 373 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1883 374 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1883 375 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1882 376 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1882 377 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1881 378 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1881 379 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1881 380 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1880 381 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1880 382 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1880 383 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1879 384 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1879 385 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1878 386 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1878 387 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1878 388 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1877 389 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1877 390 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1877 391 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1876 392 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1876 393 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1876 394 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1875 395 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1875 396 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1875 397 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1874 398 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1874 399 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1874 400 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1873 401 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1873 402 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1872 403 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1872 404 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1872 405 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1871 406 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1871 407 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1871 408 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1870 409 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1870 410 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1870 411 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
748 .5 1869 412 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1869 413 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1869 414 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
748 .5 1868 415 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
748 .5 1868 416 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1868 417 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
748 .5 1867 418 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
748 .5 1867 419 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1867 420 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
748 .5 1866 421 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1866 422 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1866 423 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
748 .5 1865 424 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1865 425 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1865 426 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1864 427 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1864 428 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1864 429 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1863 430 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1863 431 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1863 432 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1862 433 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1862 434 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1862 435 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1861 436 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1861 437 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1861 438 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
747 .5 1860 439 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1860 440 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1860 441 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1859 442 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1859 443 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1858 444 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1858 445 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1858 446 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1857 447 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1857 448 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1857 449 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1856 450 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1856 451 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1856 452 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1855 453 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1855 454 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1855 455 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1854 456 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1854 457 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
746 .5 1853 458 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1853 459 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1853 460 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1852 461 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1852 462 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
744 .5 1852 463 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1851 464 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
744 .5 1851 465 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
745 .5 1850 466 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
744 .5 1850 467 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
744 .5 1850 468 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
744 .5 1849 469 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
744 .5 1849 470 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
743 .5 1849 471 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
744 .5 1848 472 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
743 .5 1848 473 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
744 .5 1847 474 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
743 .5 1847 475 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
742 .5 1847 476 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
743 .5 1846 477 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
742 .5 1846 478 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
741 .5 1846 479 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
742 .5 1845 480 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
741 .5 1845 481 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
741 .5 1844 482 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
741 .5 1844 483 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
740 .5 1844 484 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
740 .5 1843 485 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
740 .5 1843 486 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
740 .5 1842 487 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
739 .5 1842 488 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
739 .5 1842 489 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
739 .5 1841 490 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
738 .5 1841 491 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
719 .5 1840 492 B 1 F n
17 .5 2561 492 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
718 .5 1840 493 B 1 F n
14 .5 2563 493 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
719 .5 1839 494 B 1 F n
12 .5 2564 494 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
718 .5 1839 495 B 1 F n
9 .5 2566 495 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
719 .5 1838 496 B 1 F n
7 .5 2567 496 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
718 .5 1838 497 B 1 F n
6 .5 2567 497 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
719 .5 1837 498 B 1 F n
4 .5 2568 498 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
693 .5 1837 499 B 1 F n
22 .5 2534 499 B 1 F n
3 .5 2568 499 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
694 .5 1836 500 B 1 F n
20 .5 2536 500 B 1 F n
2 .5 2568 500 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
693 .5 1836 501 B 1 F n
18 .5 2537 501 B 1 F n
1 .5 2568 501 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
694 .5 1835 502 B 1 F n
17 .5 2538 502 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
694 .5 1835 503 B 1 F n
16 .5 2539 503 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
680 .5 1834 504 B 1 F n
13 .5 2516 504 B 1 F n
14 .5 2540 504 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
679 .5 1834 505 B 1 F n
12 .5 2517 505 B 1 F n
13 .5 2541 505 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
680 .5 1833 506 B 1 F n
11 .5 2518 506 B 1 F n
11 .5 2542 506 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
679 .5 1833 507 B 1 F n
11 .5 2518 507 B 1 F n
10 .5 2543 507 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
571 .5 1832 508 B 1 F n
45 .5 2403 508 B 1 F n
21 .5 2450 508 B 1 F n
23 .5 2472 508 B 1 F n
14 .5 2497 508 B 1 F n
10 .5 2519 508 B 1 F n
10 .5 2543 508 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
571 .5 1832 509 B 1 F n
42 .5 2404 509 B 1 F n
19 .5 2451 509 B 1 F n
21 .5 2473 509 B 1 F n
14 .5 2497 509 B 1 F n
9 .5 2520 509 B 1 F n
8 .5 2544 509 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
552 .5 1831 510 B 1 F n
19 .5 2383 510 B 1 F n
41 .5 2405 510 B 1 F n
19 .5 2451 510 B 1 F n
19 .5 2474 510 B 1 F n
13 .5 2498 510 B 1 F n
10 .5 2520 510 B 1 F n
8 .5 2544 510 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
552 .5 1830 511 B 1 F n
17 .5 2385 511 B 1 F n
19 .5 2406 511 B 1 F n
21 .5 2425 511 B 1 F n
17 .5 2452 511 B 1 F n
18 .5 2475 511 B 1 F n
13 .5 2498 511 B 1 F n
9 .5 2521 511 B 1 F n
8 .5 2544 511 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
551 .5 1830 512 B 1 F n
15 .5 2386 512 B 1 F n
16 .5 2407 512 B 1 F n
19 .5 2427 512 B 1 F n
16 .5 2453 512 B 1 F n
16 .5 2476 512 B 1 F n
12 .5 2499 512 B 1 F n
9 .5 2521 512 B 1 F n
6 .5 2545 512 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
529 .5 1829 513 B 1 F n
22 .5 2358 513 B 1 F n
14 .5 2387 513 B 1 F n
16 .5 2407 513 B 1 F n
18 .5 2428 513 B 1 F n
15 .5 2454 513 B 1 F n
16 .5 2476 513 B 1 F n
10 .5 2500 513 B 1 F n
8 .5 2522 513 B 1 F n
6 .5 2545 513 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
527 .5 1829 514 B 1 F n
20 .5 2359 514 B 1 F n
13 .5 2388 514 B 1 F n
14 .5 2408 514 B 1 F n
17 .5 2428 514 B 1 F n
14 .5 2455 514 B 1 F n
15 .5 2477 514 B 1 F n
9 .5 2501 514 B 1 F n
8 .5 2522 514 B 1 F n
4 .5 2546 514 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
527 .5 1828 515 B 1 F n
20 .5 2359 515 B 1 F n
13 .5 2388 515 B 1 F n
14 .5 2408 515 B 1 F n
15 .5 2430 515 B 1 F n
13 .5 2455 515 B 1 F n
14 .5 2477 515 B 1 F n
9 .5 2501 515 B 1 F n
7 .5 2522 515 B 1 F n
4 .5 2546 515 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
528 .5 1827 516 B 1 F n
18 .5 2360 516 B 1 F n
11 .5 2389 516 B 1 F n
13 .5 2409 516 B 1 F n
13 .5 2431 516 B 1 F n
12 .5 2456 516 B 1 F n
14 .5 2477 516 B 1 F n
8 .5 2502 516 B 1 F n
7 .5 2522 516 B 1 F n
3 .5 2546 516 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
505 .5 1827 517 B 1 F n
22 .5 2332 517 B 1 F n
17 .5 2360 517 B 1 F n
11 .5 2389 517 B 1 F n
13 .5 2409 517 B 1 F n
13 .5 2431 517 B 1 F n
12 .5 2456 517 B 1 F n
13 .5 2478 517 B 1 F n
8 .5 2502 517 B 1 F n
7 .5 2522 517 B 1 F n
3 .5 2546 517 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
504 .5 1826 518 B 1 F n
20 .5 2334 518 B 1 F n
16 .5 2361 518 B 1 F n
11 .5 2389 518 B 1 F n
11 .5 2410 518 B 1 F n
12 .5 2432 518 B 1 F n
11 .5 2457 518 B 1 F n
12 .5 2478 518 B 1 F n
8 .5 2502 518 B 1 F n
6 .5 2523 518 B 1 F n
1 .5 2547 518 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
486 .5 1826 519 B 1 F n
17 .5 2312 519 B 1 F n
18 .5 2335 519 B 1 F n
15 .5 2361 519 B 1 F n
10 .5 2390 519 B 1 F n
11 .5 2410 519 B 1 F n
12 .5 2432 519 B 1 F n
11 .5 2457 519 B 1 F n
11 .5 2479 519 B 1 F n
8 .5 2502 519 B 1 F n
6 .5 2523 519 B 1 F n
1 .5 2547 519 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
443 .5 1825 520 B 1 F n
21 .5 2268 520 B 1 F n
21 .5 2289 520 B 1 F n
16 .5 2313 520 B 1 F n
18 .5 2335 520 B 1 F n
15 .5 2361 520 B 1 F n
9 .5 2390 520 B 1 F n
11 .5 2410 520 B 1 F n
11 .5 2432 520 B 1 F n
10 .5 2457 520 B 1 F n
10 .5 2479 520 B 1 F n
7 .5 2503 520 B 1 F n
5 .5 2523 520 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
442 .5 1824 521 B 1 F n
17 .5 2269 521 B 1 F n
19 .5 2290 521 B 1 F n
14 .5 2314 521 B 1 F n
16 .5 2336 521 B 1 F n
14 .5 2361 521 B 1 F n
9 .5 2390 521 B 1 F n
10 .5 2411 521 B 1 F n
11 .5 2432 521 B 1 F n
10 .5 2457 521 B 1 F n
10 .5 2479 521 B 1 F n
7 .5 2503 521 B 1 F n
5 .5 2523 521 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
442 .5 1823 522 B 1 F n
15 .5 2270 522 B 1 F n
18 .5 2290 522 B 1 F n
13 .5 2315 522 B 1 F n
15 .5 2336 522 B 1 F n
13 .5 2362 522 B 1 F n
9 .5 2390 522 B 1 F n
9 .5 2411 522 B 1 F n
10 .5 2433 522 B 1 F n
9 .5 2458 522 B 1 F n
10 .5 2479 522 B 1 F n
6 .5 2504 522 B 1 F n
5 .5 2523 522 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
441 .5 1823 523 B 1 F n
14 .5 2270 523 B 1 F n
16 .5 2291 523 B 1 F n
12 .5 2315 523 B 1 F n
15 .5 2336 523 B 1 F n
12 .5 2362 523 B 1 F n
9 .5 2390 523 B 1 F n
8 .5 2412 523 B 1 F n
10 .5 2433 523 B 1 F n
9 .5 2458 523 B 1 F n
8 .5 2480 523 B 1 F n
5 .5 2504 523 B 1 F n
5 .5 2523 523 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
416 .5 1822 524 B 1 F n
25 .5 2238 524 B 1 F n
13 .5 2270 524 B 1 F n
15 .5 2291 524 B 1 F n
12 .5 2315 524 B 1 F n
13 .5 2337 524 B 1 F n
12 .5 2362 524 B 1 F n
7 .5 2391 524 B 1 F n
8 .5 2412 524 B 1 F n
9 .5 2434 524 B 1 F n
8 .5 2458 524 B 1 F n
8 .5 2480 524 B 1 F n
5 .5 2504 524 B 1 F n
4 .5 2523 524 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
415 .5 1821 525 B 1 F n
24 .5 2239 525 B 1 F n
13 .5 2270 525 B 1 F n
15 .5 2291 525 B 1 F n
11 .5 2315 525 B 1 F n
13 .5 2337 525 B 1 F n
11 .5 2362 525 B 1 F n
7 .5 2391 525 B 1 F n
7 .5 2412 525 B 1 F n
8 .5 2434 525 B 1 F n
8 .5 2458 525 B 1 F n
8 .5 2480 525 B 1 F n
5 .5 2504 525 B 1 F n
4 .5 2523 525 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
415 .5 1820 526 B 1 F n
22 .5 2240 526 B 1 F n
12 .5 2270 526 B 1 F n
14 .5 2291 526 B 1 F n
10 .5 2316 526 B 1 F n
12 .5 2337 526 B 1 F n
11 .5 2362 526 B 1 F n
7 .5 2391 526 B 1 F n
7 .5 2412 526 B 1 F n
8 .5 2434 526 B 1 F n
8 .5 2458 526 B 1 F n
7 .5 2480 526 B 1 F n
4 .5 2505 526 B 1 F n
3 .5 2523 526 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
349 .5 1820 527 B 1 F n
24 .5 2170 527 B 1 F n
20 .5 2194 527 B 1 F n
18 .5 2216 527 B 1 F n
21 .5 2240 527 B 1 F n
11 .5 2270 527 B 1 F n
13 .5 2291 527 B 1 F n
9 .5 2316 527 B 1 F n
11 .5 2337 527 B 1 F n
10 .5 2362 527 B 1 F n
6 .5 2391 527 B 1 F n
6 .5 2412 527 B 1 F n
8 .5 2434 527 B 1 F n
7 .5 2458 527 B 1 F n
7 .5 2480 527 B 1 F n
4 .5 2505 527 B 1 F n
3 .5 2523 527 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
348 .5 1819 528 B 1 F n
21 .5 2171 528 B 1 F n
18 .5 2195 528 B 1 F n
16 .5 2217 528 B 1 F n
20 .5 2240 528 B 1 F n
10 .5 2270 528 B 1 F n
12 .5 2292 528 B 1 F n
9 .5 2316 528 B 1 F n
11 .5 2337 528 B 1 F n
10 .5 2362 528 B 1 F n
6 .5 2391 528 B 1 F n
6 .5 2412 528 B 1 F n
8 .5 2434 528 B 1 F n
6 .5 2459 528 B 1 F n
7 .5 2480 528 B 1 F n
4 .5 2505 528 B 1 F n
2 .5 2523 528 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
277 .5 1818 529 B 1 F n
21 .5 2095 529 B 1 F n
23 .5 2118 529 B 1 F n
24 .5 2141 529 B 1 F n
18 .5 2171 529 B 1 F n
17 .5 2195 529 B 1 F n
15 .5 2217 529 B 1 F n
18 .5 2241 529 B 1 F n
10 .5 2270 529 B 1 F n
11 .5 2292 529 B 1 F n
8 .5 2316 529 B 1 F n
10 .5 2337 529 B 1 F n
8 .5 2363 529 B 1 F n
6 .5 2391 529 B 1 F n
6 .5 2412 529 B 1 F n
7 .5 2434 529 B 1 F n
6 .5 2459 529 B 1 F n
6 .5 2480 529 B 1 F n
4 .5 2505 529 B 1 F n
1 .5 2523 529 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
276 .5 1817 530 B 1 F n
19 .5 2096 530 B 1 F n
20 .5 2119 530 B 1 F n
20 .5 2143 530 B 1 F n
17 .5 2171 530 B 1 F n
16 .5 2195 530 B 1 F n
14 .5 2217 530 B 1 F n
17 .5 2241 530 B 1 F n
9 .5 2270 530 B 1 F n
11 .5 2292 530 B 1 F n
8 .5 2316 530 B 1 F n
9 .5 2337 530 B 1 F n
8 .5 2363 530 B 1 F n
5 .5 2391 530 B 1 F n
5 .5 2412 530 B 1 F n
7 .5 2434 530 B 1 F n
5 .5 2459 530 B 1 F n
6 .5 2480 530 B 1 F n
3 .5 2505 530 B 1 F n
2 .5 2522 530 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
235 .5 1817 531 B 1 F n
21 .5 2053 531 B 1 F n
18 .5 2074 531 B 1 F n
18 .5 2097 531 B 1 F n
19 .5 2119 531 B 1 F n
18 .5 2144 531 B 1 F n
16 .5 2171 531 B 1 F n
15 .5 2195 531 B 1 F n
13 .5 2217 531 B 1 F n
16 .5 2241 531 B 1 F n
8 .5 2270 531 B 1 F n
10 .5 2292 531 B 1 F n
7 .5 2316 531 B 1 F n
9 .5 2337 531 B 1 F n
7 .5 2363 531 B 1 F n
5 .5 2391 531 B 1 F n
5 .5 2412 531 B 1 F n
7 .5 2434 531 B 1 F n
5 .5 2459 531 B 1 F n
5 .5 2480 531 B 1 F n
2 .5 2506 531 B 1 F n
1 .5 2522 531 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
234 .5 1816 532 B 1 F n
19 .5 2053 532 B 1 F n
16 .5 2075 532 B 1 F n
17 .5 2097 532 B 1 F n
17 .5 2120 532 B 1 F n
17 .5 2144 532 B 1 F n
15 .5 2171 532 B 1 F n
14 .5 2195 532 B 1 F n
12 .5 2217 532 B 1 F n
15 .5 2241 532 B 1 F n
7 .5 2270 532 B 1 F n
9 .5 2292 532 B 1 F n
8 .5 2315 532 B 1 F n
8 .5 2337 532 B 1 F n
7 .5 2363 532 B 1 F n
5 .5 2391 532 B 1 F n
4 .5 2412 532 B 1 F n
6 .5 2434 532 B 1 F n
5 .5 2459 532 B 1 F n
5 .5 2480 532 B 1 F n
1 .5 2506 532 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
211 .5 1815 533 B 1 F n
22 .5 2026 533 B 1 F n
17 .5 2053 533 B 1 F n
15 .5 2075 533 B 1 F n
16 .5 2097 533 B 1 F n
15 .5 2120 533 B 1 F n
16 .5 2144 533 B 1 F n
13 .5 2171 533 B 1 F n
13 .5 2195 533 B 1 F n
11 .5 2217 533 B 1 F n
14 .5 2241 533 B 1 F n
8 .5 2269 533 B 1 F n
9 .5 2292 533 B 1 F n
7 .5 2315 533 B 1 F n
8 .5 2337 533 B 1 F n
6 .5 2363 533 B 1 F n
4 .5 2391 533 B 1 F n
4 .5 2412 533 B 1 F n
6 .5 2434 533 B 1 F n
4 .5 2459 533 B 1 F n
4 .5 2480 533 B 1 F n
1 .5 2506 533 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
210 .5 1814 534 B 1 F n
20 .5 2027 534 B 1 F n
16 .5 2053 534 B 1 F n
14 .5 2075 534 B 1 F n
15 .5 2097 534 B 1 F n
14 .5 2120 534 B 1 F n
15 .5 2144 534 B 1 F n
11 .5 2171 534 B 1 F n
13 .5 2195 534 B 1 F n
10 .5 2217 534 B 1 F n
14 .5 2241 534 B 1 F n
7 .5 2269 534 B 1 F n
8 .5 2292 534 B 1 F n
7 .5 2315 534 B 1 F n
7 .5 2337 534 B 1 F n
5 .5 2363 534 B 1 F n
4 .5 2391 534 B 1 F n
3 .5 2412 534 B 1 F n
5 .5 2434 534 B 1 F n
4 .5 2459 534 B 1 F n
4 .5 2480 534 B 1 F n
1 .5 2506 534 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
187 .5 1813 535 B 1 F n
21 .5 2001 535 B 1 F n
18 .5 2028 535 B 1 F n
15 .5 2053 535 B 1 F n
13 .5 2075 535 B 1 F n
14 .5 2097 535 B 1 F n
13 .5 2120 535 B 1 F n
14 .5 2144 535 B 1 F n
11 .5 2170 535 B 1 F n
12 .5 2195 535 B 1 F n
9 .5 2217 535 B 1 F n
13 .5 2241 535 B 1 F n
7 .5 2269 535 B 1 F n
8 .5 2292 535 B 1 F n
6 .5 2315 535 B 1 F n
7 .5 2337 535 B 1 F n
4 .5 2363 535 B 1 F n
3 .5 2391 535 B 1 F n
3 .5 2412 535 B 1 F n
5 .5 2434 535 B 1 F n
4 .5 2458 535 B 1 F n
3 .5 2480 535 B 1 F n
0 .5 2506 535 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
186 .5 1812 536 B 1 F n
19 .5 2002 536 B 1 F n
17 .5 2028 536 B 1 F n
13 .5 2053 536 B 1 F n
12 .5 2075 536 B 1 F n
13 .5 2097 536 B 1 F n
12 .5 2120 536 B 1 F n
13 .5 2144 536 B 1 F n
10 .5 2170 536 B 1 F n
11 .5 2195 536 B 1 F n
8 .5 2217 536 B 1 F n
11 .5 2242 536 B 1 F n
6 .5 2269 536 B 1 F n
7 .5 2292 536 B 1 F n
7 .5 2314 536 B 1 F n
6 .5 2337 536 B 1 F n
4 .5 2363 536 B 1 F n
4 .5 2390 536 B 1 F n
2 .5 2412 536 B 1 F n
4 .5 2434 536 B 1 F n
4 .5 2458 536 B 1 F n
3 .5 2480 536 B 1 F n
1 .5 2505 536 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
185 .5 1811 537 B 1 F n
17 .5 2002 537 B 1 F n
16 .5 2028 537 B 1 F n
12 .5 2053 537 B 1 F n
12 .5 2075 537 B 1 F n
12 .5 2097 537 B 1 F n
11 .5 2120 537 B 1 F n
12 .5 2144 537 B 1 F n
9 .5 2170 537 B 1 F n
10 .5 2195 537 B 1 F n
8 .5 2216 537 B 1 F n
10 .5 2242 537 B 1 F n
6 .5 2268 537 B 1 F n
6 .5 2292 537 B 1 F n
6 .5 2314 537 B 1 F n
6 .5 2337 537 B 1 F n
3 .5 2363 537 B 1 F n
3 .5 2390 537 B 1 F n
2 .5 2412 537 B 1 F n
4 .5 2434 537 B 1 F n
3 .5 2458 537 B 1 F n
2 .5 2480 537 B 1 F n
0 .5 2505 537 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
164 .5 1810 538 B 1 F n
18 .5 1977 538 B 1 F n
15 .5 2002 538 B 1 F n
15 .5 2028 538 B 1 F n
11 .5 2053 538 B 1 F n
11 .5 2075 538 B 1 F n
11 .5 2097 538 B 1 F n
10 .5 2120 538 B 1 F n
11 .5 2144 538 B 1 F n
9 .5 2169 538 B 1 F n
9 .5 2195 538 B 1 F n
7 .5 2216 538 B 1 F n
9 .5 2242 538 B 1 F n
5 .5 2268 538 B 1 F n
6 .5 2291 538 B 1 F n
6 .5 2314 538 B 1 F n
5 .5 2337 538 B 1 F n
2 .5 2363 538 B 1 F n
3 .5 2390 538 B 1 F n
2 .5 2411 538 B 1 F n
3 .5 2434 538 B 1 F n
3 .5 2458 538 B 1 F n
2 .5 2480 538 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
139 .5 1809 539 B 1 F n
24 .5 1948 539 B 1 F n
17 .5 1977 539 B 1 F n
14 .5 2002 539 B 1 F n
14 .5 2028 539 B 1 F n
10 .5 2053 539 B 1 F n
10 .5 2075 539 B 1 F n
10 .5 2097 539 B 1 F n
9 .5 2120 539 B 1 F n
9 .5 2144 539 B 1 F n
8 .5 2169 539 B 1 F n
9 .5 2194 539 B 1 F n
6 .5 2216 539 B 1 F n
9 .5 2242 539 B 1 F n
5 .5 2267 539 B 1 F n
6 .5 2291 539 B 1 F n
5 .5 2314 539 B 1 F n
5 .5 2336 539 B 1 F n
2 .5 2362 539 B 1 F n
2 .5 2390 539 B 1 F n
1 .5 2411 539 B 1 F n
2 .5 2434 539 B 1 F n
3 .5 2457 539 B 1 F n
1 .5 2480 539 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
138 .5 1808 540 B 1 F n
22 .5 1949 540 B 1 F n
15 .5 1977 540 B 1 F n
13 .5 2002 540 B 1 F n
12 .5 2028 540 B 1 F n
9 .5 2053 540 B 1 F n
10 .5 2074 540 B 1 F n
10 .5 2096 540 B 1 F n
8 .5 2120 540 B 1 F n
9 .5 2143 540 B 1 F n
8 .5 2168 540 B 1 F n
8 .5 2194 540 B 1 F n
5 .5 2216 540 B 1 F n
8 .5 2242 540 B 1 F n
4 .5 2267 540 B 1 F n
5 .5 2291 540 B 1 F n
4 .5 2314 540 B 1 F n
4 .5 2336 540 B 1 F n
2 .5 2362 540 B 1 F n
2 .5 2389 540 B 1 F n
1 .5 2411 540 B 1 F n
1 .5 2434 540 B 1 F n
2 .5 2457 540 B 1 F n
1 .5 2480 540 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
113 .5 1807 541 B 1 F n
23 .5 1920 541 B 1 F n
19 .5 1950 541 B 1 F n
14 .5 1977 541 B 1 F n
13 .5 2001 541 B 1 F n
11 .5 2028 541 B 1 F n
9 .5 2052 541 B 1 F n
9 .5 2074 541 B 1 F n
9 .5 2096 541 B 1 F n
7 .5 2120 541 B 1 F n
8 .5 2143 541 B 1 F n
6 .5 2168 541 B 1 F n
7 .5 2194 541 B 1 F n
6 .5 2215 541 B 1 F n
7 .5 2242 541 B 1 F n
4 .5 2266 541 B 1 F n
4 .5 2291 541 B 1 F n
4 .5 2314 541 B 1 F n
4 .5 2336 541 B 1 F n
1 .5 2362 541 B 1 F n
1 .5 2389 541 B 1 F n
1 .5 2410 541 B 1 F n
2 .5 2433 541 B 1 F n
1 .5 2457 541 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
113 .5 1806 542 B 1 F n
20 .5 1921 542 B 1 F n
17 .5 1950 542 B 1 F n
12 .5 1977 542 B 1 F n
12 .5 2001 542 B 1 F n
10 .5 2028 542 B 1 F n
8 .5 2052 542 B 1 F n
8 .5 2074 542 B 1 F n
8 .5 2096 542 B 1 F n
6 .5 2120 542 B 1 F n
8 .5 2142 542 B 1 F n
5 .5 2168 542 B 1 F n
7 .5 2193 542 B 1 F n
5 .5 2215 542 B 1 F n
6 .5 2242 542 B 1 F n
3 .5 2266 542 B 1 F n
3 .5 2291 542 B 1 F n
3 .5 2314 542 B 1 F n
3 .5 2336 542 B 1 F n
1 .5 2362 542 B 1 F n
1 .5 2389 542 B 1 F n
1 .5 2433 542 B 1 F n
1 .5 2456 542 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
86 .5 1805 543 B 1 F n
26 .5 1891 543 B 1 F n
17 .5 1922 543 B 1 F n
16 .5 1950 543 B 1 F n
10 .5 1977 543 B 1 F n
11 .5 2001 543 B 1 F n
9 .5 2028 543 B 1 F n
7 .5 2052 543 B 1 F n
8 .5 2073 543 B 1 F n
7 .5 2096 543 B 1 F n
6 .5 2119 543 B 1 F n
6 .5 2142 543 B 1 F n
5 .5 2167 543 B 1 F n
6 .5 2193 543 B 1 F n
4 .5 2215 543 B 1 F n
5 .5 2242 543 B 1 F n
3 .5 2265 543 B 1 F n
3 .5 2291 543 B 1 F n
3 .5 2313 543 B 1 F n
2 .5 2336 543 B 1 F n
1 .5 2388 543 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
86 .5 1803 544 B 1 F n
23 .5 1893 544 B 1 F n
16 .5 1922 544 B 1 F n
13 .5 1950 544 B 1 F n
10 .5 1976 544 B 1 F n
10 .5 2000 544 B 1 F n
8 .5 2028 544 B 1 F n
7 .5 2051 544 B 1 F n
7 .5 2073 544 B 1 F n
7 .5 2095 544 B 1 F n
5 .5 2119 544 B 1 F n
6 .5 2141 544 B 1 F n
4 .5 2167 544 B 1 F n
6 .5 2192 544 B 1 F n
4 .5 2214 544 B 1 F n
4 .5 2242 544 B 1 F n
2 .5 2265 544 B 1 F n
3 .5 2290 544 B 1 F n
2 .5 2313 544 B 1 F n
1 .5 2336 544 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
65 .5 1802 545 B 1 F n
20 .5 1867 545 B 1 F n
21 .5 1893 545 B 1 F n
14 .5 1922 545 B 1 F n
12 .5 1949 545 B 1 F n
9 .5 1976 545 B 1 F n
9 .5 2000 545 B 1 F n
7 .5 2028 545 B 1 F n
6 .5 2051 545 B 1 F n
6 .5 2073 545 B 1 F n
6 .5 2095 545 B 1 F n
4 .5 2119 545 B 1 F n
5 .5 2141 545 B 1 F n
2 .5 2167 545 B 1 F n
4 .5 2192 545 B 1 F n
3 .5 2214 545 B 1 F n
3 .5 2242 545 B 1 F n
1 .5 2265 545 B 1 F n
2 .5 2290 545 B 1 F n
1 .5 2313 545 B 1 F n
2 .5 2335 545 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
11 .5 1800 546 B 1 F n
25 .5 1815 546 B 1 F n
22 .5 1843 546 B 1 F n
17 .5 1868 546 B 1 F n
18 .5 1894 546 B 1 F n
13 .5 1921 546 B 1 F n
11 .5 1949 546 B 1 F n
8 .5 1975 546 B 1 F n
8 .5 2000 546 B 1 F n
7 .5 2027 546 B 1 F n
6 .5 2050 546 B 1 F n
6 .5 2072 546 B 1 F n
5 .5 2095 546 B 1 F n
3 .5 2119 546 B 1 F n
4 .5 2141 546 B 1 F n
2 .5 2166 546 B 1 F n
3 .5 2191 546 B 1 F n
3 .5 2213 546 B 1 F n
2 .5 2242 546 B 1 F n
1 .5 2264 546 B 1 F n
2 .5 2289 546 B 1 F n
1 .5 2335 546 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
6 .5 1799 547 B 1 F n
21 .5 1816 547 B 1 F n
21 .5 1842 547 B 1 F n
16 .5 1868 547 B 1 F n
16 .5 1894 547 B 1 F n
12 .5 1921 547 B 1 F n
9 .5 1949 547 B 1 F n
7 .5 1975 547 B 1 F n
7 .5 1999 547 B 1 F n
5 .5 2027 547 B 1 F n
5 .5 2049 547 B 1 F n
5 .5 2072 547 B 1 F n
5 .5 2094 547 B 1 F n
3 .5 2119 547 B 1 F n
3 .5 2140 547 B 1 F n
1 .5 2166 547 B 1 F n
2 .5 2191 547 B 1 F n
2 .5 2213 547 B 1 F n
2 .5 2242 547 B 1 F n
0 .5 2264 547 B 1 F n
1 .5 2289 547 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
6 .5 1797 548 B 1 F n
20 .5 1815 548 B 1 F n
19 .5 1842 548 B 1 F n
14 .5 1868 548 B 1 F n
14 .5 1894 548 B 1 F n
11 .5 1920 548 B 1 F n
9 .5 1948 548 B 1 F n
6 .5 1975 548 B 1 F n
6 .5 1999 548 B 1 F n
5 .5 2026 548 B 1 F n
4 .5 2049 548 B 1 F n
4 .5 2071 548 B 1 F n
3 .5 2094 548 B 1 F n
3 .5 2118 548 B 1 F n
2 .5 2140 548 B 1 F n
1 .5 2165 548 B 1 F n
2 .5 2190 548 B 1 F n
2 .5 2212 548 B 1 F n
1 .5 2242 548 B 1 F n
1 .5 2288 548 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
6 .5 1796 549 B 1 F n
18 .5 1815 549 B 1 F n
18 .5 1841 549 B 1 F n
12 .5 1868 549 B 1 F n
13 .5 1894 549 B 1 F n
10 .5 1920 549 B 1 F n
9 .5 1947 549 B 1 F n
6 .5 1974 549 B 1 F n
5 .5 1998 549 B 1 F n
5 .5 2025 549 B 1 F n
4 .5 2048 549 B 1 F n
3 .5 2070 549 B 1 F n
2 .5 2093 549 B 1 F n
2 .5 2118 549 B 1 F n
2 .5 2139 549 B 1 F n
0 .5 2164 549 B 1 F n
0 .5 2190 549 B 1 F n
0 .5 2212 549 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
1 .5 1794 550 B 1 F n
14 .5 1814 550 B 1 F n
17 .5 1840 550 B 1 F n
10 .5 1868 550 B 1 F n
12 .5 1893 550 B 1 F n
9 .5 1919 550 B 1 F n
7 .5 1947 550 B 1 F n
4 .5 1974 550 B 1 F n
5 .5 1997 550 B 1 F n
4 .5 2025 550 B 1 F n
3 .5 2047 550 B 1 F n
2 .5 2070 550 B 1 F n
2 .5 2092 550 B 1 F n
2 .5 2117 550 B 1 F n
1 .5 2139 550 B 1 F n
0 .5 2163 550 B 1 F n
0 .5 2211 550 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
14 .5 1812 551 B 1 F n
16 .5 1839 551 B 1 F n
8 .5 1868 551 B 1 F n
10 .5 1893 551 B 1 F n
8 .5 1919 551 B 1 F n
6 .5 1946 551 B 1 F n
4 .5 1973 551 B 1 F n
4 .5 1996 551 B 1 F n
3 .5 2024 551 B 1 F n
2 .5 2046 551 B 1 F n
2 .5 2069 551 B 1 F n
1 .5 2092 551 B 1 F n
1 .5 2117 551 B 1 F n
1 .5 2138 551 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
13 .5 1811 552 B 1 F n
14 .5 1839 552 B 1 F n
6 .5 1868 552 B 1 F n
10 .5 1892 552 B 1 F n
7 .5 1918 552 B 1 F n
5 .5 1945 552 B 1 F n
4 .5 1972 552 B 1 F n
3 .5 1995 552 B 1 F n
3 .5 2023 552 B 1 F n
2 .5 2045 552 B 1 F n
0 .5 2069 552 B 1 F n
0 .5 2091 552 B 1 F n
1 .5 2116 552 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
13 .5 1810 553 B 1 F n
13 .5 1838 553 B 1 F n
5 .5 1867 553 B 1 F n
9 .5 1892 553 B 1 F n
6 .5 1917 553 B 1 F n
3 .5 1945 553 B 1 F n
3 .5 1971 553 B 1 F n
3 .5 1994 553 B 1 F n
3 .5 2022 553 B 1 F n
1 .5 2044 553 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 1810 554 B 1 F n
11 .5 1838 554 B 1 F n
3 .5 1867 554 B 1 F n
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2818 794 50 (, ) 50 SB
1 2 SJ
2215 913 317 ( name: ) 317 SB
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2922 913 50 (, ) 50 SB
1 2 SJ
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3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
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5 3 SJ
765 935 574 (INSERT INTO ) 574 SB
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7 3 SJ
1274 1833 768 ( S.name = \221Smith\222) 768 SB
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461 2070 2541 ( Powerful variants of these commands are available; more later!) 2541 SB
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-6 2 SJ
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-4 4 SJ
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-1 1 SJ
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18 6 SJ
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20 6 SJ
564 1096 1972 (ICs are checked when relations are modified.) 1972 SB
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775 1244 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
-7 7 SJ
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470 1548 49 (\226) 49 SB
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13 5 SJ
564 1548 1795 (DBMS should not allow illegal instances.) 1795 SB
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433 1696 2255 (If the DBMS checks ICs, stored data is more) 2255 SB
-3 3 SJ
433 1836 1600 (faithful to real-world meaning.) 1600 SB
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13 4 SJ
564 2000 1294 (Avoids data entry errors, too!) 1294 SB
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3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
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0 0 0 fC
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420 304 1708 (Primary Key Constraints) 1708 SB
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1629 748 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
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16 10 SJ
570 912 2294 (1. No two distinct tuples can have same values in all) 2294 SB
6 2 SJ
664 1032 640 (key fields, and) 640 SB
15 10 SJ
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533 888 1400 (supports simple, powerful ) 1400 SB
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533 1197 2299 (DBMS is responsible for efficient evaluation.) 2299 SB
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664 1504 1940 (Allows the optimizer to extensively re-order) 1940 SB
18 7 SJ
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4 1 SJ
664 1744 506 (not change.) 506 SB
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533 748 1998 (The most widely used relational query) 1998 SB
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533 888 2015 (language. Current standard is SQL-92.) 2015 SB
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924 1508 439 ( S.age=18) 439 SB
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575 1743 2237 (To find just names and logins, replace the first line:) 2237 SB
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n
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 91 389 1876 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
237 2 389 1968 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 91 627 1876 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 627 1968 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
279 2 630 1968 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 91 910 1876 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 910 1968 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
448 2 913 1968 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 91 1362 1876 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1362 1968 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
221 2 1365 1968 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 91 1586 1876 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1586 1968 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
208 2 1589 1968 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 91 1798 1876 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1798 1968 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
242 2 1801 1968 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 91 2044 1876 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2044 1968 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
459 2 2047 1968 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 91 2507 1876 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2507 1968 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
280 2 2510 1968 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 91 2792 1876 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2792 1968 B
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223 223 223 fC
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279 85 630 1876 B
1 F
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0 84 0 fC
gs 280 86 630 1876 CB
651 1878 98 (Sm) 97 SB
748 1878 42 (it) 41 SB
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223 223 223 fC
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279 5 630 1962 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
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933 1878 29 (s) 28 SB
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223 223 223 fC
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223 223 223 fC
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/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
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n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
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490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
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964 1833 1294 (I\222ll wipe away all trivial fond records.\224) 1294 SB
-2 2 SJ
1234 1923 523 (-- Shakespeare, ) 523 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 70 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1755 1924 224 (Hamlet) 224 SB
1 #C
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
420 304 1030 (Disks and Files) 1030 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
295 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
408 748 2271 (DBMS stores information on \(\223hard\224\) disks.) 2271 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
295 956 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
408 917 2374 (This has major implications for DBMS design!) 2374 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
445 1080 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 1 SJ
539 1080 330 (READ: ) 330 SB
0 84 0 fC
21 7 SJ
872 1080 2113 (transfer data from disk to main memory \(RAM\).) 2113 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
445 1224 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 1 SJ
539 1224 369 (WRITE: ) 369 SB
0 84 0 fC
14 5 SJ
911 1224 1404 (transfer data from RAM to disk.) 1404 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
445 1368 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 6 SJ
539 1368 2289 (Both are high-cost operations, relative to in-memory) 2289 SB
14 5 SJ
539 1488 1810 (operations, so must be planned carefully!) 1810 SB
1 #C
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 123 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
3 6 SJ
420 323 2486 (Why Not Store Everything in Main Memory?) 2486 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-2 2 SJ
533 750 725 (Costs too much) 725 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
1256 748 87 (. ) 87 SB
0 84 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
1341 748 1310 ($1000 will buy you either) 1310 SB
533 888 2011 (128MB of RAM or 7.5GB of disk today.) 2011 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1096 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-3 3 SJ
533 1059 1158 (Main memory is volatile) 1158 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
1688 1057 87 (. ) 87 SB
0 84 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
1773 1057 1002 (We want data to be) 1002 SB
-4 4 SJ
533 1197 1771 (saved between runs. \(Obviously!\)) 1771 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1404 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 2 SJ
533 1365 1345 (Typical storage hierarchy:) 1345 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1529 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 6 SJ
664 1529 2008 (Main memory \(RAM\) for currently used data.) 2008 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1673 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 6 SJ
664 1673 2085 (Disk for the main database \(secondary storage\).) 2085 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1816 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 7 SJ
664 1816 1991 (Tapes for archiving older versions of the data) 1991 SB
8 1 SJ
664 1936 758 (\(tertiary storage\).) 758 SB
1 #C
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EJ RS
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (4) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
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420 304 380 (Disks) 380 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
395 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
508 673 1829 (Secondary storage device of choice.) 1829 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
395 881 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
508 842 1492 (Main advantage over tapes: ) 1492 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
1995 844 680 (random access) 680 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-1 1 SJ
2674 842 174 ( vs.) 174 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
508 984 46 (s) 45 SB
553 984 211 (eque) 210 SB
763 984 137 (nti) 136 SB
899 984 85 (al) 85 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
984 982 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
395 1189 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
508 1150 2195 (Data is stored and retrieved in units called) 2195 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-4 2 SJ
508 1292 533 (disk blocks ) 533 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
1037 1290 139 (or ) 139 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1174 1292 262 (pages) 262 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1436 1290 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
395 1497 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
508 1458 2120 (Unlike RAM, time to retrieve a disk page) 2120 SB
508 1598 2082 (varies depending upon location on disk.) 2082 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
545 1762 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 7 SJ
639 1762 2197 (Therefore, relative placement of pages on disk has) 2197 SB
14 4 SJ
639 1882 1636 (major impact on DBMS performance!) 1636 SB
1 #C
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EJ RS
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (5) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
420 304 1480 (Components of a Disk) 1480 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 17 SP
/fm 256 def
1676 1070 M -22 35 -8 34 8 34 22 34 38 30 52 30 64 26 73 17 82 17 90 9 90 4 90 -4 85 -9 82 -17 73 -17 64 -26 52 -30 38 -30 22 -34 8 -34 20 PP
-8 -34 -22 -35 -38 -30 -52 -30 -64 -21 -73 -21 -82 -13 -85 -13 -90 0 -90 0 -90 13 -82 13 -73 21 -64 21 -52 30 -38 30 16 PP
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
1676 877 M -22 35 -8 34 8 34 22 34 38 30 52 30 64 26 73 17 82 17 90 9 90 4 90 -4 85 -9 82 -17 73 -17 64 -26 52 -30 38 -30 22 -34 8 -34 20 PP
-8 -34 -22 -35 -38 -30 -52 -30 -64 -21 -73 -21 -82 -13 -85 -13 -90 0 -90 0 -90 13 -82 13 -73 21 -64 21 -52 30 -38 30 16 PP
1 F
S
n
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
255 255 255 fC
/fm 256 def
1676 1048 M -22 34 -8 35 8 34 22 34 38 30 52 29 64 22 73 22 82 12 90 13 90 0 90 0 85 -13 82 -12 73 -22 64 -22 52 -29 38 -30 22 -34 8 -34 20 PP
-8 -35 -22 -34 -38 -30 -52 -30 -64 -25 -73 -17 -82 -18 -85 -8 -90 -4 -90 4 -90 8 -82 18 -73 17 -64 25 -52 30 -38 30 16 PP
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
1706 1053 M -43 26 -22 30 -8 30 8 34 22 30 43 26 52 26 68 21 73 17 86 9 85 8 90 0 86 -8 82 -9 77 -17 64 -21 56 -26 39 -26 25 -30 9 -34 20 PP
-9 -30 -25 -30 -39 -26 -56 -25 -64 -22 -77 -17 -82 -13 -86 -4 -90 0 -85 4 -86 13 -73 17 -68 22 -52 25 14 PP
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
1754 1044 M -56 22 -39 21 -25 21 -9 26 9 25 25 26 39 21 56 18 64 17 77 12 81 9 82 0 86 0 81 -9 77 -12 64 -17 52 -18 43 -21 26 -26 8 -25 20 PP
-8 -26 -26 -21 -43 -21 -52 -22 -64 -17 -77 -13 -81 -4 -86 -4 -82 4 -81 4 -77 13 -64 17 12 PP
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
1676 856 M -22 34 -8 34 8 34 22 34 38 31 52 29 64 22 73 21 82 13 90 13 90 0 90 0 85 -13 82 -13 73 -21 64 -22 52 -29 38 -31 22 -34 8 -34 20 PP
-8 -34 -22 -34 -38 -30 -52 -30 -64 -26 -73 -17 -82 -17 -85 -8 -90 -5 -90 5 -90 8 -82 17 -73 17 -64 26 -52 30 -38 30 16 PP
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
1706 860 M -43 26 -22 30 -8 30 8 34 22 30 43 26 52 25 68 22 73 17 86 9 85 8 90 0 86 -8 82 -9 77 -17 64 -22 56 -25 39 -26 25 -30 9 -34 20 PP
-9 -30 -25 -30 -39 -26 -56 -25 -64 -22 -77 -17 -82 -13 -86 -4 -90 0 -85 4 -86 13 -73 17 -68 22 -52 25 14 PP
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
1754 851 M -56 21 -39 21 -25 22 -9 26 9 25 25 26 39 22 56 16 64 18 77 13 81 8 82 0 86 0 81 -8 77 -13 64 -18 52 -16 43 -22 26 -26 8 -25 20 PP
-8 -26 -26 -22 -43 -21 -52 -21 -64 -18 -77 -12 -81 -4 -86 -5 -82 5 -81 4 -77 12 -64 18 12 PP
1 F
S
n
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1668 1742 M -26 34 -8 34 8 34 26 34 35 31 55 25 60 26 77 21 82 13 85 8 90 5 91 -5 85 -8 82 -13 77 -21 60 -26 55 -25 35 -31 25 -34 9 -34 20 PP
-9 -34 -25 -34 -35 -35 -55 -25 -60 -26 -77 -21 -82 -13 -85 -8 -91 -5 -90 5 -85 8 -82 13 -77 21 -60 26 -55 25 -35 35 16 PP
1 F
S
n
255 255 255 fC
/fm 256 def
1668 1725 M -26 34 -8 34 8 35 26 34 35 30 55 30 60 26 77 17 82 17 85 8 90 5 91 -5 85 -8 82 -17 77 -17 60 -26 55 -30 35 -30 25 -34 9 -35 20 PP
-9 -34 -25 -34 -35 -30 -55 -30 -60 -22 -77 -21 -82 -13 -85 -8 -91 -5 -90 5 -85 8 -82 13 -77 21 -60 22 -55 30 -35 30 16 PP
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
1702 1725 M -39 30 -25 30 -9 30 9 30 25 30 39 30 56 21 64 22 77 17 82 13 86 4 89 0 90 -4 82 -13 77 -17 64 -22 52 -21 43 -30 22 -30 8 -30 20 PP
-8 -30 -22 -30 -43 -30 -52 -25 -64 -22 -77 -13 -82 -13 -90 -4 -89 0 -86 4 -82 13 -77 13 -64 22 -56 25 14 PP
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
1749 1716 M -52 22 -43 21 -26 26 -8 26 8 25 26 22 43 21 52 21 64 18 77 8 81 9 86 4 82 -4 81 -9 77 -8 64 -18 56 -21 39 -21 25 -22 9 -25 20 PP
-9 -26 -25 -26 -39 -21 -56 -22 -64 -13 -77 -12 -81 -9 -82 0 -86 0 -81 9 -77 12 -64 13 12 PP
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
2246 835 M 0 -4 4 -22 17 -12 26 -9 30 0 25 9 17 12 9 22 0 4 0 339 -128 0 0 -339 12 PP
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
2118 475 M -9 -21 -17 -14 -25 -8 -30 0 -26 8 -17 14 -4 21 4 17 17 18 26 4 30 0 25 -4 17 -18 9 -17 14 PP
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
2246 1690 M 0 -5 4 -25 17 -17 26 -9 30 0 25 9 17 17 9 25 0 5 0 423 -128 0 0 -423 12 PP
1 F
S
n
2118 531 M -9 -26 9 -30 25 -26 35 -13 42 -8 44 8 34 13 26 26 8 30 -8 26 -22 25 11 PP
S
n
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
2295 590 M -45 36 59 23 -14 -59 3 PP
1 F
n
0 0 0 pC
6 17 SP
gs 261 2427 1475 0 CB
1218 852 M 771 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 261 2427 1475 0 CB
1218 1053 M 771 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 261 2427 1475 0 CB
1218 1737 M 771 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 518 0 1237 CB
1475 723 M 0 1542 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 389 0 852 CB
1475 1622 M 0 -1155 1 PP
S
n
gr
6 4 SP
255 255 255 hC
/fm 1280 def
<3f3f3f3f3f3f3f3f> p
1732 1751 M 0 26 -51 0 0 -26 51 0 4 PP
1 F
S
n
/fm 1280 def
1732 860 M 0 21 -51 0 0 -21 51 0 4 PP
1 F
S
n
/fm 1280 def
1732 1066 M 0 22 -51 0 0 -22 51 0 4 PP
1 F
S
n
32 0 0 63 63 0 0 0 57 /Helvetica /font12 ANSIFont font
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2791 1343 36 (tt) 35 SB
2826 1343 88 (ers) 87 SB
gs 133 163 2632 1172 CB
2503 1013 M 387 477 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 133 196 2632 1430 CB
2503 1814 M 387 -576 1 PP
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gr
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 678 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 5 SJ
229 643 1315 ( The platters spin \(say, 90rps\).) 1315 SB
32 0 0 63 63 0 0 0 57 /Helvetica /font12 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
2485 448 91 (Spi) 90 SB
2575 448 119 (ndle) 118 SB
2474 482 M -73 26 -77 12 -77 -4 3 PP
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32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 829 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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229 794 920 ( The arm assembly is) 920 SB
11 5 SJ
170 913 1199 (moved in or out to position) 1199 SB
10 5 SJ
170 1033 1121 (a head on a desired track.) 1121 SB
10 4 SJ
170 1153 1151 (Tracks under heads make) 1151 SB
1 1 SJ
170 1273 75 (a ) 75 SB
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252 1 40 fC
247 1275 331 (cylinder) 331 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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578 1273 25 ( ) 25 SB
0 84 0 fC
604 1273 571 (\(imaginary!\).) 571 SB
32 0 0 63 63 0 0 0 57 /Helvetica /font12 ANSIFont font
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-3 1 SJ
1497 552 281 (Disk head) 281 SB
255 255 255 fC
/fm 256 def
1589 1340 M -21 -30 0 21 -412 0 0 -21 -17 30 17 34 0 -21 412 0 0 21 21 -34 10 PP
1 F
S
n
0 0 0 fC
-7 1 SJ
1602 1386 431 (Arm movement) 431 SB
-5 1 SJ
1223 1792 401 (Arm assembly) 401 SB
1347 1780 M 38 -5 34 -16 30 -26 22 -34 8 -39 -4 -38 6 PP
S
n
1668 612 M -8 56 4 51 17 52 30 47 43 34 5 PP
S
n
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 1478 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
229 1443 669 ( Only one head) 669 SB
8 2 SJ
170 1563 865 (reads/writes at any) 865 SB
5 1 SJ
170 1683 404 (one time.) 404 SB
2709 603 M -30 56 -47 46 -56 39 -60 17 4 PP
S
n
32 0 0 63 63 0 0 0 57 /Helvetica /font12 ANSIFont font
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2692 516 126 (Trac) 125 SB
2817 516 32 (k) 31 SB
2848 516 32 (s) 32 SB
2644 603 M -12 43 -26 38 -34 30 -43 17 -43 0 5 PP
S
n
6 17 SP
2658 933 M 14 17 -28 -26 -14 -34 5 -35 18 -30 33 -21 6 PP
S
n
2852 808 109 (Sec) 108 SB
2960 808 18 (t) 17 SB
2977 808 56 (or) 56 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
2710 946 M -19 159 482 -64 -463 -95 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
2710 946 M 482 -64 -463 -95 2 PP
S
n
2885 787 M -10 34 -24 31 -28 17 -38 8 -38 0 -33 -17 6 PP
S
n
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 1879 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2 3 SJ
229 1846 443 ( Block size ) 443 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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2 2 SJ
675 1844 544 (is a multiple) 544 SB
1 1 SJ
170 1963 112 (of ) 112 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 2 SJ
284 1965 435 (sector size ) 435 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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3 2 SJ
722 1963 704 (\(which is fixed\).) 704 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
420 304 1515 (Accessing a Disk Page) 1515 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
370 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
483 673 2101 (Time to access \(read/write\) a disk block:) 2101 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
520 839 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
2 2 SJ
614 839 389 (seek time ) 389 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1004 837 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 7 SJ
1037 853 1598 (moving arms to position disk head on track) 1598 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2640 837 33 (\)) 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
520 983 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
1 2 SJ
614 983 654 (rotational delay ) 654 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1269 981 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 6 SJ
1302 997 1399 (waiting for block to rotate under head) 1399 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2705 981 33 (\)) 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
520 1127 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
1 2 SJ
614 1127 545 (transfer time ) 545 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1160 1125 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 5 SJ
1193 1141 1564 (actually moving data to/from disk surface) 1564 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2760 1125 33 (\)) 33 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
370 1312 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
483 1273 2123 (Seek time and rotational delay dominate.) 2123 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
520 1437 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 7 SJ
614 1437 1754 (Seek time varies from about 1 to 20msec) 1754 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
520 1581 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 6 SJ
614 1581 1777 (Rotational delay varies from 0 to 10msec) 1777 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
520 1724 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 7 SJ
614 1724 1844 (Transfer rate is about 1msec per 4KB page) 1844 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
370 1911 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
483 1872 1186 (Key to lower I/O cost: ) 1186 SB
207 14 48 fC
1669 1872 1090 (reduce seek/rotation) 1090 SB
-2 2 SJ
483 2012 426 (delays! ) 426 SB
0 84 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
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1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
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175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
420 304 1723 (Arranging Pages on Disk) 1723 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
395 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
508 673 39 (`) 39 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
547 675 235 (Next) 235 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 1 SJ
782 673 62 (\222 ) 62 SB
0 84 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
842 673 738 (block concept:) 738 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
545 837 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 5 SJ
639 837 1486 (blocks on same track, followed by) 1486 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
545 981 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 5 SJ
639 981 1627 (blocks on same cylinder, followed by) 1627 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
545 1125 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 3 SJ
639 1125 1191 (blocks on adjacent cylinder) 1191 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
395 1312 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
508 1273 1783 (Blocks in a file should be arranged) 1783 SB
508 1413 2281 (sequentially on disk \(by `next\222\), to minimize) 2281 SB
-3 3 SJ
508 1553 1330 (seek and rotational delay.) 1330 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
395 1760 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 2 SJ
508 1721 292 (For a ) 292 SB
252 1 40 fC
-2 1 SJ
796 1721 790 (sequential scan) 790 SB
0 84 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
1584 1721 58 (, ) 58 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1640 1723 572 (pre-fetching) 572 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-2 1 SJ
2212 1723 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2239 1721 367 (several) 367 SB
508 1861 1430 (pages at a time is a big win!) 1430 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
420 304 1675 (Disk Space Management) 1675 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
395 737 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
508 698 2445 (Lowest layer of DBMS software manages space) 2445 SB
-1 1 SJ
508 838 410 (on disk.) 410 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
395 1046 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
508 1007 1869 (Higher levels call upon this layer to:) 1869 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
545 1171 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 2 SJ
639 1171 1182 (allocate/de-allocate a page) 1182 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
545 1314 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 2 SJ
639 1314 798 (read/write a page) 798 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
395 1501 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
508 1462 710 (Request for a ) 710 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1215 1464 416 (sequence) 416 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
1631 1462 1362 ( of pages must be satisfied) 1362 SB
-6 6 SJ
508 1602 2289 (by allocating the pages sequentially on disk!) 2289 SB
508 1743 2320 (Higher levels don\222t need to know how this is) 2320 SB
508 1883 1880 (done, or how free space is managed.) 1880 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
420 304 2173 (Buffer Management in a DBMS) 2173 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
395 1937 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
508 1900 2362 (Data must be in RAM for DBMS to operate on it!) 2362 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
395 2106 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-12 6 SJ
508 2069 2212 (Table of pairs is maintained.) 2212 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 8 SP
1383 559 951 883 B
S
n
6 4 SP
226 563 949 881 B
S
n
227 563 1176 881 B
S
n
227 563 1404 881 B
S
n
226 563 1632 881 B
S
n
227 563 1859 881 B
S
n
1 lc
1 lj
0 84 0 pC
gs 1392 2427 947 0 CB
-441 1059 M 4164 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 1392 2427 947 0 CB
-441 1262 M 4164 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
231 184 947 879 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
232 184 1402 879 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
231 185 1630 1262 B
1 F
n
0 0 0 pC
6 8 SP
214 27 1620 1659 E
S
n
214 27 1620 1835 E
S
n
gs 3231 180 0 1658 CB
1402 1482 M 0 528 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 180 0 1658 CB
1835 1482 M 0 528 1 PP
S
n
gr
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1536 1678 137 (DB) 137 SB
183 96 249 pC
6 4 SP
gs 982 2427 606 0 CB
-372 1558 M 2934 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
183 96 249 fC
506 1446 582 (MAIN MEMORY) 582 SB
506 1610 176 (DISK) 176 SB
0 0 0 pC
595 1034 M 11 0 15 0 10 0 14 7 14 7 11 10 11 7 11 11 10 7 11 7 10 3 11 0 11 -3 14 -14 14 -11 11 -14 14 -17 3 -11 8 -10 1 -18 20 PP
-4 3 14 -7 18 -3 11 -4 14 -3 14 0 14 0 7 PP
S
n
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
936 943 M 36 -55 24 28 -60 27 3 PP
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
537 1038 322 (disk page) 322 SB
6 4 SP
674 1262 M 11 0 15 0 10 0 14 7 14 7 11 10 11 7 11 11 10 7 11 7 10 3 11 0 11 -3 14 -14 14 -11 11 -14 14 -17 3 -10 8 -10 1 -18 20 PP
-4 3 14 -7 18 -3 11 -3 14 -4 14 0 14 0 7 PP
S
n
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1015 1172 M 36 -55 24 28 -60 27 3 PP
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
-1 1 SJ
560 1266 341 (free frame) 341 SB
188 55 0 pC
6 8 SP
gs 3231 106 0 713 CB
1630 496 M 0 540 1 PP
S
n
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1630 857 M 22 74 -44 0 22 -74 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1630 675 M -22 -74 44 0 -22 74 3 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 4 SJ
913 542 1507 (Page Requests from Higher Levels) 1507 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-1 1 SJ
947 793 512 (BUFFER POOL) 512 SB
6 4 SP
2015 1588 M -11 0 -14 0 -10 0 -14 3 -14 4 -11 5 -10 4 -11 5 -10 4 -11 3 -10 2 -11 0 -10 -2 -14 -7 -14 -5 -10 -7 -14 -9 -4 -6 -7 -5 -1 -9 20 PP
0 0 -18 -2 -10 -2 -14 -1 -14 0 -14 0 6 PP
S
n
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1681 1541 M -64 -6 14 -34 50 40 3 PP
1 F
n
1948 1628 796 (choice of frame dictated) 796 SB
-1 1 SJ
1948 1718 102 (by ) 102 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 69 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
2049 1720 655 (replacement policy) 655 SB
6 8 SP
gs 3231 106 0 1488 CB
1630 1271 M 0 540 1 PP
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n
gr
/fm 256 def
1630 1632 M 22 74 -44 0 22 -74 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1630 1450 M -22 -74 44 0 -22 74 3 PP
1 F
n
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Bold
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%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-5 5 SJ
420 304 1927 (When a Page is Requested ...) 1927 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 748 1629 (If requested page is not in pool:) 1629 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 912 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 4 SJ
664 912 857 (Choose a frame for ) 857 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1529 914 486 (replacement) 486 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
570 1056 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
14 8 SJ
664 1056 1396 (If frame is dirty, write it to disk) 1396 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1200 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 5 SJ
664 1200 1721 (Read requested page into chosen frame) 1721 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1387 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
533 1350 198 (Pin ) 198 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
731 1348 1634 (the page and return its address.) 1634 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
440 1692 84 (*) 84 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
524 1653 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-8 8 SJ
552 1655 2398 ( If requests can be predicted \(e.g., sequential scans\)) 2398 SB
-5 5 SJ
440 1823 672 ( pages can be ) 672 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1107 1823 520 (pre-fetched) 520 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
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1627 1823 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
1655 1823 1097 (several pages at a time!) 1097 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 304 1964 (More on Buffer Management) 1964 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 748 2365 (Requestor of page must unpin it, and indicate) 2365 SB
533 888 1719 (whether page has been modified:) 1719 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
570 1054 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
664 1054 200 (dirty) 200 SB
0 84 0 fC
1 1 SJ
864 1054 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 4 SJ
891 1052 808 (bit is used for this.) 808 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1239 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 1200 2251 (Page in pool may be requested many times,) 2251 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1364 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
664 1364 75 (a ) 75 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2 2 SJ
740 1366 414 (pin count ) 414 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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8 8 SJ
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2 2 SJ
664 1484 685 (replacement iff ) 685 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1352 1486 414 (pin count ) 414 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1768 1484 160 (= 0.) 160 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1671 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 1632 2132 (CC & recovery may entail additional I/O) 2132 SB
533 1772 2084 (when a frame is chosen for replacement.) 2084 SB
533 1912 39 (\() 39 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
572 1914 847 (Write-Ahead Log ) 847 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
1417 1912 1089 (protocol; more later.\)) 1089 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
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420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
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-8 1 SJ
533 890 913 (replacement policy:) 913 SB
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570 1052 49 (\226) 49 SB
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420 1239 69 (v) 69 SB
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32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 1548 69 (v) 69 SB
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252 1 40 fC
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533 1511 913 (Sequential flooding) 913 SB
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1444 1509 87 (: ) 87 SB
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664 1813 1424 (# buffer frames < # pages in file ) 1424 SB
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2101 1813 745 (means each page) 745 SB
19 9 SJ
664 1933 2122 (request causes an I/O. MRU much better in this) 2122 SB
14 7 SJ
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
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420 304 1808 (DBMS vs. OS File System) 1808 SB
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0 84 0 fC
320 598 116 ( ) 116 SB
252 1 40 fC
436 598 2436 (OS does disk space & buffer mgmt: why not let) 2436 SB
-3 3 SJ
433 738 1232 (OS manage these tasks?) 1232 SB
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0 84 0 fC
320 1114 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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433 1075 2283 (Differences in OS support: portability issues) 2283 SB
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320 1450 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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433 1411 2492 (Buffer management in DBMS requires ability to:) 2492 SB
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470 1575 49 (\226) 49 SB
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5 3 SJ
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2266 1575 297 (to disk) 297 SB
20 5 SJ
564 1695 1999 (\(important for implementing CC & recovery\),) 1999 SB
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858 1841 802 (replacement policy, ) 802 SB
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1664 1839 193 (and ) 193 SB
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4 2 SJ
1859 1839 697 (pre-fetch pages ) 697 SB
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2560 1839 254 (based) 254 SB
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564 1959 1904 (on access patterns in typical DB operations.) 1904 SB
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (4) 29 SB
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252 1 40 fC
1841 1790 327 (system) 327 SB
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/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
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6 4 SP
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/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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1014 909 50 ($) 50 SB
1464 909 50 ($) 50 SB
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6 4 SP
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6 4 SP
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/fm 256 def
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6 4 SP
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/fm 256 def
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
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2565 1538 M 0 0 -20 0 -19 -6 -20 -7 -19 -6 -20 -13 -19 -13 -20 -20 -20 -19 -12 -28 10 PP
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n
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
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370 1912 84 (*) 84 SB
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483 1875 2300 (Can move records on page without changing rid;) 2300 SB
-15 5 SJ
483 2015 1912 (so, attractive for fixed-length records too) 1912 SB
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0 0 0 pC
6 8 SP
2320 996 444 591 B
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649 88 567 678 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
549 88 1292 900 B
1 F
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n
/fm 256 def
824 88 1767 1056 B
1 F
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221 221 221 fC
/fm 256 def
2324 421 442 1168 B
1 F
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0 0 0 fC
564 592 354 (Rid = \(i,N\)) 354 SB
1289 815 330 (Rid = \(i,2\)) 330 SB
1864 971 330 (Rid = \(i,1\)) 330 SB
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/fm 256 def
174 132 2592 1457 B
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
199 132 2217 1457 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
174 132 2417 1457 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
199 132 2017 1457 B
1 F
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n
/fm 256 def
374 132 1642 1457 B
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
199 132 1442 1457 B
1 F
S
n
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6 61 232 fC
2790 1492 97 (Poi) 96 SB
2886 1492 119 (nter) 119 SB
-2 1 SJ
2790 1572 208 (to start) 208 SB
2790 1652 188 (of free) 188 SB
2790 1732 132 (spac) 131 SB
2921 1732 32 (e) 32 SB
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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-4 1 SJ
1664 1791 507 (SLOT DIRECTORY) 507 SB
1 lc
1 lj
207 14 48 pC
gs 204 104 1440 1663 CB
1240 1563 M 600 300 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 579 2427 1640 0 CB
1065 1763 M 1725 0 1 PP
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gr
gs 179 104 2215 1663 CB
2565 1563 M -525 300 1 PP
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gr
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1515 1593 62 (N) 62 SB
0 0 0 fC
1577 1593 779 ( . . . 2 1) 779 SB
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/fm 256 def
1760 1112 M 19 -62 30 20 -49 42 3 PP
1 F
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6 4 SP
2040 1513 M -30 -19 -29 -13 -18 -12 -24 -13 -24 -5 -29 -13 -19 -6 -24 -13 -17 -6 -19 0 -17 -6 -18 -6 -18 -7 -18 0 -24 -12 -24 -13 -17 -18 -19 -12 -17 -20 -29 -24 20 PP
-5 -18 -12 -19 -19 -6 -24 -25 -17 -12 -19 -7 -17 -12 -24 -6 -18 -13 -18 -6 -24 -13 -18 -5 -24 -7 -29 -12 -18 -13 -18 -6 -18 -12 -30 -13 -12 -6 -18 -6 20 PP
-10 8 19 -13 5 -18 6 -19 0 -19 -6 -19 6 PP
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n
/fm 256 def
1284 962 M 39 -52 22 28 -61 24 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
1465 1513 M -19 -7 -23 -13 -25 -13 -18 -6 -24 -7 -24 -13 -18 -6 -24 -7 -18 -6 -19 -13 -17 -7 -19 -13 -18 -13 -24 -13 -18 -13 -36 -26 -12 -20 -19 -13 -18 -26 -15 -33 20 PP
-17 -26 -25 -20 -30 -26 -24 -13 -24 -19 -24 -20 -24 -13 -19 -13 -24 -13 -24 -13 -18 -13 -30 -20 -18 -6 -25 -13 -23 -13 -25 -20 -24 -12 -24 -7 -19 -6 -17 -13 20 PP
7 -5 -6 -19 -12 -26 -12 -20 -18 -26 -18 -26 -25 -26 7 PP
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/fm 256 def
561 762 M 38 -52 22 28 -60 24 3 PP
1 F
n
1490 1493 76 (20) 75 SB
2065 1493 76 (16) 75 SB
2265 1493 76 (24) 75 SB
6 61 232 pC
6 4 SP
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n
6 61 232 fC
/fm 256 def
442 1165 M 53 -36 12 34 -65 2 3 PP
1 F
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6 4 SP
0 0 1 1 2328 -276 1 2325 275 341 1539 A
S
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32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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2465 1484 69 (N) 69 SB
2 1 SJ
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
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420 304 1051 (Files of Records) 1051 SB
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420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 748 2131 (Page or block is OK when doing I/O, but) 2131 SB
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533 888 1765 (higher levels of DBMS operate on ) 1765 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2292 890 343 (records) 343 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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2635 888 256 (, and) 256 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
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533 1031 677 (files of records) 677 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1204 1029 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
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570 1501 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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2456 1647 355 (record id) 355 SB
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2813 1645 33 (\)) 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1788 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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664 1788 2205 (scan all records \(possibly with some conditions on) 2205 SB
15 4 SJ
664 1908 1179 (the records to be retrieved\)) 1179 SB
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EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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255 246 233 fC
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
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420 304 1589 (Unordered \(Heap\) Files) 1589 SB
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0 84 0 fC
395 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
508 673 2303 (Simplest file structure contains records in no) 2303 SB
-2 1 SJ
508 813 850 (particular order.) 850 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
395 1021 69 (v) 69 SB
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508 982 2119 (As file grows and shrinks, disk pages are) 2119 SB
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508 1122 1385 (allocated and de-allocated.) 1385 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
395 1329 69 (v) 69 SB
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508 1290 2323 (To support record level operations, we must:) 2323 SB
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545 1454 49 (\226) 49 SB
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639 1454 753 (keep track of the ) 753 SB
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1619 1454 350 ( in a file) 350 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
545 1598 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
639 1598 591 (keep track of ) 591 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1234 1600 408 (free space ) 408 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1644 1598 391 (on pages) 391 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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639 1741 753 (keep track of the ) 753 SB
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EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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SS
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
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0 0 0 fC
-5 5 SJ
420 304 2160 (Heap File Implemented as a List) 2160 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
395 1787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
508 1748 2330 (The header page id and Heap file name must) 2330 SB
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508 1888 1077 (be stored someplace.) 1077 SB
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395 2096 69 (v) 69 SB
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508 2057 2145 (Each page contains 2 `pointers\222 plus data.) 2145 SB
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6 4 SP
200 254 200 fC
/fm 256 def
399 274 842 765 B
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
399 274 1317 765 B
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
399 274 1942 765 B
1 F
S
n
399 274 842 1240 B
S
n
399 274 1317 1240 B
S
n
399 274 1942 1240 B
S
n
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
399 274 392 1015 B
1 F
S
n
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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465 1042 62 (H) 63 SB
528 1042 36 (e) 35 SB
563 1042 150 (ader) 149 SB
508 1132 125 (Pag) 124 SB
632 1132 36 (e) 36 SB
0 0 0 fC
965 817 96 (Da) 95 SB
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1085 817 38 (a) 37 SB
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1089 907 36 (e) 36 SB
1440 817 96 (Da) 95 SB
1535 817 24 (t) 25 SB
1560 817 38 (a) 37 SB
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1564 907 36 (e) 36 SB
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1415 1267 96 (Da) 95 SB
1510 1267 24 (t) 25 SB
1535 1267 38 (a) 37 SB
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1539 1357 36 (e) 36 SB
2065 1267 96 (Da) 95 SB
2160 1267 24 (t) 25 SB
2185 1267 38 (a) 37 SB
2065 1357 125 (Pag) 124 SB
2189 1357 36 (e) 36 SB
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1 lj
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207 14 48 fC
/fm 256 def
842 890 M 59 -24 4 36 -63 -12 3 PP
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67 142 0 pC
6 4 SP
850 1136 M 9 -11 11 -14 12 -13 13 -13 12 -10 14 -11 13 -8 14 -8 14 -7 14 -5 13 -4 12 -2 14 -1 12 0 14 PP
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67 142 0 fC
/fm 256 def
807 1117 M -64 2 8 -34 56 32 3 PP
1 F
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207 14 48 pC
6 4 SP
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207 14 48 fC
/fm 256 def
1416 765 M 48 43 -30 20 -18 -63 3 PP
1 F
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67 142 0 pC
6 4 SP
0 0 1 34 -121 0 139 137 66 1304 1047 A
S
n
67 142 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1168 1039 M -48 -42 30 -20 18 62 3 PP
1 F
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207 14 48 pC
6 4 SP
0 0 1 -34 121 0 -139 137 66 1654 756 A
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207 14 48 fC
/fm 256 def
1791 765 M 48 43 -30 20 -18 -63 3 PP
1 F
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67 142 0 pC
6 4 SP
0 0 1 34 -121 0 139 137 66 1679 1047 A
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67 142 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1543 1039 M -48 -42 30 -20 18 62 3 PP
1 F
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207 14 48 pC
6 4 SP
0 0 1 -34 121 0 -139 137 66 2029 756 A
S
n
207 14 48 fC
/fm 256 def
2166 765 M 48 43 -30 20 -18 -63 3 PP
1 F
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67 142 0 pC
6 4 SP
0 0 1 34 -121 0 139 137 66 2054 1047 A
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67 142 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1918 1039 M -48 -42 30 -20 18 62 3 PP
1 F
n
6 61 232 pC
6 4 SP
0 0 1 -34 121 0 -139 137 66 1279 1231 A
S
n
6 61 232 fC
/fm 256 def
1416 1240 M 48 43 -30 20 -18 -63 3 PP
1 F
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183 96 249 pC
6 4 SP
0 0 1 34 -121 0 139 137 66 1304 1522 A
S
n
183 96 249 fC
/fm 256 def
1168 1514 M -48 -42 30 -20 18 62 3 PP
1 F
n
6 61 232 pC
6 4 SP
0 0 1 -34 121 0 -139 137 66 1654 1231 A
S
n
6 61 232 fC
/fm 256 def
1791 1240 M 48 43 -30 20 -18 -63 3 PP
1 F
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183 96 249 pC
6 4 SP
0 0 1 34 -121 0 139 137 66 1679 1522 A
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183 96 249 fC
/fm 256 def
1543 1514 M -48 -42 30 -20 18 62 3 PP
1 F
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6 61 232 pC
6 4 SP
0 0 1 -34 121 0 -139 137 66 2004 1231 A
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6 61 232 fC
/fm 256 def
2141 1240 M 48 43 -30 20 -18 -63 3 PP
1 F
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183 96 249 pC
6 4 SP
0 0 1 34 -121 0 139 137 66 2029 1522 A
S
n
183 96 249 fC
/fm 256 def
1893 1514 M -48 -42 30 -20 18 62 3 PP
1 F
n
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
1001 1274 M -10 0 -11 0 -14 -3 -14 -3 -13 -5 -14 -7 -13 -7 -13 -9 -14 -10 -13 -10 -12 -12 -12 -13 -12 -13 -11 -15 14 PP
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0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
782 1182 M -55 32 -8 -34 63 2 3 PP
1 F
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6 61 232 pC
6 4 SP
0 0 1 1 -201 124 -46 200 125 867 1289 A
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6 61 232 fC
/fm 256 def
868 1415 M 63 -12 -4 36 -59 -24 3 PP
1 F
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0 0 0 fC
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2465 1317 365 (Pages with) 365 SB
-1 1 SJ
2465 1407 354 (Free Space) 354 SB
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2464 843 343 (Full Pages) 343 SB
207 14 48 pC
6 4 SP
0 0 1 -34 121 0 -139 137 66 2404 756 A
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207 14 48 fC
/fm 256 def
2541 765 M 48 43 -30 20 -18 -63 3 PP
1 F
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0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
gs 79 2427 2490 0 CB
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gr
gs 54 2427 2503 0 CB
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gr
gs 29 2427 2515 0 CB
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S
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gr
gs 79 2427 2465 0 CB
2390 1238 M 225 0 1 PP
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n
gr
gs 54 2427 2478 0 CB
2428 1263 M 150 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 29 2427 2490 0 CB
2465 1288 M 75 0 1 PP
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gr
6 61 232 pC
0 0 1 -34 121 0 -139 137 66 2379 1231 A
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6 61 232 fC
/fm 256 def
2516 1240 M 48 43 -30 20 -18 -63 3 PP
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EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
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1 115 2235 1796 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
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218 218 218 fC
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1111 929 25 ( ) 25 SB
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614 1047 1158 (scan retrieving all records.) 1158 SB
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1152 1191 50 ( ) 50 SB
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2137 1718 279 ( pages) 279 SB
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237 237 237 fC
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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185 185 185 fC
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1180 1731 127 (ear) 128 SB
1308 1731 40 (c) 41 SB
1349 1731 56 (h) 55 SB
1404 1731 177 ( + D) 176 SB
gr
gs 666 112 1651 1727 CB
1668 1731 56 (S) 55 SB
1723 1731 127 (ear) 128 SB
1851 1731 40 (c) 41 SB
1892 1731 56 (h) 55 SB
1947 1731 162 ( + B) 161 SB
2108 1731 76 (D) 76 SB
gr
gs 423 112 2319 1727 CB
2336 1731 122 (2D) 122 SB
gr
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 80 /ZapfDingbats font
490 2008 96 (*) 96 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
586 1995 2196 ( Several assumptions underlie these \(rough\) estimates!) 2196 SB
1 #C
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%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 304 149 (In) 148 SB
568 304 149 (de) 148 SB
716 304 214 (xes) 213 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 748 188 (An ) 188 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
721 750 291 (index ) 291 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1012 748 1847 (on a file speeds up selections on the) 1847 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-3 3 SJ
533 890 791 (search key fields ) 791 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
1321 888 687 (for the index.) 687 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1052 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 10 SJ
664 1052 2048 (Any subset of the fields of a relation can be the) 2048 SB
15 7 SJ
664 1172 1703 (search key for an index on the relation.) 1703 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
570 1318 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
3 2 SJ
664 1318 452 (Search key ) 452 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1 1 SJ
1118 1316 96 (is ) 96 SB
252 1 40 fC
1215 1316 144 (not) 144 SB
0 84 0 fC
5 4 SJ
1359 1316 555 ( the same as ) 555 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1919 1318 133 (key) 133 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2052 1316 25 ( ) 25 SB
0 84 0 fC
3 2 SJ
2079 1316 660 (\(minimal set of) 660 SB
19 8 SJ
664 1436 2214 (fields that uniquely identify a record in a relation\).) 2214 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1623 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
533 1584 1713 (An index contains a collection of ) 1713 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
2240 1586 552 (data entries) 552 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2791 1584 29 (,) 29 SB
533 1724 2139 (and supports efficient retrieval of all data) 2139 SB
533 1864 377 (entries ) 377 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 107 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
910 1867 152 (k* ) 152 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1062 1864 1203 (with a given key value ) 1203 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 107 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
2265 1867 71 (k) 71 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2336 1864 29 (.) 29 SB
1 #C
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-12 4 SJ
420 312 1738 (Alternatives for Data Entry ) 1738 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-BoldItalic /font25 ANSIFont font
-3 1 SJ
2146 312 189 (k* ) 189 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-3 1 SJ
2332 312 509 (in Index) 509 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
370 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 1 SJ
483 623 960 (Three alternatives:) 960 SB
32 0 0 108 108 0 0 0 87 /ZapfDingbats font
520 795 85 (\300) 85 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
8 5 SJ
614 787 1218 ( Data record with key value) 1218 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1841 789 86 ( k) 86 SB
32 0 0 108 108 0 0 0 87 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
520 939 85 (\301) 85 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
614 931 85 ( <) 85 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
700 933 61 (k) 61 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 8 SJ
761 931 1796 (, rid of data record with search key value) 1796 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2571 933 86 ( k) 86 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2659 931 60 (>) 60 SB
32 0 0 108 108 0 0 0 87 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
520 1083 85 (\302) 85 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
614 1075 85 ( <) 85 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
700 1077 61 (k) 61 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 10 SJ
761 1075 1907 (, list of rids of data records with search key ) 1907 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
2684 1077 61 (k) 61 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2745 1075 60 (>) 60 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
370 1262 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
483 1223 1996 (Choice of alternative for data entries is) 1996 SB
483 1363 2323 (orthogonal to the indexing technique used to) 2323 SB
483 1503 2168 (locate data entries with a given key value ) 2168 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 107 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
2651 1506 71 (k) 71 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2722 1503 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
520 1667 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 6 SJ
614 1667 2140 (Examples of indexing techniques: B+ trees, hash-) 2140 SB
7 1 SJ
614 1787 716 (based structures) 716 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
520 1931 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 5 SJ
614 1931 2261 (Typically, index contains auxiliary information that) 2261 SB
21 6 SJ
614 2050 1845 (directs searches to the desired data entries) 1845 SB
1 #C
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%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-BoldItalic
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-8 4 SJ
395 304 2587 (Alternatives for Data Entries \(Contd.\)) 2587 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
533 748 703 (Alternative 1:) 703 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
570 912 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 9 SJ
664 912 2214 (If this is used, index structure is a file organization) 2214 SB
21 8 SJ
664 1032 2060 (for data records \(like Heap files or sorted files\).) 2060 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1176 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 9 SJ
664 1176 2059 (At most one index on a given collection of data) 2059 SB
18 7 SJ
664 1296 2077 (records can use Alternative 1. \(Otherwise, data) 2077 SB
22 5 SJ
664 1415 2143 (records duplicated, leading to redundant storage) 2143 SB
10 2 SJ
664 1535 1259 (and potential inconsistency.\)) 1259 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1679 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 9 SJ
664 1679 2118 (If data records very large, # of pages containing) 2118 SB
15 8 SJ
664 1799 1956 (data entries is high. Implies size of auxiliary) 1956 SB
16 7 SJ
664 1919 2066 (information in the index is also large, typically.) 2066 SB
1 #C
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-8 4 SJ
395 304 2587 (Alternatives for Data Entries \(Contd.\)) 2587 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
395 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-3 3 SJ
508 623 1068 (Alternatives 2 and 3:) 1068 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
545 787 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 6 SJ
639 787 1998 (Data entries typically much smaller than data) 1998 SB
19 8 SJ
639 907 2099 (records. So, better than Alternative 1 with large) 2099 SB
18 7 SJ
639 1027 2088 (data records, especially if search keys are small.) 2088 SB
22 8 SJ
639 1147 2183 (\(Portion of index structure used to direct search is) 2183 SB
13 5 SJ
639 1266 1701 (much smaller than with Alternative 1.\)) 1701 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
545 1410 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 11 SJ
639 1410 2269 (If more than one index is required on a given file, at) 2269 SB
21 9 SJ
639 1530 2246 (most one index can use Alternative 1; rest must use) 2246 SB
7 3 SJ
639 1650 831 (Alternatives 2 or 3.) 831 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
545 1794 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 7 SJ
639 1794 2235 (Alternative 3 more compact than Alternative 2, but) 2235 SB
19 8 SJ
639 1913 2133 (leads to variable sized data entries even if search) 2133 SB
10 4 SJ
639 2033 1046 (keys are of fixed length.) 1046 SB
1 #C
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
420 304 1334 (Index Classification) 1334 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
345 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
458 750 398 (Primary) 398 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
856 748 203 ( vs. ) 203 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1057 750 473 (secondary) 473 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
1530 748 87 (: ) 87 SB
0 84 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
1615 748 1115 (If search key contains) 1115 SB
458 888 2060 (primary key, then called primary index.) 2060 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
495 1054 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
589 1054 303 (Unique) 303 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
16 8 SJ
892 1052 1946 ( index: Search key contains a candidate key.) 1946 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
345 1239 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
458 1202 458 (Clustered) 458 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
916 1200 203 ( vs. ) 203 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1117 1202 558 (unclustered) 558 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
1675 1200 87 (: ) 87 SB
0 84 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
1760 1200 1192 (If order of data records) 1192 SB
458 1341 2501 (is the same as, or `close to\222, order of data entries,) 2501 SB
458 1481 1415 (then called clustered index.) 1415 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
495 1645 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 6 SJ
589 1645 2203 (Alternative 1 implies clustered, but not vice-versa.) 2203 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
495 1788 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 10 SJ
589 1788 2149 (A file can be clustered on at most one search key.) 2149 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
495 1932 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
23 7 SJ
589 1932 2272 (Cost of retrieving data records through index varies) 2272 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
589 2054 308 (greatly ) 308 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 7 SJ
900 2052 1886 (based on whether index is clustered or not!) 1886 SB
1 #C
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255 246 233 fC
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-9 3 SJ
420 229 2179 (Clustered vs. Unclustered Index) 2179 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 537 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 498 2685 (Suppose that Alternative \(2\) is used for data entries,) 2685 SB
283 638 2586 (and that the data records are stored in a Heap file.) 2586 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 802 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 11 SJ
414 802 2384 ( To build clustered index, first sort the Heap file \(with) 2384 SB
19 8 SJ
414 922 2106 (some free space on each page for future inserts\).) 2106 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1066 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
25 10 SJ
414 1066 2581 (Overflow pages may be needed for inserts. \(Thus, order of) 2581 SB
23 11 SJ
414 1186 2479 (data recs is `close to\222, but not identical to, the sort order.\)) 2479 SB
1 lc
1 lj
67 142 0 pC
6 4 SP
207 2195 M -130 0 0 107 130 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
381 2195 M -129 0 0 107 129 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
554 2195 M -130 0 0 107 130 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
727 2195 M -130 0 0 107 130 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
901 2195 M -130 0 0 107 130 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
1074 2195 M -130 0 0 107 130 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
1247 2195 M -130 0 0 107 130 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
0 0 0 pC
457 1733 M -565 0 565 0 2 PP
S
n
457 1733 M -298 319 298 -319 2 PP
S
n
755 1414 M -270 -319 270 319 2 PP
S
n
645 1385 M -110 -29 92 24 18 5 3 PP
S
n
727 1398 M 4 -15 -32 -1 28 16 3 PP
S
n
252 1 40 pC
320 1818 M 0 -106 -153 0 0 106 153 0 4 PP
S
n
497 1869 M 24 -6 -24 -6 2 PP
S
n
473 1864 M -91 0 91 0 2 PP
S
n
540 1857 M -24 6 24 6 2 PP
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-4 2 SJ
2615 2079 294 (sorted by ) 294 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 61 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2905 2082 157 () 157 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
207 14 48 fC
1840 617 907 (Examples of composite key) 907 SB
-6 3 SJ
1840 707 1146 (indexes using lexicographic order.) 1146 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Helvetica-Bold
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255 246 233 fC
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1 F
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237 237 237 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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185 185 185 fC
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1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
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175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (5) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 304 186 (Su) 185 SB
605 304 399 (mmar) 398 SB
1003 304 84 (y) 84 SB
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0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
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-5 5 SJ
533 748 2375 (Many alternative file organizations exist, each) 2375 SB
-3 3 SJ
533 888 1559 (appropriate in some situation.) 1559 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1096 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
533 1057 2240 (If selection queries are frequent, sorting the) 2240 SB
533 1197 958 (file or building an ) 958 SB
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1491 1199 262 (index) 262 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1753 1197 691 ( is important.) 691 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1361 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 6 SJ
664 1361 2210 (Hash-based indexes only good for equality search.) 2210 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1504 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
23 7 SJ
664 1504 2144 (Sorted files and tree-based indexes best for range) 2144 SB
19 8 SJ
664 1624 2185 (search; also good for equality search. \(Files rarely) 2185 SB
22 8 SJ
664 1744 2036 (kept sorted in practice; B+ tree index is better.\)) 2036 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1931 69 (v) 69 SB
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533 1892 2378 (Index is a collection of data entries plus a way) 2378 SB
533 2032 2330 (to quickly find entries with given key values.) 2330 SB
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statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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395 712 69 (v) 69 SB
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545 977 49 (\226) 49 SB
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639 977 946 (Choice orthogonal to ) 946 SB
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2389 977 320 (used to) 320 SB
16 7 SJ
639 1097 1838 (locate data entries with a given key value.) 1838 SB
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395 1284 69 (v) 69 SB
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508 1245 2199 (Can have several indexes on a given file of) 2199 SB
508 1385 2369 (data records, each with a different search key.) 2369 SB
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395 1593 69 (v) 69 SB
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508 1554 2081 (Indexes can be classified as clustered vs.) 2081 SB
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508 1694 2084 (unclustered, primary vs. secondary, and) 2084 SB
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508 1834 2336 (dense vs. sparse. Differences have important) 2336 SB
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508 1974 1989 (consequences for utility/performance.) 1989 SB
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statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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/Win35Dict 290 dict def Win35Dict begin/bd{bind def}bind def/in{72
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/rct/rcurveto ld/st/stroke ld/n/newpath ld/sm/setmatrix ld/cm/currentmatrix
ld/cp/closepath ld/ARC/arcn ld/TR{65536 div}bd/lj/setlinejoin ld/lc
/setlinecap ld/ml/setmiterlimit ld/sl/setlinewidth ld/scignore false
def/sc{scignore{pop pop pop}{0 index 2 index eq 2 index 4 index eq
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/FC{bR bG bB sc}bd/fC{/bB ed/bG ed/bR ed}bd/HC{hR hG hB sc}bd/hC{
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matrix def/PenW 1 def/iPen 5 def/mxF matrix def/mxE matrix def/mxUE
matrix def/mxUF matrix def/fBE false def/iDevRes 72 0 matrix defaultmatrix
dtransform dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt def/fPP false def/SS{fPP{
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16#0/grave 16#1/acute 16#2/circumflex 16#3/tilde 16#4/macron 16#5/breve
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16#B8/cedilla 16#B9/onesuperior 16#BA/ordmasculine 16#BB/guillemotright
16#BC/onequarter 16#BD/onehalf 16#BE/threequarters 16#BF/questiondown
16#C0/Agrave 16#C1/Aacute 16#C2/Acircumflex 16#C3/Atilde 16#C4/Adieresis
16#C5/Aring 16#C6/AE 16#C7/Ccedilla 16#C8/Egrave 16#C9/Eacute 16#CA
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16#CF/Idieresis 16#D0/Eth 16#D1/Ntilde 16#D2/Ograve 16#D3/Oacute 16#D4
/Ocircumflex 16#D5/Otilde 16#D6/Odieresis 16#D7/multiply 16#D8/Oslash
16#D9/Ugrave 16#DA/Uacute 16#DB/Ucircumflex 16#DC/Udieresis 16#DD/Yacute
16#DE/Thorn 16#DF/germandbls 16#E0/agrave 16#E1/aacute 16#E2/acircumflex
16#E3/atilde 16#E4/adieresis 16#E5/aring 16#E6/ae 16#E7/ccedilla 16#E8
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16#ED/iacute 16#EE/icircumflex 16#EF/idieresis 16#F0/eth 16#F1/ntilde
16#F2/ograve 16#F3/oacute 16#F4/ocircumflex 16#F5/otilde 16#F6/odieresis
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/FontName newfontname put 127 1 159{newfont/Encoding get exch/bullet
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y0 M dxSO dySO rmt ULlen fBE{Break add}if 0 mxUE transform gs rlt cyUL
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0 ne/fT3 ed 0 ne/fSO ed 0 ne/fUL ed/Sy ed/Sx ed 10.0 div/ori ed -10.0
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/y y .4 sub def x y moveto(Stack =)show ostack{/y y .2 sub def x 1
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
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1 F
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237 237 237 fC
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492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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1 F
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237 237 237 fC
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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0 84 0 fC
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175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
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15 6 SJ
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826 1997 M -345 0 0 130 345 0 0 -130 4 PP
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188 55 0 pC
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958 1531 M -248 -300 248 300 2 PP
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1187 1793 M 15 -14 -34 -24 19 38 3 PP
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2 1 SJ
891 1889 186 (Page 2) 186 SB
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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1395 1641 M -37 -111 37 111 2 PP
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781 1789 M 9 -4 10 4 -10 5 -9 -5 4 PP
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1322 1789 M 9 -4 10 4 -10 5 -9 -5 4 PP
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1362 1789 M 8 -4 9 4 -9 5 -8 -5 4 PP
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1405 1789 M 9 -4 10 4 -10 5 -9 -5 4 PP
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1949 1789 M 9 -4 9 4 -9 5 -9 -5 4 PP
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1992 1789 M 10 -4 10 4 -10 5 -10 -5 4 PP
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2033 1789 M 10 -4 9 4 -9 5 -10 -5 4 PP
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2582 1789 M 9 -4 9 4 -9 5 -9 -5 4 PP
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2624 1789 M 9 -4 10 4 -10 5 -9 -5 4 PP
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2665 1789 M 9 -4 9 4 -9 5 -9 -5 4 PP
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2282 1609 M 9 -4 10 4 -10 5 -9 -5 4 PP
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2323 1609 M 9 -4 9 4 -9 5 -9 -5 4 PP
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2366 1609 M 9 -4 10 4 -10 5 -9 -5 4 PP
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1621 1391 M 8 -5 9 5 -9 4 -8 -4 4 PP
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1705 1391 M 10 -5 9 5 -9 4 -10 -4 4 PP
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0 0 1 27 46 1 53 50 50 666 1864 A
S
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0 84 0 fC
/fm 256 def
667 1915 M -38 52 -22 -28 60 -24 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
0 0 1 1 53 -51 1 50 50 1591 1864 A
S
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0 0 1 27 46 1 53 50 50 1591 1864 A
S
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0 84 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1592 1915 M -38 52 -22 -28 60 -24 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1190 1936 M -16 0 0 -4 16 0 0 4 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1222 1936 M -16 0 0 -4 16 0 0 4 4 PP
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/fm 256 def
1255 1936 M -16 0 0 -4 16 0 0 4 4 PP
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1287 1936 M -16 0 0 -4 16 0 0 4 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1319 1936 M -16 0 0 -4 16 0 0 4 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1351 1936 M -17 0 0 -4 17 0 0 4 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
gs 1384 2427 0 0 CB
1384 1936 M -16 0 0 -4 16 0 0 4 4 PP
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
1415 1938 M 62 -18 0 37 -62 -19 3 PP
1 F
n
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2213 1990 M 13 17 -3 2 -13 -16 3 -3 4 PP
1 F
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2186 1957 M 13 16 -3 2 -13 -16 3 -2 4 PP
1 F
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2159 1925 M 13 16 -3 2 -13 -16 3 -2 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2133 1893 M 14 16 -3 3 -13 -17 2 -2 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
gs 1116 558 2115 1869 CB
2106 1860 M 14 16 -3 2 -14 -16 3 -2 4 PP
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
2091 1837 M -53 -37 28 -22 25 59 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2288 1986 M -14 16 -3 -2 14 -17 3 3 4 PP
1 F
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2315 1954 M -14 16 -3 -2 14 -16 3 2 4 PP
1 F
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2342 1922 M -14 16 -2 -2 13 -16 3 2 4 PP
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2369 1890 M -14 17 -2 -3 13 -16 3 2 4 PP
1 F
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1741 1578 62 (40*) 62 SB
1879 1574 62 (46*) 62 SB
2244 1574 62 (55*) 62 SB
2447 1582 62 (63*) 62 SB
1042 1249 46 (20) 46 SB
1171 1249 46 (33) 46 SB
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1017 1790 M 21 60 -36 2 15 -62 3 PP
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6 4 SP
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0 84 0 fC
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1 F
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237 237 237 fC
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492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
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408 1380 2521 (Supports equality and range-searches efficiently.) 2521 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
1034 1986 M -901 0 901 0 2 PP
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n
1034 1986 M -475 389 475 -389 2 PP
S
n
1509 1597 M -431 -389 431 389 2 PP
S
n
1334 1563 M -175 -34 146 29 29 5 3 PP
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1464 1579 M 6 -18 -51 0 45 18 3 PP
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255 130 0 pC
815 2090 M 0 -129 -244 0 0 129 244 0 4 PP
S
n
1097 2153 M 38 -7 -38 -8 2 PP
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1059 2145 M -146 0 146 0 2 PP
S
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1166 2138 M -39 8 39 7 2 PP
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n
1205 2090 M 0 -129 -244 0 0 129 244 0 4 PP
S
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1488 2153 M 39 -7 -39 -8 2 PP
S
n
1449 2145 M -122 0 122 0 2 PP
S
n
1532 2138 M -39 8 39 7 2 PP
S
n
1083 1979 M 98 -111 -98 111 2 PP
S
n
1015 2070 M 14 -29 -30 20 2 PP
S
n
1327 1979 M 0 -111 0 111 2 PP
S
n
1337 2061 M -9 -29 -10 29 2 PP
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1864 2090 M 0 -129 -244 0 0 129 244 0 4 PP
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1781 2153 M 38 -7 -38 -8 2 PP
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1743 2145 M -121 0 121 0 2 PP
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1825 2138 M -39 8 39 7 2 PP
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1888 1979 M -99 -111 99 111 2 PP
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4 1 SJ
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4 1 SJ
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255 246 233 fC
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
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1 7 SJ
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1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
1188 1545 M -183 0 0 152 183 0 0 -152 4 PP
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1219 1393 M 0 -152 0 152 2 PP
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1371 1545 M -183 0 0 152 183 0 0 -152 4 PP
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1402 1393 M 0 -152 0 152 2 PP
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1554 1545 M -183 0 0 152 183 0 0 -152 4 PP
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1585 1393 M 0 -152 0 152 2 PP
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1737 1545 M -183 0 0 152 183 0 0 -152 4 PP
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1767 1393 M 0 -152 0 152 2 PP
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1920 1545 M -30 0 0 152 30 0 0 -152 4 PP
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2423 1986 M -122 0 0 122 122 0 0 -122 4 PP
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2545 1986 M -122 0 0 122 122 0 0 -122 4 PP
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2667 1986 M -122 0 0 122 122 0 0 -122 4 PP
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2789 1986 M -121 0 0 122 121 0 0 -122 4 PP
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229 1986 M -121 0 0 122 121 0 0 -122 4 PP
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350 1986 M -122 0 0 122 122 0 0 -122 4 PP
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472 1986 M -122 0 0 122 122 0 0 -122 4 PP
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594 1986 M -122 0 0 122 122 0 0 -122 4 PP
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777 1986 M -122 0 0 122 122 0 0 -122 4 PP
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899 1986 M -122 0 0 122 122 0 0 -122 4 PP
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1021 1986 M -122 0 0 122 122 0 0 -122 4 PP
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1143 1986 M -121 0 0 122 121 0 0 -122 4 PP
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1325 1986 M -122 0 0 122 122 0 0 -122 4 PP
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1447 1986 M -122 0 0 122 122 0 0 -122 4 PP
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1569 1986 M -123 0 0 122 123 0 0 -122 4 PP
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1692 1986 M -121 0 0 122 121 0 0 -122 4 PP
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1874 1986 M -122 0 0 122 122 0 0 -122 4 PP
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1996 1986 M -122 0 0 122 122 0 0 -122 4 PP
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2118 1986 M -122 0 0 122 122 0 0 -122 4 PP
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2240 1986 M -122 0 0 122 122 0 0 -122 4 PP
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1204 1526 M 728 -331 -728 331 2 PP
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514 1850 M 8 18 30 -25 -38 7 3 PP
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1383 1530 M 362 -327 -362 327 2 PP
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1566 1530 M 0 -323 0 323 2 PP
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1575 1815 M 19 0 -10 -38 -9 38 3 PP
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1752 1526 M -358 -327 358 327 2 PP
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2089 1820 M 13 -14 -34 -19 21 33 3 PP
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1935 1522 M -728 -331 728 331 2 PP
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506 1879 51 (5*) 51 SB
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804 1882 81 (14*) 81 SB
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1474 1879 81 (20*) 81 SB
1593 1879 81 (22*) 81 SB
1897 1879 81 (24*) 81 SB
2023 1879 81 (27*) 81 SB
2137 1882 81 (29*) 81 SB
2446 1882 81 (33*) 81 SB
2568 1882 81 (34*) 81 SB
2686 1879 81 (38*) 81 SB
2808 1875 81 (39*) 81 SB
1269 1430 60 (13) 60 SB
0 84 0 pC
gs 100 119 1315 1238 CB
1190 1088 M 375 450 1 PP
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gr
0 84 0 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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6 4 SP
1355 1831 M -8 3 -13 5 -13 2 -14 1 -13 -1 -13 -3 -14 -6 -12 -5 8 PP
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/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
1216 1849 M -45 46 -18 -32 63 -14 3 PP
1 F
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6 4 SP
780 1831 M -8 3 -13 5 -13 2 -14 1 -13 -1 -13 -3 -14 -6 -12 -5 8 PP
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/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
641 1849 M -45 46 -18 -32 63 -14 3 PP
1 F
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6 4 SP
1880 1831 M -8 3 -13 5 -13 2 -14 1 -13 -1 -13 -3 -14 -6 -12 -5 8 PP
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/fm 256 def
1914 1855 M 62 18 -20 30 -42 -48 3 PP
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/fm 256 def
1741 1849 M -45 46 -18 -32 63 -14 3 PP
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6 4 SP
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2464 1855 M 62 18 -20 30 -42 -48 3 PP
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/fm 256 def
2291 1849 M -45 46 -18 -32 63 -14 3 PP
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1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
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0 84 0 fC
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664 912 916 (average fanout = 133) 916 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1099 69 (v) 69 SB
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1278 1368 960 ( = 2,352,637 records) 960 SB
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255 246 233 fC
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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0 84 0 fC
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2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
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508 1437 1457 (This can happen recursively) 1457 SB
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252 1 40 fC
9 3 SJ
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0 84 0 fC
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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S
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gr
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S
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gr
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S
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Helvetica-Bold
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%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 14 14
%%PageResources: (atend)
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3000 2250 115 88 B
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
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1820 1315 81 (22*) 81 SB
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gr
0 84 0 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
6 4 SP
2498 1268 M -3 3 -15 4 -15 3 -14 -3 -15 -5 5 PP
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/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2396 1291 M -47 45 -16 -32 63 -13 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
673 1268 M -3 3 -15 4 -15 3 -14 -3 -15 -5 5 PP
S
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/fm 256 def
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1 F
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/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
6 4 SP
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S
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/fm 256 def
1159 1289 M 63 12 -16 32 -47 -44 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1021 1291 M -47 45 -16 -32 63 -13 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
1598 1268 M -3 3 -15 4 -15 3 -14 -3 -15 -5 5 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
1634 1289 M 63 12 -16 32 -47 -44 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1496 1291 M -47 45 -16 -32 63 -13 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
2048 1268 M -3 3 -15 4 -15 3 -14 -3 -15 -5 5 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1946 1291 M -47 45 -16 -32 63 -13 3 PP
1 F
n
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%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Helvetica-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 15 15
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
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EJ RS
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/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
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2123 1127 M 0 -132 0 132 2 PP
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2256 1259 M -160 0 0 132 160 0 0 -132 4 PP
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2443 1127 M 0 -132 0 132 2 PP
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855 1369 M 12 -11 -28 -18 16 29 3 PP
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1296 1382 M 6 -16 -34 -4 28 20 3 PP
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1829 1383 M 13 11 16 -30 -29 19 3 PP
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2684 1380 M 6 -16 -34 -2 28 18 3 PP
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2845 1411 81 (39*) 81 SB
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990 613 M 600 375 1 PP
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gr
0 84 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1390 864 M 62 18 -20 30 -42 -48 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
681 1382 M -13 6 -12 3 -14 2 -16 -2 -13 -4 -15 -6 6 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
719 1400 M 64 11 -16 32 -48 -43 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
561 1404 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
1156 1382 M -13 6 -12 3 -14 2 -16 -2 -13 -4 -15 -6 6 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
1194 1400 M 64 11 -16 32 -48 -43 3 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1036 1404 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
1606 1382 M -13 6 -12 3 -14 2 -16 -2 -13 -4 -15 -6 6 PP
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/fm 256 def
1644 1400 M 64 11 -16 32 -48 -43 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1486 1404 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
2082 1382 M -13 6 -12 3 -14 2 -16 -2 -13 -4 -16 -6 6 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
2119 1400 M 64 11 -16 32 -48 -43 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1961 1404 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
2557 1382 M -13 6 -12 3 -14 2 -16 -2 -13 -4 -16 -6 6 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
2594 1400 M 64 11 -16 32 -48 -43 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2436 1404 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
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statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Helvetica-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 17 17
%%PageResources: (atend)
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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0 84 0 pC
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n
0 84 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1719 1025 M 64 11 -16 32 -48 -43 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1561 1029 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
2282 1007 M -13 6 -12 3 -14 2 -16 -2 -13 -4 -16 -6 6 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
2319 1025 M 64 11 -16 32 -48 -43 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2161 1029 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
207 2141 M -125 0 0 125 125 0 0 -125 4 PP
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332 2141 M -125 0 0 125 125 0 0 -125 4 PP
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n
457 2141 M -126 0 0 125 126 0 0 -125 4 PP
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583 2141 M -125 0 0 125 125 0 0 -125 4 PP
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1295 2144 M -125 0 0 124 125 0 0 -124 4 PP
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1420 2144 M -125 0 0 124 125 0 0 -124 4 PP
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1545 2144 M -125 0 0 124 125 0 0 -124 4 PP
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1670 2144 M -126 0 0 124 126 0 0 -124 4 PP
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1838 2144 M -125 0 0 124 125 0 0 -124 4 PP
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2089 2144 M -125 0 0 124 125 0 0 -124 4 PP
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2214 2144 M -125 0 0 124 125 0 0 -124 4 PP
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2382 2144 M -125 0 0 124 125 0 0 -124 4 PP
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2507 2144 M -126 0 0 124 126 0 0 -124 4 PP
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2633 2144 M -125 0 0 124 125 0 0 -124 4 PP
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2758 2144 M -125 0 0 124 125 0 0 -124 4 PP
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754 2144 M -126 0 0 124 126 0 0 -124 4 PP
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880 2144 M -125 0 0 124 125 0 0 -124 4 PP
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1005 2144 M -125 0 0 124 125 0 0 -124 4 PP
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1130 2144 M -126 0 0 124 126 0 0 -124 4 PP
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1150 1719 M -187 0 0 155 187 0 0 -155 4 PP
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1181 1564 M 0 -155 0 155 2 PP
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1337 1719 M -188 0 0 155 188 0 0 -155 4 PP
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1369 1564 M 0 -155 0 155 2 PP
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1525 1719 M -188 0 0 155 188 0 0 -155 4 PP
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1557 1564 M 0 -155 0 155 2 PP
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1713 1719 M -188 0 0 155 188 0 0 -155 4 PP
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1745 1564 M 0 -155 0 155 2 PP
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1044 1992 M 13 14 22 -33 -35 19 3 PP
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n
1537 1700 M 0 -316 0 316 2 PP
S
n
1547 1977 M 20 0 -10 -39 -10 39 3 PP
S
n
1729 1700 M -356 -316 356 316 2 PP
S
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n
1912 1700 M -721 -311 721 311 2 PP
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2601 1987 M 8 -18 -40 -6 32 24 3 PP
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238 2035 51 (2*) 51 SB
367 2032 51 (3*) 51 SB
919 2035 51 (7*) 51 SB
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gr
0 84 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1140 1614 M 61 20 -20 30 -41 -50 3 PP
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6 4 SP
781 1982 M -13 6 -12 3 -14 2 -16 -2 -13 -4 -15 -6 6 PP
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n
/fm 256 def
819 2000 M 64 11 -16 32 -48 -43 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
661 2004 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
1331 1982 M -13 6 -12 3 -14 2 -16 -2 -13 -4 -15 -6 6 PP
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/fm 256 def
1369 2000 M 64 11 -16 32 -48 -43 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1211 2004 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
1857 1982 M -13 6 -12 3 -14 2 -16 -2 -13 -4 -16 -6 6 PP
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/fm 256 def
1894 2000 M 64 11 -16 32 -48 -43 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1736 2004 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
2382 1982 M -13 6 -12 3 -14 2 -16 -2 -13 -4 -16 -6 6 PP
S
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/fm 256 def
2419 2000 M 64 11 -16 32 -48 -43 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2261 2004 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
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statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Helvetica-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 18 18
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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1524 675 758 (during deletion ) 758 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
2280 673 675 (of 24*. \(What) 675 SB
-5 5 SJ
433 813 1628 (could be a possible initial tree?\)) 1628 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
320 1021 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
433 982 2545 (In contrast to previous example, can re-distribute) 2545 SB
433 1122 2139 (entry from left child of root to right child.) 2139 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
1594 1654 M -148 0 0 134 148 0 0 -134 4 PP
S
n
1619 1520 M 0 -134 0 134 2 PP
S
n
1742 1654 M -149 0 0 134 149 0 0 -134 4 PP
S
n
1767 1520 M 0 -134 0 134 2 PP
S
n
1915 1520 M 0 -134 0 134 2 PP
S
n
887 1941 M -149 0 0 134 149 0 0 -134 4 PP
S
n
912 1807 M 0 -134 0 134 2 PP
S
n
1036 1941 M -148 0 0 134 148 0 0 -134 4 PP
S
n
1061 1807 M 0 -134 0 134 2 PP
S
n
1184 1941 M -148 0 0 134 148 0 0 -134 4 PP
S
n
1208 1807 M 0 -134 0 134 2 PP
S
n
1332 1941 M -148 0 0 134 148 0 0 -134 4 PP
S
n
1357 1807 M 0 -134 0 134 2 PP
S
n
1480 1941 M -25 0 0 134 25 0 0 -134 4 PP
S
n
900 1921 M 533 -156 -533 156 2 PP
S
n
1042 1924 M 266 -150 -266 150 2 PP
S
n
807 2066 M 7 14 24 -22 -31 8 3 PP
S
n
1190 1928 M 6 -146 -6 146 2 PP
S
n
1193 2042 M 16 1 -7 -33 -9 32 3 PP
S
n
1347 1928 M -260 -143 260 143 2 PP
S
n
1583 2048 M 7 -15 -31 -8 24 23 3 PP
S
n
1607 1634 M 432 -167 -432 167 2 PP
S
n
1206 1798 M 5 16 26 -19 -31 3 3 PP
S
n
1891 1654 M -147 0 0 134 147 0 0 -134 4 PP
S
n
2038 1654 M -148 0 0 134 148 0 0 -134 4 PP
S
n
2063 1520 M 0 -134 0 134 2 PP
S
n
2186 1654 M -25 0 0 134 25 0 0 -134 4 PP
S
n
2331 1918 M -149 0 0 134 149 0 0 -134 4 PP
S
n
2356 1784 M 0 -134 0 134 2 PP
S
n
2480 1918 M -148 0 0 134 148 0 0 -134 4 PP
S
n
2505 1784 M 0 -134 0 134 2 PP
S
n
2628 1918 M -148 0 0 134 148 0 0 -134 4 PP
S
n
2652 1784 M 0 -134 0 134 2 PP
S
n
2776 1918 M -148 0 0 134 148 0 0 -134 4 PP
S
n
2800 1784 M 0 -134 0 134 2 PP
S
n
2924 1918 M -25 0 0 134 25 0 0 -134 4 PP
S
n
1489 1924 M -503 -150 503 150 2 PP
S
n
2341 1897 M -55 -174 55 174 2 PP
S
n
2393 2037 M 14 -5 -17 -29 3 34 3 PP
S
n
2489 1901 M -389 -170 389 170 2 PP
S
n
2852 2051 M 6 -16 -32 -4 26 20 3 PP
S
n
1751 1637 M -667 -141 667 141 2 PP
S
n
2388 1763 M 3 -16 -33 2 30 14 3 PP
S
n
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 53 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
1424 1396 131 (Root) 131 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 50 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
1098 1824 60 (13) 60 SB
956 1824 30 (5) 30 SB
1234 1821 60 (17) 60 SB
1397 1821 60 (20) 60 SB
1656 1537 60 (22) 60 SB
2396 1804 60 (30) 60 SB
992 2188 M -99 0 0 107 99 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
1091 2188 M -99 0 0 107 99 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
1190 2188 M -99 0 0 107 99 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
1289 2188 M -98 0 0 107 98 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
1412 2188 M -99 0 0 107 99 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
1511 2188 M -99 0 0 107 99 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
1610 2188 M -99 0 0 107 99 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
1709 2188 M -98 0 0 107 98 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
2958 2188 M -98 0 0 107 98 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
1825 2188 M -99 0 0 107 99 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
398 2076 M 4 15 27 -16 -31 1 3 PP
S
n
2662 2188 M -98 0 0 107 98 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
2760 2188 M -99 0 0 107 99 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
2859 2188 M -99 0 0 107 99 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
2242 2188 M -99 0 0 107 99 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
2341 2188 M -98 0 0 107 98 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
2439 2188 M -99 0 0 107 99 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
2538 2188 M -99 0 0 107 99 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
1924 2188 M -100 0 0 107 100 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
2024 2188 M -98 0 0 107 98 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
2122 2188 M -98 0 0 107 98 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
1964 2058 M 4 -15 -32 -1 28 16 3 PP
S
n
165 2184 M -98 0 0 107 98 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
263 2184 M -99 0 0 107 99 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
362 2184 M -99 0 0 107 99 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
461 2184 M -99 0 0 107 99 0 0 -107 4 PP
S
n
580 2185 M -98 0 0 108 98 0 0 -108 4 PP
S
n
678 2185 M -98 0 0 108 98 0 0 -108 4 PP
S
n
776 2185 M -99 0 0 108 99 0 0 -108 4 PP
S
n
875 2185 M -99 0 0 108 99 0 0 -108 4 PP
S
n
1008 2087 81 (14*) 81 SB
1107 2087 81 (16*) 81 SB
1434 2081 81 (17*) 81 SB
1530 2081 81 (18*) 81 SB
1841 2084 81 (20*) 81 SB
2681 2084 81 (33*) 81 SB
2779 2084 81 (34*) 81 SB
2874 2081 81 (38*) 81 SB
2973 2078 81 (39*) 81 SB
2261 2084 81 (22*) 81 SB
2366 2084 81 (27*) 81 SB
2461 2084 81 (29*) 81 SB
1943 2084 81 (21*) 81 SB
709 2078 51 (7*) 51 SB
610 2078 51 (5*) 51 SB
804 2078 51 (8*) 51 SB
295 2077 51 (3*) 51 SB
196 2077 51 (2*) 51 SB
0 84 0 pC
gs 153 143 1520 1338 CB
1336 1167 M 552 513 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 84 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1704 1510 M 57 29 -24 26 -33 -55 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
653 2047 M -5 2 -13 4 -12 1 -14 0 -13 -1 -14 -3 -14 -6 -14 -5 8 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
689 2067 M 62 12 -16 32 -46 -44 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
517 2065 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
1047 2047 M -5 2 -13 4 -12 1 -14 0 -13 -1 -15 -3 -13 -6 -15 -5 8 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
1083 2067 M 63 12 -16 32 -47 -44 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
910 2065 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
1440 2047 M -5 2 -13 4 -13 1 -14 0 -12 -1 -15 -3 -13 -6 -15 -5 8 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
1476 2067 M 63 12 -16 32 -47 -44 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1303 2065 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
1833 2047 M -5 2 -13 4 -13 1 -14 0 -12 -1 -15 -3 -14 -6 -14 -5 8 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
1869 2067 M 63 12 -16 32 -47 -44 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1696 2065 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
2253 2047 M -5 2 -13 4 -13 1 -14 0 -12 -1 -15 -3 -13 -6 -15 -5 8 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
2289 2067 M 63 12 -16 32 -47 -44 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2116 2065 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
2673 2047 M -6 2 -12 4 -13 1 -14 0 -12 -1 -15 -3 -13 -6 -15 -5 8 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
2709 2067 M 62 12 -16 32 -46 -44 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2536 2065 M -44 47 -18 -30 62 -17 3 PP
1 F
n
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Helvetica-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 19 19
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 1 SJ
420 304 1428 (After Re-distribution) 1428 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
245 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
358 648 1168 (Intuitively, entries are ) 1168 SB
252 1 40 fC
-2 2 SJ
1523 648 942 (re-distributed by `) 942 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2463 650 386 (pushing) 386 SB
358 790 379 (through) 379 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
737 788 62 (\222 ) 62 SB
0 84 0 fC
799 788 1929 (the splitting entry in the parent node.) 1929 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
245 996 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
358 957 2579 (It suffices to re-distribute index entry with key 20;) 2579 SB
-6 6 SJ
358 1097 2395 (we\222ve re-distributed 17 as well for illustration.) 2395 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
445 2098 M 4 18 27 -19 -31 1 3 PP
S
n
2840 2074 M 5 -19 -32 -2 27 21 3 PP
S
n
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 50 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
1045 2137 81 (14*) 81 SB
1142 2137 81 (16*) 81 SB
2689 2133 81 (33*) 81 SB
2787 2133 81 (34*) 81 SB
2880 2129 81 (38*) 81 SB
2978 2125 81 (39*) 81 SB
2277 2133 81 (22*) 81 SB
2380 2133 81 (27*) 81 SB
2474 2133 81 (29*) 81 SB
1463 2129 81 (17*) 81 SB
1558 2129 81 (18*) 81 SB
1865 2133 81 (20*) 81 SB
1964 2133 81 (21*) 81 SB
750 2125 51 (7*) 51 SB
654 2125 51 (5*) 51 SB
845 2125 51 (8*) 51 SB
247 2124 51 (2*) 51 SB
343 2124 51 (3*) 51 SB
0 84 0 pC
700 2070 M -7 4 -13 4 -12 2 -14 1 -14 -1 -14 -3 -14 -4 -14 -8 8 PP
S
n
0 84 0 fC
/fm 256 def
736 2088 M 62 12 -16 32 -46 -44 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
560 2090 M -43 48 -20 -30 63 -18 3 PP
1 F
n
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
1624 1586 M -146 0 0 162 146 0 0 -162 4 PP
S
n
1649 1424 M 0 -162 0 162 2 PP
S
n
1770 1586 M -146 0 0 162 146 0 0 -162 4 PP
S
n
1795 1424 M 0 -162 0 162 2 PP
S
n
1916 1586 M -146 0 0 162 146 0 0 -162 4 PP
S
n
1941 1424 M 0 -162 0 162 2 PP
S
n
2062 1586 M -146 0 0 162 146 0 0 -162 4 PP
S
n
2086 1424 M 0 -162 0 162 2 PP
S
n
2208 1586 M -24 0 0 162 24 0 0 -162 4 PP
S
n
1031 2233 M -98 0 0 129 98 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
1129 2233 M -97 0 0 129 97 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
1226 2233 M -97 0 0 129 97 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
1323 2233 M -97 0 0 129 97 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
927 1934 M -147 0 0 162 147 0 0 -162 4 PP
S
n
952 1772 M 0 -162 0 162 2 PP
S
n
1074 1934 M -146 0 0 162 146 0 0 -162 4 PP
S
n
1098 1772 M 0 -162 0 162 2 PP
S
n
1220 1934 M -146 0 0 162 146 0 0 -162 4 PP
S
n
1244 1772 M 0 -162 0 162 2 PP
S
n
1366 1934 M -145 0 0 162 145 0 0 -162 4 PP
S
n
1390 1772 M 0 -162 0 162 2 PP
S
n
1511 1934 M -25 0 0 162 25 0 0 -162 4 PP
S
n
1445 2233 M -97 0 0 129 97 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
1542 2233 M -97 0 0 129 97 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
1639 2233 M -98 0 0 129 98 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
1737 2233 M -97 0 0 129 97 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
2676 2233 M -97 0 0 129 97 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
2773 2233 M -97 0 0 129 97 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
2870 2233 M -98 0 0 129 98 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
2968 2233 M -97 0 0 129 97 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
2263 2233 M -97 0 0 129 97 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
2360 2233 M -97 0 0 129 97 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
2457 2233 M -98 0 0 129 98 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
2555 2233 M -96 0 0 129 96 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
1852 2233 M -97 0 0 129 97 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
1949 2233 M -98 0 0 129 98 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
2047 2233 M -97 0 0 129 97 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
2144 2233 M -97 0 0 129 97 0 0 -129 4 PP
S
n
939 1910 M 525 -189 -525 189 2 PP
S
n
1080 1914 M 261 -181 -261 181 2 PP
S
n
849 2086 M 7 18 23 -27 -30 9 3 PP
S
n
1637 1562 M 426 -202 -426 202 2 PP
S
n
1242 1760 M 5 19 26 -23 -31 4 3 PP
S
n
1962 1934 M -146 0 0 162 146 0 0 -162 4 PP
S
n
1986 1772 M 0 -162 0 162 2 PP
S
n
2108 1934 M -146 0 0 162 146 0 0 -162 4 PP
S
n
2132 1772 M 0 -162 0 162 2 PP
S
n
2254 1934 M -145 0 0 162 145 0 0 -162 4 PP
S
n
2278 1772 M 0 -162 0 162 2 PP
S
n
2399 1934 M -146 0 0 162 146 0 0 -162 4 PP
S
n
2424 1772 M 0 -162 0 162 2 PP
S
n
2545 1934 M -25 0 0 162 25 0 0 -162 4 PP
S
n
1229 1910 M 18 -182 -18 182 2 PP
S
n
1222 2054 M 15 3 -3 -41 -12 38 3 PP
S
n
2411 1910 M -436 -185 436 185 2 PP
S
n
2263 1906 M -194 -193 194 193 2 PP
S
n
2437 2068 M 9 -16 -29 -15 20 31 3 PP
S
n
2117 1906 M 58 -189 -58 189 2 PP
S
n
2078 2062 M 15 7 4 -40 -19 33 3 PP
S
n
1971 1914 M 283 -181 -283 181 2 PP
S
n
1719 2087 M 6 18 25 -26 -31 8 3 PP
S
n
1782 1566 M -441 -198 441 198 2 PP
S
n
2197 1742 M 5 -18 -31 -4 26 22 3 PP
S
n
216 2229 M -96 0 0 130 96 0 0 -130 4 PP
S
n
312 2229 M -98 0 0 130 98 0 0 -130 4 PP
S
n
410 2229 M -97 0 0 130 97 0 0 -130 4 PP
S
n
507 2229 M -98 0 0 130 98 0 0 -130 4 PP
S
n
624 2230 M -97 0 0 131 97 0 0 -131 4 PP
S
n
721 2230 M -98 0 0 131 98 0 0 -131 4 PP
S
n
819 2230 M -97 0 0 131 97 0 0 -131 4 PP
S
n
916 2230 M -97 0 0 131 97 0 0 -131 4 PP
S
n
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 53 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
1457 1274 131 (Root) 131 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 50 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
1135 1793 60 (13) 60 SB
996 1793 30 (5) 30 SB
1688 1445 60 (17) 60 SB
2317 1789 60 (30) 60 SB
2025 1797 60 (20) 60 SB
2169 1789 60 (22) 60 SB
0 84 0 pC
gs 176 148 1552 1238 CB
1345 1065 M 621 519 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 84 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1759 1412 M 59 26 -24 28 -35 -54 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
1090 2070 M -7 4 -13 4 -12 2 -14 1 -14 -1 -14 -3 -14 -4 -14 -8 8 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
1126 2088 M 62 12 -16 32 -46 -44 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
950 2090 M -43 48 -20 -30 63 -18 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
1479 2069 M -7 3 -13 4 -12 2 -15 1 -13 -1 -15 -3 -13 -4 -14 -7 8 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
1516 2088 M 63 12 -16 32 -47 -44 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1340 2090 M -43 49 -20 -30 63 -19 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
1896 2069 M -6 3 -13 4 -12 2 -15 1 -13 -1 -15 -3 -13 -4 -15 -7 8 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
1932 2088 M 62 12 -16 32 -46 -44 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1756 2090 M -43 49 -20 -30 63 -19 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
2313 2070 M -7 4 -13 4 -12 2 -14 1 -14 -1 -14 -3 -14 -4 -14 -8 8 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
2349 2088 M 62 12 -16 32 -46 -44 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2173 2090 M -43 48 -20 -30 63 -18 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
2702 2069 M -7 3 -13 4 -12 2 -15 1 -13 -1 -15 -3 -13 -4 -14 -7 8 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
2739 2088 M 63 12 -16 32 -47 -44 3 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2563 2090 M -43 49 -20 -30 63 -19 3 PP
1 F
n
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Helvetica-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 20 20
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
420 304 1624 (Prefix Key Compression) 1624 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
270 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
383 623 1980 (Important to increase fan-out. \(Why?\)) 1980 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
270 831 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
383 792 2420 (Key values in index entries only `direct traffic\222;) 2420 SB
383 932 1316 (can often compress them.) 1316 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
420 1096 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 8 SJ
514 1096 2182 (E.g., If we have adjacent index entries with search) 2182 SB
1 2 SJ
514 1215 491 (key values ) 491 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1007 1217 648 (Dannon Yogurt) 648 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1656 1215 50 (, ) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1706 1217 545 (David Smith ) 545 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2252 1215 168 (and) 168 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
514 1337 879 (Devarakonda Murthy) 879 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 4 SJ
1394 1335 867 (, we can abbreviate ) 867 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2265 1337 250 (David) 250 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2515 1335 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2541 1337 245 (Smith) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
514 1455 111 (to ) 111 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
627 1457 172 (Dav) 172 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 9 SJ
799 1455 1902 (. \(The other keys can be compressed too ...\)) 1902 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
570 1631 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 13 SJ
645 1595 2007 (Is this correct? Not quite! What if there is a data entry) 2007 SB
32 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
645 1697 418 (Davey Jones) 418 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1063 1695 830 (? \(Can only compress ) 830 SB
32 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
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218 218 218 fC
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185 185 185 fC
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145 145 145 fC
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514 698 462 (Typically, ) 462 SB
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0 84 0 fC
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1356 1972 117 (N-1) 117 SB
gs 219 136 1015 1506 CB
765 1788 M 750 -450 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1265 1487 M 44 -47 18 30 -62 17 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 225 229 1009 1418 CB
753 1898 M 768 -765 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
1265 1387 M 31 -57 26 26 -57 31 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 194 2427 690 0 CB
465 1663 M 675 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
915 1663 M 62 -18 0 37 -62 -19 3 PP
1 F
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6 4 SP
gs 235 339 1009 1643 CB
753 1273 M 768 1110 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
1265 2014 M 50 41 -30 20 -20 -61 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 244 2427 1490 0 CB
1215 1363 M 825 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
1765 1363 M 62 -18 0 37 -62 -19 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 244 2427 1490 0 CB
1215 1463 M 825 0 1 PP
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n
gr
/fm 256 def
1765 1463 M 62 -18 0 37 -62 -19 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 244 2427 1490 0 CB
1215 1613 M 825 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
1765 1613 M 62 -18 0 37 -62 -19 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 244 2427 1515 0 CB
1240 2038 M 825 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
1790 2038 M 62 -18 0 37 -62 -19 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 119 2427 1990 0 CB
1840 1488 M 450 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
2140 1488 M 62 -18 0 37 -62 -19 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 262 2427 1271 0 CB
1013 1416 M 774 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 262 2427 1271 0 CB
1013 1532 M 774 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 262 2427 1270 0 CB
1012 1653 M 774 0 1 PP
S
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gr
gs 261 2427 1270 0 CB
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EJ RS
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (4) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 2 SJ
420 304 1625 (Static Hashing \(Contd.\)) 1625 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
270 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 2 SJ
383 648 844 (Buckets contain ) 844 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-2 1 SJ
1223 650 552 (data entries) 552 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1773 648 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
270 856 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
383 817 952 (Hash fn works on ) 952 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1335 819 512 (search key ) 512 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1847 817 759 (field of record ) 759 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2606 819 133 (r. ) 133 SB
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2739 817 270 (Must) 270 SB
383 957 1923 (distribute values over range 0 ... M-1.) 1923 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
420 1123 50 (\226) 50 SB
514 1123 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
575 1121 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
608 1123 133 (key) 133 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 4 SJ
741 1121 315 (\) = \(a * ) 315 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1060 1123 133 (key) 133 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 5 SJ
1193 1121 1084 ( + b\) usually works well.) 1084 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
420 1264 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 12 SJ
514 1264 2340 (a and b are constants; lots known about how to tune ) 2340 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
2870 1266 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2931 1264 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
270 1451 69 (v) 69 SB
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252 1 40 fC
383 1412 1153 (Long overflow chains ) 1153 SB
0 84 0 fC
1536 1412 1305 (can develop and degrade) 1305 SB
383 1552 275 (perfo) 274 SB
657 1552 46 (r) 47 SB
704 1552 162 (ma) 161 SB
865 1552 205 (nce.) 205 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
420 1718 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
514 1718 430 (Extendible) 430 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
3 2 SJ
944 1716 218 ( and ) 218 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1165 1718 262 (Linear) 262 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1427 1716 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1454 1718 345 (Hashing) 345 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
6 4 SJ
1799 1716 1196 (: Dynamic techniques to fix) 1196 SB
5 1 SJ
514 1836 582 (this problem.) 582 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (5) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 1 SJ
420 304 1336 (Extendible Hashing) 1336 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
270 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
383 673 2398 (Situation: Bucket \(primary page\) becomes full.) 2398 SB
-5 5 SJ
383 813 1450 (Why not re-organize file by ) 1450 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
1828 815 449 (doubling ) 449 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
2276 813 681 (# of buckets?) 681 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
420 977 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 6 SJ
514 977 1906 (Reading and writing all pages is expensive!) 1906 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
420 1123 50 (\226) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
514 1123 166 (Idea) 166 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
680 1121 266 (: Use ) 266 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
4 4 SJ
949 1123 1238 (directory of pointers to buckets) 1238 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2190 1121 50 (, ) 50 SB
0 84 0 fC
2 2 SJ
2241 1121 502 (double # of) 502 SB
3 2 SJ
514 1241 495 (buckets by ) 495 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
1012 1243 943 (doubling the directory, ) 943 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1959 1241 710 (splitting just the) 710 SB
10 2 SJ
514 1361 1045 (bucket that overflowed!) 1045 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
420 1504 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 8 SJ
514 1504 2177 (Directory much smaller than file, so doubling it is) 2177 SB
18 10 SJ
514 1624 2321 (much cheaper. Only one page of data entries is split.) 2321 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
514 1746 122 (No) 122 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
636 1744 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
662 1746 344 (overflow) 344 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1006 1744 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1031 1746 183 (page) 183 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1214 1744 28 (!) 28 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
420 1888 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 7 SJ
514 1888 1881 (Trick lies in how hash function is adjusted!) 1881 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 304 186 (Ex) 185 SB
605 304 288 (amp) 287 SB
892 304 111 (le) 111 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 683 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 5 SJ
283 648 1175 (Directory is array of size 4.) 1175 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
170 827 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 4 SJ
283 792 814 (To find bucket for ) 814 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1104 794 39 (r) 39 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1143 792 234 (, take) 234 SB
1 1 SJ
283 912 211 (last `) 211 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1 1 SJ
495 914 487 (global depth) 487 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
3 3 SJ
983 912 408 (\222 # bits of) 408 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
283 1034 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
344 1032 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
377 1034 39 (r) 39 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
416 1032 561 (\); we denote ) 561 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
982 1034 39 (r) 39 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1021 1032 160 ( by ) 160 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
1184 1034 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1245 1032 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1278 1034 39 (r) 39 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1317 1032 58 (\).) 58 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1175 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
414 1175 91 (If ) 91 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
506 1177 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
567 1175 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
600 1177 39 (r) 39 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 5 SJ
639 1175 789 (\) = 5 = binary 101,) 789 SB
9 5 SJ
414 1295 1063 (it is in bucket pointed to) 1063 SB
1 1 SJ
414 1415 260 (by 01.) 260 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 80 /ZapfDingbats font
166 1608 78 (v) 78 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
245 1593 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
270 1595 266 (Insert) 266 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 6 SJ
536 1593 781 (: If bucket is full, ) 781 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1321 1595 178 (split) 178 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1499 1595 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1525 1593 119 (it \() 119 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
1645 1595 1253 (allocate new page, re-distribute) 1253 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2900 1593 58 (\).) 58 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 80 /ZapfDingbats font
166 1783 78 (v) 78 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
245 1768 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
272 1770 472 (If necessary) 472 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 10 SJ
745 1768 2170 (, double the directory. \(As we will see, splitting a) 2170 SB
21 14 SJ
166 1888 2569 ( bucket does not always require doubling; we can tell by ) 2569 SB
5 5 SJ
166 2008 601 ( comparing ) 601 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 2 SJ
773 2010 512 (global depth ) 512 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1 1 SJ
1287 2008 227 (with ) 227 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2 2 SJ
1515 2010 457 (local depth ) 457 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
3 3 SJ
1974 2008 881 (for the split bucket.\)) 881 SB
67 142 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1279 338 M -165 -39 165 -40 0 20 164 0 0 39 -164 0 0 20 7 PP
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1279 338 M -4 -5 0 -19 164 0 0 -31 -164 0 0 -19 -144 35 144 34 4 5 -165 -39 165 -40 0 20 164 0 0 39 -164 0 0 20 16 PP
1 F
n
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
255 246 233 fC
0 0 0 hC
/fm 1280 def
p
1741 602 M -115 0 0 115 115 0 0 -115 4 PP
1 F
S
n
2200 717 M -460 0 0 115 460 0 0 -115 4 PP
S
n
2200 1061 M -460 0 0 115 460 0 0 -115 4 PP
S
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2200 1406 M -460 0 0 115 460 0 0 -115 4 PP
S
n
2200 372 M -460 0 0 114 460 0 0 -114 4 PP
S
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255 246 233 fC
0 0 0 hC
/fm 1280 def
p
2200 258 M -116 0 0 115 116 0 0 -115 4 PP
1 F
S
n
/fm 1280 def
2200 602 M -116 0 0 115 116 0 0 -115 4 PP
1 F
S
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/fm 1280 def
2200 946 M -116 0 0 115 116 0 0 -115 4 PP
1 F
S
n
2200 1291 M -116 0 0 115 116 0 0 -115 4 PP
S
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1741 1061 M -230 0 0 459 230 0 0 -459 4 PP
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32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 54 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
2565 624 87 (13*) 87 SB
1562 623 64 (00) 64 SB
1562 750 64 (01) 64 SB
1562 860 64 (10) 64 SB
1562 978 64 (11) 64 SB
1769 503 32 (2) 32 SB
2244 175 32 (2) 32 SB
2236 504 32 (2) 32 SB
2232 848 32 (2) 32 SB
255 246 233 fC
0 0 0 hC
/fm 1280 def
p
97 104 2210 1185 B
1 F
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0 0 0 fC
2241 1199 32 (2) 32 SB
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 47 /Courier-Bold /font9 ANSIFont font
1562 179 385 (LOCAL DEPTH) 385 SB
1476 311 420 (GLOBAL DEPTH) 420 SB
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 54 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
1668 1224 342 (DIRECTORY) 342 SB
2766 240 250 (Bucket A) 250 SB
2771 589 250 (Bucket B) 250 SB
2771 929 250 (Bucket C) 250 SB
2771 1278 250 (Bucket D) 250 SB
2212 1480 381 (DATA PAGES) 381 SB
2224 963 87 (10*) 87 SB
2229 624 55 (1*) 55 SB
2448 624 87 (21*) 87 SB
2228 279 55 (4*) 55 SB
2334 279 87 (12*) 87 SB
2458 279 87 (32*) 87 SB
2563 275 87 (16*) 87 SB
2224 1308 87 (15*) 87 SB
2353 1308 55 (7*) 55 SB
2449 1308 87 (19*) 87 SB
2352 624 55 (5*) 55 SB
6 4 SP
1939 197 M 91 -7 -5 43 102 -43 3 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
2185 184 M 60 -24 4 36 -64 -12 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
1611 369 M 29 34 54 -55 28 94 3 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
1760 487 M 54 37 -28 22 -26 -59 3 PP
1 F
n
0 lc
0 lj
6 4 SP
228 113 1742 601 B
S
n
228 112 1742 714 B
S
n
228 113 1742 826 B
S
n
1 lc
1 lj
gs 289 332 1881 369 CB
1565 1056 M 948 -1077 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
2197 337 M 28 -58 26 24 -54 34 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 285 2427 1881 0 CB
1565 880 M 948 -315 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
2197 670 M 53 -36 12 34 -65 2 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 277 2427 1893 0 CB
1585 768 M 924 351 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
2201 1002 M 64 5 -12 34 -52 -39 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 246 208 1920 1010 CB
1643 776 M 831 702 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
2197 1245 M 59 26 -24 28 -35 -54 3 PP
1 F
n
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Courier-Bold
%%+ font Helvetica-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Bold
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%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
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67 142 0 fC
/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
255 246 233 fC
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/fm 1280 def
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460 1069 M -97 0 0 97 97 0 0 -97 4 PP
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n
849 1167 M -389 0 0 98 389 0 0 -98 4 PP
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849 1459 M -389 0 0 98 389 0 0 -98 4 PP
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849 1751 M -389 0 0 97 389 0 0 -97 4 PP
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255 246 233 fC
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/fm 1280 def
p
849 1069 M -97 0 0 97 97 0 0 -97 4 PP
1 F
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n
849 1361 M -97 0 0 97 97 0 0 -97 4 PP
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n
255 246 233 fC
0 0 0 hC
/fm 1280 def
p
849 1654 M -97 0 0 98 97 0 0 -98 4 PP
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255 246 233 fC
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/fm 1280 def
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849 778 M -97 0 0 98 97 0 0 -98 4 PP
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460 1459 M -194 0 0 390 194 0 0 -390 4 PP
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255 246 233 fC
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/fm 1280 def
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853 1957 M -97 0 0 97 97 0 0 -97 4 PP
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0 0 0 fC
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338 1191 64 (01) 64 SB
331 1284 64 (10) 64 SB
335 1377 64 (11) 64 SB
487 980 32 (2) 32 SB
881 969 32 (2) 32 SB
255 246 233 fC
/fm 1280 def
96 104 858 1258 B
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888 1272 32 (2) 32 SB
881 1544 32 (2) 32 SB
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882 1084 55 (1*) 55 SB
977 1083 55 (5*) 55 SB
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1068 1663 87 (19*) 87 SB
881 1966 55 (4*) 55 SB
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6 4 SP
255 246 233 fC
/fm 1280 def
1943 1096 M -98 0 0 98 98 0 0 -98 4 PP
1 F
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n
2336 1195 M -394 0 0 99 394 0 0 -99 4 PP
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2336 1490 M -394 0 0 99 394 0 0 -99 4 PP
S
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2336 1785 M -394 0 0 98 394 0 0 -98 4 PP
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255 246 233 fC
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/fm 1280 def
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2336 1096 M -99 0 0 98 99 0 0 -98 4 PP
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/fm 1280 def
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n
/fm 1280 def
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1 F
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n
2336 899 M -394 0 0 98 394 0 0 -98 4 PP
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255 246 233 fC
0 0 0 hC
/fm 1280 def
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2336 801 M -99 0 0 98 99 0 0 -98 4 PP
1 F
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2340 2093 M -394 0 0 99 394 0 0 -99 4 PP
S
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255 246 233 fC
0 0 0 hC
/fm 1280 def
p
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1 F
S
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1943 1490 M -196 0 0 394 196 0 0 -394 4 PP
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1943 1884 M -196 0 0 394 196 0 0 -394 4 PP
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2367 1290 32 (2) 32 SB
2367 1593 32 (2) 32 SB
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1810 1215 96 (001) 96 SB
1807 1313 96 (010) 96 SB
1807 1416 96 (011) 96 SB
1803 1510 96 (100) 96 SB
1803 1613 96 (101) 96 SB
1799 1718 96 (110) 96 SB
1803 1813 96 (111) 96 SB
1973 1003 32 (3) 32 SB
2362 703 32 (3) 32 SB
2371 1900 32 (3) 32 SB
1878 1976 342 (DIRECTORY) 342 SB
2776 816 250 (Bucket A) 250 SB
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2551 811 87 (32*) 87 SB
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2460 1107 55 (5*) 55 SB
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2650 1107 87 (13*) 87 SB
2646 812 87 (16*) 87 SB
2356 1402 87 (10*) 87 SB
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2368 2004 55 (4*) 55 SB
2561 2001 87 (20*) 87 SB
2462 2000 87 (12*) 87 SB
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1748 1178 M 585 0 1 PP
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gs 200 2427 1946 0 CB
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gr
gs 200 2427 1945 0 CB
1749 1383 M 588 0 1 PP
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gs 199 2427 1952 0 CB
1757 1590 M 585 0 1 PP
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n
gr
gs 199 2427 1944 0 CB
1749 1706 M 585 0 1 PP
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gs 199 2427 1947 0 CB
1752 1799 M 585 0 1 PP
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gs 266 257 2037 890 CB
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gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
2334 860 M 33 -56 24 26 -57 30 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 270 2427 2037 0 CB
1736 1318 M 903 -246 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
2338 1154 M 54 -33 10 34 -64 -1 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 266 2427 2041 0 CB
1744 1221 M 891 339 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
2338 1447 M 63 5 -12 34 -51 -39 3 PP
1 F
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6 4 SP
gs 259 262 2045 1440 CB
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gr
/fm 256 def
2334 1734 M 56 31 -26 26 -30 -57 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 305 480 2018 1526 CB
1694 1015 M 972 1533 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
2342 2038 M 48 42 -30 20 -18 -62 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 286 454 2029 1201 CB
1724 2132 M 915 -1443 1 PP
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n
gr
/fm 256 def
2334 1169 M 18 -62 30 20 -48 42 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 274 271 2033 1493 CB
1728 2057 M 915 -891 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
2338 1462 M 31 -56 26 26 -57 30 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 274 2427 2033 0 CB
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S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
2338 1744 M 52 -37 12 34 -64 3 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 199 2427 468 0 CB
273 1164 M 585 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 199 2427 463 0 CB
268 1253 M 585 0 1 PP
S
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gr
gs 199 2427 462 0 CB
267 1354 M 585 0 1 PP
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gs 269 260 545 859 CB
245 1400 M 900 -855 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
845 829 M 33 -55 24 26 -57 29 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 273 2427 545 0 CB
241 1327 M 912 -318 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
849 1115 M 52 -37 12 34 -64 3 3 PP
1 F
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6 4 SP
gs 258 2427 556 0 CB
267 1202 M 867 315 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
845 1412 M 64 4 -12 34 -52 -38 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 250 236 564 1440 CB
283 1175 M 843 795 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
845 1706 M 57 30 -24 26 -33 -56 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
658 732 M 77 -23 -39 54 94 -42 3 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
845 704 M 53 -36 12 34 -65 2 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
532 881 M 1 12 -58 -15 20 35 3 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
502 972 M 25 61 -36 4 11 -65 3 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 47 /Courier-Bold /font9 ANSIFont font
1768 734 385 (LOCAL DEPTH) 385 SB
1736 850 420 (GLOBAL DEPTH) 420 SB
6 4 SP
2154 762 M 77 -23 -39 54 94 -42 3 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
2341 734 M 53 -36 12 34 -65 2 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
2028 911 M 1 12 -59 -15 20 35 3 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
1997 1002 M 25 61 -36 4 11 -65 3 PP
1 F
n
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
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420 304 975 (Points to Note) 975 SB
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439 904 994 (Global depth of directory) 994 SB
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1436 902 75 (: ) 75 SB
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1514 902 1217 (Max # of bits needed to tell) 1217 SB
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439 1022 1480 (which bucket an entry belongs to.) 1480 SB
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1354 1166 50 (: ) 50 SB
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9 7 SJ
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21 9 SJ
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1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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0 84 0 fC
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3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
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420 304 1338 (Directory Doubling) 1338 SB
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6 4 SP
255 246 233 fC
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/fm 1280 def
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661 1374 M -104 0 0 109 104 0 0 -109 4 PP
1 F
S
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661 1811 M -207 0 0 437 207 0 0 -437 4 PP
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578 1620 32 (1) 32 SB
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252 1 40 fC
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205 107 662 1481 B
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205 107 662 1588 B
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255 246 233 fC
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/fm 1280 def
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1061 1074 M -104 0 0 109 104 0 0 -109 4 PP
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252 1 40 fC
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252 1 40 fC
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205 107 1062 1288 B
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252 1 40 fC
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252 1 40 fC
953 1653 32 (1) 32 SB
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252 1 40 fC
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252 1 40 fC
953 1869 32 (1) 32 SB
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255 246 233 fC
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/fm 1280 def
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236 1499 M -104 0 0 109 104 0 0 -109 4 PP
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32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 54 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
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/fm 1280 def
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2211 1374 M -104 0 0 109 104 0 0 -109 4 PP
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205 107 2212 1481 B
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205 107 2212 1588 B
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255 246 233 fC
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/fm 1280 def
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205 106 2612 1618 B
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/fm 1280 def
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1786 1499 M -104 0 0 109 104 0 0 -109 4 PP
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S
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205 107 1787 1606 B
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2567 1216 32 (0) 32 SB
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252 1 40 fC
2567 1320 32 (0) 32 SB
0 0 0 fC
2503 1432 64 (11) 64 SB
252 1 40 fC
2567 1432 32 (0) 32 SB
0 0 0 fC
2503 1545 64 (00) 64 SB
252 1 40 fC
2567 1545 32 (1) 32 SB
0 0 0 fC
2503 1666 64 (10) 64 SB
252 1 40 fC
2567 1666 32 (1) 32 SB
0 0 0 fC
2503 1770 64 (01) 64 SB
252 1 40 fC
2567 1770 32 (1) 32 SB
0 0 0 fC
2503 1882 64 (11) 64 SB
252 1 40 fC
2567 1882 32 (1) 32 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
207 14 48 fC
6 1 SJ
265 2069 725 (Least Significant) 725 SB
5 1 SJ
2064 2069 716 (Most Significant) 716 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Helvetica-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 10 10
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 304 2311 (Comments on Extendible Hashing) 2311 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
245 587 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
358 548 2207 (If directory fits in memory, equality search) 2207 SB
-6 6 SJ
358 688 2097 (answered with one disk access; else two.) 2097 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
395 852 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 7 SJ
489 852 2381 (100MB file, 100 bytes/rec, 4K pages contains 1,000,000) 2381 SB
22 7 SJ
489 972 2400 (records \(as data entries\) and 25,000 directory elements;) 2400 SB
19 8 SJ
489 1092 2195 (chances are high that directory will fit in memory.) 2195 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
395 1236 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 8 SJ
489 1236 2187 (Directory grows in spurts, and, if the distribution ) 2187 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2693 1238 280 (of hash) 280 SB
2 1 SJ
489 1358 281 (values ) 281 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 5 SJ
773 1356 1582 (is skewed, directory can grow large.) 1582 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
395 1499 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 7 SJ
489 1499 2411 (Multiple entries with same hash value cause problems!) 2411 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
245 1686 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 107 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
358 1650 352 (Delete) 352 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
710 1647 87 (: ) 87 SB
0 84 0 fC
797 1647 1963 (If removal of data entry makes bucket) 1963 SB
358 1787 2514 (empty, can be merged with `split image\222. If each) 2514 SB
358 1927 2613 (directory element points to same bucket as its split) 2613 SB
358 2068 1396 (image, can halve directory.) 1396 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 11 11
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
420 304 1054 (Linear Hashing) 1054 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
283 648 2286 (This is another dynamic hashing scheme, an) 2286 SB
-3 3 SJ
283 788 1766 (alternative to Extendible Hashing.) 1766 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 996 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 957 2509 (LH handles the problem of long overflow chains) 2509 SB
-6 6 SJ
283 1097 2601 (without using a directory, and handles duplicates.) 2601 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1304 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 1265 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
312 1267 196 (Idea) 196 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
508 1265 1683 (: Use a family of hash functions ) 1683 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 107 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
2191 1268 71 (h) 71 SB
32 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 75 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2262 1329 40 (0) 40 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2302 1265 58 (, ) 58 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 107 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
2360 1268 71 (h) 71 SB
32 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 75 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2431 1329 40 (1) 40 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2471 1265 58 (, ) 58 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 107 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
2529 1268 71 (h) 71 SB
32 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 75 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2600 1329 40 (2) 40 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2640 1265 145 (, ...) 145 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
320 1431 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
414 1431 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
475 1485 20 (i) 20 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
495 1429 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
528 1431 133 (key) 133 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
661 1429 143 (\) = ) 143 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
806 1431 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
867 1429 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
900 1431 133 (key) 133 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1033 1429 342 (\) mod\(2) 342 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1376 1430 20 (i) 20 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1396 1429 115 (N\)) 115 SB
0 84 0 fC
8 6 SJ
1511 1429 968 (; N = initial # buckets) 968 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
320 1575 50 (\226) 50 SB
1 1 SJ
414 1575 86 (h ) 86 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 6 SJ
502 1573 1380 (is some hash function \(range is ) 1380 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1890 1575 133 (not) 133 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
2023 1573 409 ( 0 to N-1\)) 409 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1716 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
414 1716 333 (If N = 2) 333 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 61 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
751 1720 68 (d0) 68 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
819 1716 456 (, for some ) 456 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1278 1718 100 (d0) 100 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1378 1716 50 (, ) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
1429 1718 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1490 1772 20 (i) 20 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 4 SJ
1510 1716 926 ( consists of applying ) 926 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2440 1718 86 (h ) 86 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2527 1716 527 (and looking) 527 SB
2 3 SJ
414 1836 447 (at the last ) 447 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
864 1838 78 (di) 78 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
942 1836 532 ( bits, where ) 532 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1476 1838 78 (di) 78 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1554 1836 110 ( = ) 110 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1666 1838 100 (d0) 100 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1766 1836 110 ( + ) 110 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1878 1838 28 (i) 28 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1906 1836 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
320 1982 50 (\226) 50 SB
414 1982 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
475 2036 112 (i+1 ) 112 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 4 SJ
589 1980 920 (doubles the range of ) 920 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
1517 1982 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1578 2036 37 (i ) 37 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 3 SJ
1617 1980 1331 (\(similar to directory doubling\)) 1331 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 12 12
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 2 SJ
445 254 1668 (Linear Hashing \(Contd.\)) 1668 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
320 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
433 623 2242 (Directory avoided in LH by using overflow) 2242 SB
-6 6 SJ
433 763 2506 (pages, and choosing bucket to split round-robin.) 2506 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 927 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
7 3 SJ
564 927 964 (Splitting proceeds in `) 964 SB
32 0 0 99 99 1 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1535 927 313 (rounds) 313 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 2 SJ
1848 927 103 (\222. ) 103 SB
0 84 0 fC
7 3 SJ
1956 927 934 (Round ends when all) 934 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
564 1049 78 (N) 78 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 61 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
642 1106 45 (R) 45 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
687 1103 17 ( ) 17 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
706 1047 761 (initial \(for round ) 761 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1471 1049 67 (R) 67 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 7 SJ
1538 1047 1372 (\) buckets are split. Buckets 0 to) 1372 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1 1 SJ
564 1169 308 (Next-1 ) 308 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
4 4 SJ
873 1167 735 (have been split; ) 735 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1612 1169 200 (Next) 200 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1812 1167 136 ( to ) 136 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1950 1169 78 (N) 78 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 61 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2028 1226 45 (R) 45 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 4 SJ
2073 1167 639 ( yet to be split.) 639 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 1311 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
10 4 SJ
564 1311 1133 (Current round number is ) 1133 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1707 1313 212 (Level) 212 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1919 1311 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
470 1456 50 (\226) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
564 1456 330 (Search:) 330 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
894 1456 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
9 6 SJ
921 1454 1287 (To find bucket for data entry ) 1287 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2217 1456 89 (r, ) 89 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2307 1454 180 (find) 180 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2487 1456 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2513 1456 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 61 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2574 1513 142 (Level) 142 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2716 1454 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2749 1456 39 (r) 39 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2788 1454 33 (\)) 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2821 1456 25 (:) 25 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
620 1639 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
695 1598 91 (If ) 91 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
787 1600 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 61 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
848 1657 142 (Level) 142 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
990 1598 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1023 1600 39 (r) 39 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
1062 1598 477 (\) in range `) 477 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1542 1600 200 (Next) 200 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1742 1598 136 ( to ) 136 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1879 1600 78 (N) 78 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 61 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1957 1657 45 (R) 45 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2002 1600 28 (\222) 28 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 61 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2030 1657 17 ( ) 17 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2047 1598 50 (, ) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2098 1600 64 (r ) 64 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2163 1598 581 (belongs here.) 581 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
620 1783 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
12 6 SJ
695 1742 1316 (Else, r could belong to bucket ) 1316 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
2023 1744 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 61 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2084 1801 142 (Level) 142 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2226 1742 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2259 1744 39 (r) 39 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
2298 1742 469 (\) or bucket) 469 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
695 1864 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 61 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
756 1921 142 (Level) 142 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
898 1862 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
931 1864 39 (r) 39 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
970 1862 143 (\) + ) 143 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1114 1864 78 (N) 78 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 61 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1192 1921 45 (R) 45 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1237 1864 50 (; ) 50 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1287 1862 525 (must apply ) 525 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
1813 1864 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 61 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1874 1921 142 (Level) 142 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2016 1918 75 (+1) 75 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2091 1862 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2124 1864 39 (r) 39 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
2163 1862 545 (\) to find out.) 545 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 13 13
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
445 254 1379 (Overview of LH File) 1379 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
320 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
433 623 1294 (In the middle of a round.) 1294 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
67 142 0 fC
989 1563 255 (Level) 255 SB
929 1521 89 (h ) 89 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 70 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
225 1221 955 (Buckets that existed at the) 955 SB
325 1323 886 (beginning of this round: ) 886 SB
500 1419 670 (this is the range of) 670 SB
252 1 40 fC
991 1048 163 (Next) 163 SB
0 84 0 fC
554 948 649 (Bucket to be split ) 649 SB
51 101 251 fC
-5 5 SJ
1922 1925 1088 (of other buckets\) in this round) 1088 SB
67 142 0 fC
2028 982 192 (Level) 192 SB
1968 964 67 (h ) 67 SB
1 3 SJ
2304 964 620 (search key value ) 620 SB
2923 964 25 (\)) 25 SB
2269 963 25 (\() 25 SB
1 3 SJ
2286 1154 620 (search key value ) 620 SB
2906 1154 25 (\)) 25 SB
2250 1154 25 (\() 25 SB
0 0 0 fC
1897 869 970 (Buckets split in this round:) 970 SB
1897 963 67 (If ) 67 SB
-5 5 SJ
1897 1059 905 (is in this range, must use) 905 SB
67 142 0 fC
1897 1154 67 (h ) 67 SB
1958 1172 236 (Level+) 235 SB
2193 1172 42 (1) 42 SB
97 143 253 fC
-4 2 SJ
1897 1356 458 (`split image' ) 458 SB
0 0 0 fC
2351 1356 264 (bucket.) 264 SB
1897 1259 792 (to decide if entry is in ) 792 SB
51 101 251 fC
-4 2 SJ
1922 1828 912 (created \(through splitting) 912 SB
-2 2 SJ
1922 1733 767 (`split image' buckets:) 767 SB
1 lc
1 lj
67 142 0 pC
6 8 SP
1513 908 M 0 -1053 -141 0 0 1053 141 0 4 PP
S
n
1513 1680 M -141 0 141 0 2 PP
S
n
1513 1716 M -141 0 141 0 2 PP
S
n
1513 1751 M -141 0 141 0 2 PP
S
n
1513 1785 M -141 0 141 0 2 PP
S
n
97 143 253 pC
1513 1785 M 0 -176 -141 0 0 176 141 0 4 PP
S
n
97 143 253 fC
/fm 256 def
1513 1922 M -32 0 0 -8 32 0 0 8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1576 1922 M -32 0 0 -8 32 0 0 8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1640 1922 M -14 0 0 -8 14 0 0 8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1654 1930 M 18 0 0 8 -18 0 0 -8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1605 1930 M 32 0 0 8 -32 0 0 -8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1541 1930 M 28 0 0 8 -28 0 0 -8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1513 1887 M -32 0 0 -8 32 0 0 8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1576 1887 M -32 0 0 -8 32 0 0 8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1640 1887 M -14 0 0 -8 14 0 0 8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1654 1895 M 18 0 0 8 -18 0 0 -8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1605 1895 M 32 0 0 8 -32 0 0 -8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1541 1895 M 28 0 0 8 -28 0 0 -8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1513 1853 M -32 0 0 -7 32 0 0 7 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1576 1853 M -32 0 0 -7 32 0 0 7 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1640 1853 M -14 0 0 -7 14 0 0 7 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1654 1860 M 18 0 0 7 -18 0 0 -7 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1605 1860 M 32 0 0 7 -32 0 0 -7 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1541 1860 M 28 0 0 7 -28 0 0 -7 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1513 1817 M -32 0 0 -8 32 0 0 8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1576 1817 M -32 0 0 -8 32 0 0 8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1640 1817 M -14 0 0 -8 14 0 0 8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1654 1825 M 18 0 0 8 -18 0 0 -8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1605 1825 M 32 0 0 8 -32 0 0 -8 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1541 1825 M 28 0 0 8 -28 0 0 -8 4 PP
1 F
n
252 1 40 pC
6 8 SP
1513 908 M 0 -175 -141 0 0 175 141 0 4 PP
S
n
1513 943 M -141 0 141 0 2 PP
S
n
1513 978 M -141 0 141 0 2 PP
S
n
1513 1013 M -141 0 141 0 2 PP
S
n
1513 1048 M -141 0 141 0 2 PP
S
n
67 142 0 pC
1513 1083 M -141 0 141 0 2 PP
S
n
1513 1119 M -141 0 141 0 2 PP
S
n
1513 1154 M -141 0 141 0 2 PP
S
n
1513 1189 M -141 0 141 0 2 PP
S
n
0 0 0 pC
6 17 SP
gs 54 2427 1740 0 CB
1690 913 M 150 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 154 0 913 CB
1790 763 M 0 450 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 79 2427 1715 0 CB
1540 1063 M 375 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1666 1063 M -101 29 0 -58 101 29 3 PP
1 F
n
51 101 251 pC
6 17 SP
gs 54 2427 1740 0 CB
1690 1788 M 150 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 154 0 1788 CB
1790 1638 M 0 450 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 79 2427 1715 0 CB
1540 1938 M 375 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
51 101 251 fC
/fm 256 def
1666 1938 M -101 29 0 -58 101 29 3 PP
1 F
n
252 1 40 pC
6 17 SP
gs 275 2427 1190 0 CB
1840 1088 M -975 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
252 1 40 fC
/fm 256 def
1515 1088 M 100 -29 0 58 -100 -29 3 PP
1 F
n
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
gs 54 2427 1365 0 CB
1465 913 M -150 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 879 0 913 CB
1365 38 M 0 2625 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 54 2427 1365 0 CB
1465 1788 M -150 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 1 1 153 -25 49 150 25 1216 1389 A
S
n
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1217 1365 M -63 16 2 -36 61 20 3 PP
1 F
n
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Helvetica-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 14 14
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (4) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 2 SJ
420 304 1668 (Linear Hashing \(Contd.\)) 1668 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
245 612 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 107 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
358 576 313 (Insert) 313 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
671 573 87 (: ) 87 SB
0 84 0 fC
758 573 1296 (Find bucket by applying ) 1296 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 107 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
2054 576 71 (h) 71 SB
32 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 73 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2125 639 168 (Level) 168 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2293 573 129 ( / ) 129 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 107 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
2422 576 71 (h) 71 SB
32 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 73 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2493 639 256 (Level+1) 256 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2749 575 29 (:) 29 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
395 737 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 6 SJ
489 737 1262 (If bucket to insert into is full:) 1262 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
545 922 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 6 SJ
620 881 1817 (Add overflow page and insert data entry.) 1817 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
545 1066 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
620 1025 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
653 1027 273 (Maybe) 273 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
926 1025 285 (\) Split ) 285 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1216 1027 225 (Next ) 225 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 3 SJ
1444 1025 977 (bucket and increment ) 977 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2427 1027 200 (Next) 200 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2627 1025 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
245 1212 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
358 1173 2147 (Can choose any criterion to `trigger\222 split.) 2147 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
245 1380 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
358 1341 2592 (Since buckets are split round-robin, long overflow) 2592 SB
-2 2 SJ
358 1481 1113 (chains don\222t develop!) 1113 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
245 1688 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
358 1649 2421 (Doubling of directory in Extendible Hashing is) 2421 SB
-6 6 SJ
358 1789 1986 (similar; switching of hash functions is ) 1986 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2338 1791 369 (implicit) 369 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
2707 1789 131 ( in) 131 SB
358 1930 2068 (how the # of bits examined is increased.) 2068 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 15 15
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (5) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
420 304 1843 (Example of Linear Hashing) 1843 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 683 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
283 648 161 (On ) 161 SB
252 1 40 fC
445 648 192 (split) 192 SB
0 84 0 fC
1 1 SJ
637 648 50 (, ) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
687 650 61 (h) 61 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
748 704 255 (Level+1 ) 255 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2 2 SJ
1004 648 416 (is used to) 416 SB
252 1 40 fC
283 768 544 (re-distribute) 544 SB
0 84 0 fC
10 1 SJ
827 768 344 ( entries.) 344 SB
67 142 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1506 1151 M -77 -115 77 -114 0 28 77 0 0 173 -77 0 0 28 7 PP
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1506 1151 M -4 -13 0 -19 77 0 0 -165 -77 0 0 -19 -68 101 68 102 4 13 -77 -115 77 -114 0 28 77 0 0 173 -77 0 0 28 16 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 54 /Times-Bold /font29 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
476 1183 29 (0) 29 SB
439 1121 31 (h) 31 SB
247 1117 31 (h) 31 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
661 1412 M -376 0 0 93 376 0 0 -93 4 PP
S
n
661 1600 M -376 0 0 94 376 0 0 -94 4 PP
S
n
661 1791 M -376 0 0 94 376 0 0 -94 4 PP
S
n
661 1975 M -376 0 0 94 376 0 0 -94 4 PP
S
n
286 1184 29 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 54 /Helvetica-BoldOblique /font14 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
145 2016 19 (\() 19 SB
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 52 /Times-BoldItalic /font30 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
164 2018 217 (This info) 217 SB
1 2 SJ
145 2088 404 (is for illustration) 404 SB
145 2158 143 (only!\)) 143 SB
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 54 /Times-Bold /font29 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
592 983 332 (Level=0, N=4) 332 SB
454 1361 58 (00) 58 SB
454 1535 58 (01) 58 SB
446 1731 58 (10) 58 SB
450 1926 58 (11) 58 SB
239 1361 87 (000) 87 SB
235 1535 87 (001) 87 SB
239 1735 87 (010) 87 SB
244 1919 87 (011) 87 SB
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 52 /Times-BoldItalic /font30 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
3 2 SJ
670 2021 490 (\(The actual contents) 490 SB
1 3 SJ
670 2091 480 (of the linear hashed) 480 SB
670 2160 96 (file\)) 96 SB
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 54 /Times-Bold /font29 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
576 1200 177 (Next=0) 177 SB
0 84 0 fC
751 1112 36 (P) 35 SB
786 1112 42 (R) 43 SB
829 1112 79 (IM) 78 SB
907 1112 42 (A) 41 SB
948 1112 42 (R) 43 SB
991 1112 42 (Y) 42 SB
781 1183 194 (PAGES) 194 SB
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 47 /Courier-Bold /font9 ANSIFont font
1085 1482 420 (Data entry r) 420 SB
1085 1531 385 (with h\(r\)=5) 385 SB
1110 1736 280 (Primary ) 280 SB
1110 1798 385 (bucket page) 385 SB
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 54 /Times-Bold /font29 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
769 1322 87 (44*) 87 SB
875 1327 87 (36*) 87 SB
686 1322 87 (32*) 87 SB
775 1510 87 (25*) 87 SB
691 1510 58 (9*) 58 SB
877 1510 58 (5*) 58 SB
682 1702 87 (14*) 87 SB
780 1702 87 (18*) 87 SB
870 1701 87 (10*) 87 SB
961 1700 87 (30*) 87 SB
683 1880 87 (31*) 87 SB
776 1880 87 (35*) 87 SB
955 1881 87 (11*) 87 SB
874 1880 58 (7*) 58 SB
6 8 SP
gs 3231 879 0 1121 CB
554 246 M 0 2625 1 PP
S
n
gr
6 4 SP
gs 3231 879 0 1121 CB
379 246 M 0 2625 1 PP
S
n
gr
252 1 40 pC
6 8 SP
gs 27 29 599 1268 CB
538 1202 M 183 198 1 PP
S
n
gr
252 1 40 fC
/fm 256 def
660 1335 M 66 40 -32 30 -34 -70 3 PP
1 F
n
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
gs 3231 97 0 1319 CB
763 1226 M 0 279 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 94 0 1322 CB
860 1232 M 0 270 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1509 CB
755 1415 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 97 0 1505 CB
863 1412 M 0 279 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1320 CB
960 1226 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1507 CB
943 1413 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1702 CB
762 1608 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1697 CB
859 1603 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1696 CB
952 1602 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1883 CB
760 1789 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1885 CB
857 1791 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1885 CB
938 1791 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
1134 1585 M -6 -5 -12 -4 -12 -4 -11 -4 -12 0 -11 0 -12 0 -12 0 -12 4 -11 4 -12 4 -12 3 -12 5 -11 7 -12 4 -8 15 16 PP
S
n
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
912 1576 M -59 -26 24 -28 35 54 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 19 15 1072 1769 CB
1133 1812 M -138 -96 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
1042 1747 M -61 -23 22 -28 39 51 3 PP
1 F
n
1894 1183 29 (0) 29 SB
1856 1121 31 (h) 31 SB
1664 1117 31 (h) 31 SB
6 4 SP
2079 1412 M -375 0 0 93 375 0 0 -93 4 PP
S
n
2079 1791 M -375 0 0 94 375 0 0 -94 4 PP
S
n
2079 1975 M -375 0 0 94 375 0 0 -94 4 PP
S
n
1703 1184 29 (1) 29 SB
2010 983 198 (Level=0) 198 SB
1871 1361 58 (00) 58 SB
1871 1535 58 (01) 58 SB
1863 1731 58 (10) 58 SB
1867 1926 58 (11) 58 SB
1657 1361 87 (000) 87 SB
1653 1535 87 (001) 87 SB
1657 1735 87 (010) 87 SB
1661 1919 87 (011) 87 SB
252 1 40 fC
1977 1426 177 (Next=1) 177 SB
0 84 0 fC
2156 1125 36 (P) 35 SB
2191 1125 42 (R) 43 SB
2234 1125 79 (IM) 78 SB
2312 1125 42 (A) 41 SB
2353 1125 42 (R) 43 SB
2396 1125 42 (Y) 42 SB
2186 1195 194 (PAGES) 194 SB
0 0 0 fC
2089 2072 87 (44*) 87 SB
2191 2073 87 (36*) 87 SB
2103 1322 87 (32*) 87 SB
2193 1510 87 (25*) 87 SB
2108 1510 58 (9*) 58 SB
2294 1510 58 (5*) 58 SB
2099 1702 87 (14*) 87 SB
2197 1702 87 (18*) 87 SB
2287 1701 87 (10*) 87 SB
2378 1700 87 (30*) 87 SB
2100 1880 87 (31*) 87 SB
2193 1880 87 (35*) 87 SB
2372 1881 87 (11*) 87 SB
2291 1880 58 (7*) 58 SB
6 8 SP
gs 3231 1041 0 1121 CB
1971 84 M 0 3111 1 PP
S
n
gr
6 4 SP
gs 3231 1038 0 1121 CB
1796 87 M 0 3102 1 PP
S
n
gr
252 1 40 pC
6 8 SP
gs 27 29 2009 1479 CB
1949 1413 M 180 198 1 PP
S
n
gr
252 1 40 fC
/fm 256 def
2069 1546 M 65 40 -32 30 -33 -70 3 PP
1 F
n
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
gs 3231 97 0 1319 CB
2180 1226 M 0 279 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 94 0 1322 CB
2277 1232 M 0 270 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1320 CB
2377 1226 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
2079 1600 M -375 0 0 94 375 0 0 -94 4 PP
S
n
gs 3231 98 0 1509 CB
2172 1415 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 97 0 1505 CB
2280 1412 M 0 279 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1507 CB
2360 1413 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1702 CB
2180 1608 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1697 CB
2276 1603 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1696 CB
2370 1602 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1883 CB
2178 1789 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1885 CB
2274 1791 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1885 CB
2356 1791 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
2644 1966 M -376 0 0 94 376 0 0 -94 4 PP
S
n
gs 3231 97 0 1876 CB
2737 1783 M 0 279 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1871 CB
2846 1777 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 1873 CB
2926 1779 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 84 0 fC
2628 1120 346 (OVERFLOW) 346 SB
2709 1191 194 (PAGES) 194 SB
gs 145 2427 2451 0 CB
2275 1975 M 528 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
2627 1975 M 62 -18 0 37 -62 -19 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
2077 2153 M -376 0 0 94 376 0 0 -94 4 PP
S
n
gs 3231 98 0 2062 CB
2170 1968 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 2058 CB
2279 1964 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 98 0 2060 CB
2359 1966 M 0 282 1 PP
S
n
gr
2655 1888 87 (43*) 87 SB
1870 2074 58 (00) 58 SB
1664 2067 87 (100) 87 SB
gs 3231 59 0 1384 CB
1035 1329 M 0 165 1 PP
S
n
gr
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218 218 218 fC
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6 8 SP
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gs 51 2427 1060 0 CB
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gs 51 2427 1059 0 CB
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gs 3231 59 0 1762 CB
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gs 51 2427 1058 0 CB
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6 4 SP
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gs 51 2427 1527 0 CB
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2270 1854 87 (14*) 87 SB
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252 1 40 pC
6 8 SP
gs 41 23 607 1545 CB
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S
n
gr
252 1 40 fC
/fm 256 def
685 1589 M 75 17 -22 38 -53 -55 3 PP
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6 8 SP
gs 41 23 2166 802 CB
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/fm 256 def
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0 0 0 pC
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6 4 SP
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gs 51 2427 2658 0 CB
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gs 3231 59 0 1039 CB
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gs 51 2427 2657 0 CB
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gs 3231 59 0 1234 CB
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gs 3231 58 0 1394 CB
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gs 51 2427 2656 0 CB
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gr
gs 3231 58 0 1569 CB
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gs 51 2427 2656 0 CB
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gs 3231 59 0 1740 CB
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gs 51 2427 2659 0 CB
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gs 3231 59 0 1911 CB
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gs 51 2427 2658 0 CB
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S
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gr
gs 3231 59 0 2090 CB
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gs 51 2427 2649 0 CB
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gs 55 2427 2682 0 CB
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1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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%%Page: 17 17
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 6 SJ
445 304 2234 (LH Described as a Variant of EH) 2234 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 587 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
283 548 2232 (The two schemes are actually quite similar:) 2232 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 712 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 8 SJ
414 712 1969 (Begin with an EH index where directory has ) 1969 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2404 714 78 (N) 78 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
2482 712 439 ( elements.) 439 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 856 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 5 SJ
414 856 2056 (Use overflow pages, split buckets round-robin.) 2056 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1000 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
24 10 SJ
414 1000 2560 (First split is at bucket 0. \(Imagine directory being doubled) 2560 SB
10 6 SJ
414 1120 1360 (at this point.\) But elements <1,) 1360 SB
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1784 1122 78 (N) 78 SB
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2 1 SJ
1862 1120 355 (+1>, <2,) 355 SB
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2219 1122 78 (N) 78 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
2297 1120 618 (+2>, ... are the) 618 SB
20 8 SJ
414 1239 1995 (same. So, need only create directory element ) 1995 SB
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2430 1241 78 (N) 78 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
2508 1239 322 (, which) 322 SB
7 3 SJ
414 1359 866 (differs from 0, now.) 866 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
470 1536 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 7 SJ
545 1500 1717 (When bucket 1 splits, create directory element ) 1717 SB
32 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2264 1502 65 (N) 65 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2329 1500 259 (+1, etc.) 259 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1666 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 1627 2564 (So, directory can double gradually. Also, primary) 2564 SB
283 1767 2356 (bucket pages are created in order. If they are ) 2356 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2639 1769 414 (allocated) 414 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 1907 2448 (in sequence too \(so that finding i\222th is easy\), we) 2448 SB
283 2047 2205 (actually don\222t need a directory! Voila, LH.) 2205 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 304 186 (Su) 185 SB
605 304 399 (mmar) 398 SB
1003 304 84 (y) 84 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
195 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
308 648 2430 (Hash-based indexes: best for equality searches,) 2430 SB
-3 3 SJ
308 788 1605 (cannot support range searches.) 1605 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
195 996 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
308 957 2485 (Static Hashing can lead to long overflow chains.) 2485 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
195 1164 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
308 1125 2380 (Extendible Hashing avoids overflow pages by) 2380 SB
308 1265 2712 (splitting a full bucket when a new data entry is to be) 2712 SB
-4 4 SJ
308 1405 647 (added to it. ) 647 SB
252 1 40 fC
951 1405 39 (\() 39 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
990 1407 1862 (Duplicates may require overflow pages.) 1862 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2848 1405 39 (\)) 39 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
345 1569 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
23 7 SJ
439 1569 2450 (Directory to keep track of buckets, doubles periodically.) 2450 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 1713 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 9 SJ
439 1713 2355 (Can get large with skewed data; additional I/O if this) 2355 SB
12 5 SJ
439 1833 1271 (does not fit in main memory.) 1271 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-5 1 SJ
420 304 1283 (Summary \(Contd.\)) 1283 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
220 637 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
333 598 2723 (Linear Hashing avoids directory by splitting buckets) 2723 SB
-4 4 SJ
333 738 2063 (round-robin, and using overflow pages.) 2063 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
370 902 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
14 6 SJ
464 902 1620 (Overflow pages not likely to be long.) 1620 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
370 1046 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 2 SJ
464 1046 1159 (Duplicates handled easily.) 1159 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
370 1190 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 7 SJ
464 1190 2546 (Space utilization could be lower than Extendible Hashing,) 2546 SB
19 7 SJ
464 1310 2210 (since splits not concentrated on `dense\222 data areas.) 2210 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
520 1494 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 7 SJ
595 1453 2186 (Can tune criterion for triggering splits to trade-off) 2186 SB
17 6 SJ
595 1573 2140 (slightly longer chains for better space utilization.) 2140 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
220 1760 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
333 1721 1359 (For hash-based indexes, a ) 1359 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1688 1723 333 (skewed) 333 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
2021 1721 1011 ( data distribution is) 1011 SB
333 1861 888 (one in which the ) 888 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1221 1863 575 (hash values ) 575 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1796 1861 1125 (of data entries are not) 1125 SB
-3 1 SJ
333 2001 1160 (uniformly distributed!) 1160 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
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%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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SVDoc restore
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gs 5 2427 1670 0 CB
1669 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1675 0 CB
1674 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1681 0 CB
1680 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1686 0 CB
1684 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1692 0 CB
1690 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1698 0 CB
1697 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1703 0 CB
1701 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1709 0 CB
1708 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1714 0 CB
1712 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1720 0 CB
1719 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1725 0 CB
1723 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1731 0 CB
1729 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1737 0 CB
1736 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1743 0 CB
1742 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1748 0 CB
1747 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1207 CB
1752 1206 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1212 CB
1752 1210 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1218 CB
1752 1217 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1223 CB
1752 1221 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1229 CB
1752 1227 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1235 CB
1752 1234 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1241 CB
1752 1240 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1246 CB
1752 1245 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1252 CB
1752 1251 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1257 CB
1752 1256 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1262 CB
1752 1260 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1268 CB
1752 1266 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1274 CB
1752 1272 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1280 CB
1752 1279 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1285 CB
1752 1284 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1291 CB
1752 1290 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1296 CB
1752 1295 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1302 CB
1752 1301 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1307 CB
1752 1305 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1313 CB
1752 1311 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1319 CB
1752 1318 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1324 CB
1752 1322 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1750 0 CB
1754 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1745 0 CB
1747 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1739 0 CB
1743 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1734 0 CB
1736 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1728 0 CB
1732 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1722 0 CB
1726 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1717 0 CB
1719 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1711 0 CB
1715 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1706 0 CB
1708 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1700 0 CB
1702 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1695 0 CB
1697 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1689 0 CB
1693 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1683 0 CB
1687 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1678 0 CB
1680 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1672 0 CB
1674 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1667 0 CB
1669 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1661 0 CB
1663 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1655 0 CB
1659 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1650 0 CB
1652 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1644 0 CB
1648 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1638 0 CB
1642 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1633 0 CB
1635 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1628 0 CB
1630 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1622 0 CB
1624 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1616 0 CB
1620 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1610 0 CB
1614 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1605 0 CB
1607 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1599 0 CB
1603 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1594 0 CB
1596 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1588 0 CB
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S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1583 0 CB
1585 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1577 0 CB
1581 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1327 CB
1574 1329 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1321 CB
1574 1323 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1315 CB
1574 1319 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1310 CB
1574 1312 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1304 CB
1574 1306 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1298 CB
1574 1302 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1293 CB
1574 1295 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1287 CB
1574 1291 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1282 CB
1574 1284 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1276 CB
1574 1280 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1270 CB
1574 1274 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1265 CB
1574 1267 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1259 CB
1574 1263 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1254 CB
1574 1256 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1248 CB
1574 1250 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1243 CB
1574 1245 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1237 CB
1574 1241 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1231 CB
1574 1235 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1226 CB
1574 1228 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1220 CB
1574 1224 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1215 CB
1574 1217 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1209 CB
1574 1211 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
1859 1206 M 0 -124 -177 0 0 124 177 0 4 PP
S
n
255 255 255 fC
0 84 0 hC
/fm 1280 def
<4ecffce4273ff372> p
1859 1206 M 0 -124 -177 0 0 124 177 0 4 PP
1 F
S
n
gs 3231 5 0 1205 CB
1859 1207 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 4 2427 1859 0 CB
1859 1206 M 0 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1859 0 CB
1858 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1864 0 CB
1862 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1870 0 CB
1869 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1875 0 CB
1873 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1881 0 CB
1879 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1887 0 CB
1886 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1893 0 CB
1892 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1898 0 CB
1897 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1904 0 CB
1903 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1909 0 CB
1908 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1915 0 CB
1914 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1920 0 CB
1918 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1926 0 CB
1924 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1932 0 CB
1931 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1937 0 CB
1936 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1943 0 CB
1942 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1948 0 CB
1946 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1954 0 CB
1953 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1960 0 CB
1959 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1965 0 CB
1963 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1971 0 CB
1970 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1976 0 CB
1974 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1982 0 CB
1981 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1987 0 CB
1985 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1993 0 CB
1991 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1999 0 CB
1998 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2004 0 CB
2002 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2010 0 CB
2009 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2016 0 CB
2015 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2021 0 CB
2020 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2026 0 CB
2024 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2032 0 CB
2030 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1207 CB
2036 1206 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1212 CB
2036 1210 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1218 CB
2036 1217 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1223 CB
2036 1221 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1229 CB
2036 1227 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1235 CB
2036 1234 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1241 CB
2036 1240 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1246 CB
2036 1245 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1252 CB
2036 1251 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1257 CB
2036 1256 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1262 CB
2036 1260 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1268 CB
2036 1266 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1274 CB
2036 1272 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1280 CB
2036 1279 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1285 CB
2036 1284 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1291 CB
2036 1290 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1296 CB
2036 1295 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1302 CB
2036 1301 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1307 CB
2036 1305 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1313 CB
2036 1311 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1319 CB
2036 1318 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1324 CB
2036 1322 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2035 0 CB
2037 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2029 0 CB
2033 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2024 0 CB
2026 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2018 0 CB
2022 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2012 0 CB
2016 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2007 0 CB
2009 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2001 0 CB
2005 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1996 0 CB
1998 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1990 0 CB
1994 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1984 0 CB
1988 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1979 0 CB
1981 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1973 0 CB
1977 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1968 0 CB
1970 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1962 0 CB
1964 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1957 0 CB
1959 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1951 0 CB
1955 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1945 0 CB
1949 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1939 0 CB
1943 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1934 0 CB
1936 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1929 0 CB
1931 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1923 0 CB
1925 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1917 0 CB
1921 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1912 0 CB
1914 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1906 0 CB
1910 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1900 0 CB
1904 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1895 0 CB
1897 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1889 0 CB
1893 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1884 0 CB
1886 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1878 0 CB
1882 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1872 0 CB
1876 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 1867 0 CB
1869 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 1861 0 CB
1865 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1327 CB
1859 1329 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1321 CB
1859 1323 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1315 CB
1859 1319 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1310 CB
1859 1312 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1304 CB
1859 1306 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1298 CB
1859 1302 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1293 CB
1859 1295 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1287 CB
1859 1291 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1282 CB
1859 1284 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1276 CB
1859 1280 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1270 CB
1859 1274 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1265 CB
1859 1267 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1259 CB
1859 1263 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1254 CB
1859 1256 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1248 CB
1859 1250 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1243 CB
1859 1245 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1237 CB
1859 1241 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1231 CB
1859 1235 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1226 CB
1859 1228 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1220 CB
1859 1224 M 0 -6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1215 CB
1859 1217 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1209 CB
1859 1211 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 0 pC
1444 1647 M -151 0 0 125 151 0 0 -125 4 PP
S
n
0 84 0 pC
2338 1206 M 0 -124 -178 0 0 124 178 0 4 PP
S
n
255 255 255 fC
0 84 0 hC
/fm 1280 def
<4ecffce4273ff372> p
2338 1206 M 0 -124 -178 0 0 124 178 0 4 PP
1 F
S
n
gs 3231 5 0 1205 CB
2338 1207 M 0 -3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2338 0 CB
2337 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2338 0 CB
2336 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2344 0 CB
2343 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2350 0 CB
2349 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2355 0 CB
2353 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2361 0 CB
2360 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2367 0 CB
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S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2372 0 CB
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S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2378 0 CB
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S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2383 0 CB
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S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2389 0 CB
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S
n
gr
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2394 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2400 0 CB
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S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2406 0 CB
2405 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2411 0 CB
2410 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2417 0 CB
2416 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2422 0 CB
2420 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2428 0 CB
2426 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2434 0 CB
2433 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2439 0 CB
2437 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2445 0 CB
2444 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2450 0 CB
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S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2456 0 CB
2455 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2461 0 CB
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S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2467 0 CB
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S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2473 0 CB
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S
n
gr
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S
n
gr
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S
n
gr
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S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2495 0 CB
2493 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2501 0 CB
2500 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2506 0 CB
2504 1206 M 6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2512 0 CB
2511 1206 M 3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1207 CB
2516 1206 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1212 CB
2516 1210 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1218 CB
2516 1216 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1224 CB
2516 1222 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1230 CB
2516 1229 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1235 CB
2516 1234 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1241 CB
2516 1240 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1246 CB
2516 1245 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1252 CB
2516 1251 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1257 CB
2516 1255 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1263 CB
2516 1261 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1269 CB
2516 1268 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1274 CB
2516 1272 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1280 CB
2516 1279 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1285 CB
2516 1283 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1291 CB
2516 1290 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1296 CB
2516 1294 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1302 CB
2516 1300 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1308 CB
2516 1307 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1313 CB
2516 1311 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 5 0 1319 CB
2516 1318 M 0 3 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 6 0 1324 CB
2516 1322 M 0 6 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2514 0 CB
2518 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2508 0 CB
2512 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2503 0 CB
2505 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2497 0 CB
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S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2492 0 CB
2494 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 5 2427 2486 0 CB
2488 1330 M -3 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 6 2427 2480 0 CB
2484 1330 M -6 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
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1472 674 66 (=) 64 SB
1536 674 55 (1) 53 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
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1 F
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gs 585 135 1799 671 CB
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2075 674 55 (1) 53 SB
2128 674 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
583 30 1799 806 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
652 131 2387 674 B
1 F
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0 84 0 fC
gs 652 135 2387 671 CB
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2617 674 66 (=) 64 SB
2681 674 55 (1) 53 SB
2734 674 55 (0) 53 SB
2787 674 55 (0) 52 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
652 30 2387 806 B
1 F
n
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
4 2 201 837 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
532 2 207 837 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 740 837 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
525 2 743 837 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2 2 1269 837 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
524 2 1272 837 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2 2 1797 837 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
583 2 1799 837 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2 2 2384 837 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
652 2 2387 837 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
4 2 3039 837 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 162 201 840 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2 162 740 840 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2 162 1269 840 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2 162 1797 840 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2 162 2384 840 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
4 162 3039 840 B
1 F
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0 84 0 fC
gs 533 135 207 837 CB
224 840 55 (1) 53 SB
277 840 55 (0) 53 SB
330 840 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 526 135 743 837 CB
763 840 55 (2) 53 SB
816 840 55 (0) 53 SB
869 840 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 525 135 1272 837 CB
1290 840 55 (1) 53 SB
1343 840 55 (0) 53 SB
1396 840 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 585 135 1799 837 CB
1819 840 55 (1) 53 SB
1872 840 27 (,) 26 SB
1898 840 55 (0) 53 SB
1951 840 55 (0) 53 SB
2004 840 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 652 135 2387 837 CB
2405 840 55 (1) 53 SB
2458 840 55 (0) 53 SB
2511 840 27 (,) 26 SB
2537 840 55 (0) 53 SB
2590 840 55 (0) 53 SB
2643 840 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
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4 162 201 1003 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 740 1003 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 1269 1003 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2 162 1797 1003 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 2384 1003 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
4 162 3039 1003 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 533 132 207 1003 CB
224 1003 55 (1) 53 SB
277 1003 27 (,) 26 SB
303 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
356 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
409 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 526 132 743 1003 CB
763 1003 55 (2) 53 SB
816 1003 27 (,) 26 SB
842 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
895 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
948 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 525 132 1272 1003 CB
1290 1003 55 (1) 53 SB
1343 1003 27 (,) 26 SB
1369 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
1422 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
1475 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 585 132 1799 1003 CB
1819 1003 55 (1) 53 SB
1872 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
1925 1003 27 (,) 26 SB
1951 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
2004 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
2057 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 652 132 2387 1003 CB
2405 1003 55 (1) 53 SB
2458 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
2511 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
2564 1003 27 (,) 26 SB
2590 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
2643 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
2696 1003 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
4 162 201 1166 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 740 1166 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 1269 1166 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 1797 1166 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 2384 1166 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 162 3039 1166 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 533 132 207 1166 CB
224 1166 55 (1) 53 SB
277 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
330 1166 27 (,) 26 SB
356 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
409 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
462 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 526 132 743 1166 CB
763 1166 55 (4) 53 SB
816 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
869 1166 27 (,) 26 SB
895 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
948 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
1001 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 525 132 1272 1166 CB
1290 1166 55 (1) 53 SB
1343 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
1396 1166 27 (,) 26 SB
1422 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
1475 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
1528 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 585 132 1799 1166 CB
1819 1166 55 (1) 53 SB
1872 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
1925 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
1978 1166 27 (,) 26 SB
2004 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
2057 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
2110 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 652 132 2387 1166 CB
2405 1166 55 (1) 53 SB
2458 1166 27 (,) 26 SB
2484 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
2537 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
2590 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
2643 1166 27 (,) 26 SB
2669 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
2722 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
2775 1166 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
4 162 201 1329 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 740 1329 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 1269 1329 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 1797 1329 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 2384 1329 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 162 3039 1329 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 533 132 207 1329 CB
224 1329 55 (1) 53 SB
277 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
330 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
383 1329 27 (,) 26 SB
409 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
462 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
515 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 526 132 743 1329 CB
763 1329 55 (6) 53 SB
816 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
869 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
922 1329 27 (,) 26 SB
948 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
1001 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
1054 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 525 132 1272 1329 CB
1290 1329 55 (1) 53 SB
1343 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
1396 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
1449 1329 27 (,) 26 SB
1475 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
1528 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
1581 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 585 132 1799 1329 CB
1819 1329 55 (1) 53 SB
1872 1329 27 (,) 26 SB
1898 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
1951 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
2004 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
2057 1329 27 (,) 26 SB
2083 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
2136 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
2189 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 652 132 2387 1329 CB
2405 1329 55 (1) 53 SB
2458 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
2511 1329 27 (,) 26 SB
2537 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
2590 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
2643 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
2696 1329 27 (,) 26 SB
2722 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
2775 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
2828 1329 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
4 162 201 1492 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 740 1492 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 1269 1492 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 1797 1492 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 2384 1492 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 162 3039 1492 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 533 133 207 1492 CB
224 1492 55 (1) 53 SB
277 1492 27 (,) 26 SB
303 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
356 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
409 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
462 1492 27 (,) 26 SB
488 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
541 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
594 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 526 133 743 1492 CB
763 1492 55 (8) 53 SB
816 1492 27 (,) 26 SB
842 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
895 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
948 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
1001 1492 27 (,) 26 SB
1027 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
1080 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
1133 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 525 133 1272 1492 CB
1290 1492 55 (1) 53 SB
1343 1492 27 (,) 26 SB
1369 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
1422 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
1475 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
1528 1492 27 (,) 26 SB
1554 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
1607 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
1660 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 585 133 1799 1492 CB
1819 1492 55 (1) 53 SB
1872 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
1925 1492 27 (,) 26 SB
1951 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
2004 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
2057 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
2110 1492 27 (,) 26 SB
2136 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
2189 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
2242 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 652 133 2387 1492 CB
2405 1492 55 (1) 53 SB
2458 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
2511 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
2564 1492 27 (,) 26 SB
2590 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
2643 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
2696 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
2749 1492 27 (,) 26 SB
2775 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
2828 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
2881 1492 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
4 162 201 1655 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
538 2 201 1818 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 740 1655 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 740 1818 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
525 2 743 1818 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 1269 1655 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1269 1818 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
524 2 1272 1818 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 1797 1655 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1797 1818 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
583 2 1799 1818 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 162 2384 1655 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2384 1818 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
652 2 2387 1818 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 162 3039 1655 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 2 3039 1818 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 533 133 207 1655 CB
224 1655 55 (1) 53 SB
277 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
330 1655 27 (,) 26 SB
356 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
409 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
462 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
515 1655 27 (,) 26 SB
541 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
594 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
647 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 526 133 743 1655 CB
763 1655 55 (8) 53 SB
816 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
869 1655 27 (,) 26 SB
895 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
948 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
1001 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
1054 1655 27 (,) 26 SB
1080 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
1133 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
1186 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 525 133 1272 1655 CB
1290 1655 55 (1) 53 SB
1343 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
1396 1655 27 (,) 26 SB
1422 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
1475 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
1528 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
1581 1655 27 (,) 26 SB
1607 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
1660 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
1713 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 585 133 1799 1655 CB
1819 1655 55 (1) 53 SB
1872 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
1925 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
1978 1655 27 (,) 26 SB
2004 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
2057 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
2110 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
2163 1655 27 (,) 26 SB
2189 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
2242 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
2295 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
gs 652 133 2387 1655 CB
2405 1655 55 (1) 53 SB
2458 1655 27 (,) 26 SB
2484 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
2537 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
2590 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
2643 1655 27 (,) 26 SB
2669 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
2722 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
2775 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
2828 1655 27 (,) 26 SB
2854 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
2907 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
2960 1655 55 (0) 53 SB
gr
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 80 /ZapfDingbats font
1266 1884 96 (*) 96 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-BoldItalic /font25 ANSIFont font
1362 1871 81 ( p) 81 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
1443 1871 1006 (: # of records per page) 1006 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 80 /ZapfDingbats font
1266 2004 96 (*) 96 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
1362 1991 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-BoldItalic /font25 ANSIFont font
1387 1991 1666 (B=1,000 and block size=32 for sorting) 1666 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 80 /ZapfDingbats font
1266 2124 96 (*) 96 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-BoldItalic /font25 ANSIFont font
1 6 SJ
1362 2111 1490 ( p=100 is the more realistic value.) 1490 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-BoldItalic
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
445 279 186 (Su) 185 SB
630 279 399 (mmar) 398 SB
1028 279 84 (y) 84 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
270 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
383 623 2602 (External sorting is important; DBMS may dedicate) 2602 SB
383 763 1556 (part of buffer pool for sorting!) 1556 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
270 971 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
383 932 2326 (External merge sort minimizes disk I/O cost:) 2326 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
420 1096 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 4 SJ
514 1096 1049 (Pass 0: Produces sorted ) 1049 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-BoldItalic /font25 ANSIFont font
1570 1098 195 (runs) 195 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
1765 1096 330 ( of size ) 330 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-BoldItalic /font25 ANSIFont font
2100 1098 67 (B) 67 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2167 1098 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
2193 1096 722 (\(# buffer pages\).) 722 SB
5 2 SJ
514 1215 586 (Later passes: ) 586 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-BoldItalic /font25 ANSIFont font
1106 1217 260 (merge) 260 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
1366 1215 249 ( runs.) 249 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
420 1359 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 9 SJ
514 1359 1719 (# of runs merged at a time depends on ) 1719 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-BoldItalic /font25 ANSIFont font
2247 1361 67 (B) 67 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2314 1361 50 (, ) 50 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2365 1359 193 (and ) 193 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-BoldItalic /font25 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2560 1361 439 (block size) 439 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
3000 1361 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
420 1503 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 8 SJ
514 1503 2065 (Larger block size means less I/O cost per page.) 2065 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
420 1647 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 7 SJ
514 1647 2096 (Larger block size means smaller # runs merged.) 2096 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
420 1790 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 10 SJ
514 1790 1959 (In practice, # of runs rarely more than 2 or 3.) 1959 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 1 SJ
420 304 1086 (Summary, cont.) 1086 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 748 2342 (Choice of internal sort algorithm may matter:) 2342 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 912 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 1 SJ
664 912 777 (Quicksort: Quick!) 777 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1056 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 5 SJ
664 1056 2100 (Heap/tournament sort: slower \(2x\), longer runs) 2100 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1243 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
533 1204 1510 (The best sorts are wildly fast:) 1510 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1368 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 6 SJ
664 1368 1760 (Despite 40+ years of research, we\222re still) 1760 SB
664 1488 495 (improving!) 495 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1675 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 1636 1908 (Clustered B+ tree is good for sorting;) 1908 SB
-5 5 SJ
533 1776 1879 (unclustered tree is usually very bad.) 1879 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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%%Pages: 19
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1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 129 2231 1828 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 2 2231 1958 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 281 132 1950 1825 CB
1967 1828 98 (s4) 99 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
285 2 2647 1688 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 2 2932 1688 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 128 2647 1691 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 128 2932 1691 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
279 128 2652 1691 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 106 106 0 0 0 102 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 280 132 2652 1688 CB
2669 1691 165 (sno) 165 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
4 2 2647 1820 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
279 2 2652 1820 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 2 2932 1820 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 129 2647 1822 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
285 2 2647 1952 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 129 2932 1822 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 2 2932 1952 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 280 131 2652 1820 CB
2669 1822 98 (s1) 99 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 123 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
616 2015 96 (A) 96 SB
1316 966 148 (B1) 148 SB
2015 1091 148 (B2) 148 SB
2690 1240 148 (B3) 148 SB
1241 1990 283 (A/B1) 283 SB
1940 1990 283 (A/B2) 283 SB
2640 1990 283 (A/B3) 283 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%Page: 15 15
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (5) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-8 4 SJ
420 304 2644 (Expressing A/B Using Basic Operators) 2644 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
220 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-8 8 SJ
333 673 2662 (Division is not essential op; just a useful shorthand.) 2662 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
370 837 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
23 10 SJ
464 837 2469 (\(Also true of joins, but joins are so common that systems) 2469 SB
10 2 SJ
464 957 1175 (implement joins specially.\)) 1175 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
220 1144 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
333 1107 196 (Idea) 196 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
529 1105 87 (: ) 87 SB
0 84 0 fC
616 1105 204 (For ) 204 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
820 1107 190 (A/B) 190 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1010 1105 697 (, compute all ) 697 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1707 1107 59 (x) 59 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1766 1105 986 ( values that are not) 986 SB
-3 3 SJ
333 1245 1181 (`disqualified\222 by some ) 1181 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1511 1247 59 (y) 59 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
1570 1245 475 ( value in ) 475 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2042 1247 71 (B) 71 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2113 1245 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
370 1411 50 (\226) 50 SB
464 1411 50 (x) 50 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
514 1409 388 ( value is ) 388 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
905 1411 464 (disqualified) 464 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 4 SJ
1369 1409 680 ( if by attaching ) 680 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2053 1411 75 (y ) 75 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
2129 1409 505 (value from ) 505 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2636 1411 61 (B) 61 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2697 1409 180 (, we) 180 SB
2 2 SJ
464 1529 436 (obtain an ) 436 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
902 1531 100 (xy) 100 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 6 SJ
1002 1529 852 ( tuple that is not in ) 852 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1860 1531 72 (A) 72 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1932 1529 25 (.) 25 SB
188 55 0 fC
3 1 SJ
541 1793 565 (Disqualified ) 565 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1110 1795 50 (x) 50 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 1 SJ
1160 1793 334 ( values:) 334 SB
0 84 0 fC
591 2018 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
188 55 0 fC
616 2005 219 (A/B:) 219 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 134 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 1248 265 1640 1771 CB
1640 1736 73 (p) 73 SB
gr
gs 1248 265 1640 1771 CB
1928 1736 73 (p) 73 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 1248 265 1640 1771 CB
1761 1803 59 (x) 58 SB
gr
gs 1248 265 1640 1771 CB
2049 1803 59 (x) 58 SB
gr
gs 1248 265 1640 1771 CB
2173 1751 81 (A) 81 SB
gr
gs 1248 265 1640 1771 CB
2385 1751 81 (B) 81 SB
gr
gs 1248 265 1640 1771 CB
2600 1751 81 (A) 81 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 1248 265 1640 1771 CB
1848 1751 88 (\(\() 88 SB
gr
gs 1248 265 1640 1771 CB
2123 1751 44 (\() 44 SB
gr
gs 1248 265 1640 1771 CB
2248 1751 44 (\)) 44 SB
gr
gs 1248 265 1640 1771 CB
2460 1751 44 (\)) 44 SB
gr
gs 1248 265 1640 1771 CB
2676 1751 44 (\)) 44 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 134 /Symbol font
gs 1248 265 1640 1771 CB
2297 1736 73 (\264) 73 SB
gr
gs 1248 265 1640 1771 CB
2510 1736 73 (-) 73 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 134 /Symbol font
gs 686 226 1040 1996 CB
1040 1962 73 (p) 73 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 686 226 1040 1996 CB
1161 2029 59 (x) 58 SB
gr
gs 686 226 1040 1996 CB
1285 1977 81 (A) 81 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 686 226 1040 1996 CB
1234 1977 44 (\() 44 SB
gr
gs 686 226 1040 1996 CB
1360 1977 44 (\)) 44 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 134 /Symbol font
gs 686 226 1040 1996 CB
1464 1962 73 (-) 73 SB
gr
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 2 SJ
1590 1993 951 (all disqualified tuples) 951 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Symbol
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 16 16
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 123 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
1 7 SJ
345 323 2597 (Find names of sailors who\222ve reserved boat #103) 2597 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
195 737 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 1 SJ
308 698 551 (Solution 1:) 551 SB
32 0 0 123 123 0 0 0 124 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 2059 233 1015 720 CB
1015 688 68 (p) 61 SB
gr
gs 2059 233 1015 720 CB
1417 688 74 (s) 67 SB
gr
32 0 0 108 108 0 0 0 97 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 2059 233 1015 720 CB
1097 757 42 (s) 38 SB
1135 757 54 (n) 49 SB
1184 757 54 (a) 48 SB
1232 757 78 (m) 70 SB
1302 757 48 (e) 43 SB
gr
gs 2059 233 1015 720 CB
1516 782 54 (b) 49 SB
1565 782 30 (i) 27 SB
1592 782 54 (d) 49 SB
gr
32 0 0 123 123 0 0 0 110 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 2059 233 1015 720 CB
2008 702 48 (s) 43 SB
2051 702 55 (e) 49 SB
2100 702 48 (r) 43 SB
2143 702 55 (v) 49 SB
2192 702 55 (e) 49 SB
2241 702 48 (s) 44 SB
gr
gs 2059 233 1015 720 CB
2513 702 62 (S) 56 SB
2569 702 62 (a) 55 SB
2624 702 34 (i) 32 SB
2656 702 34 (l) 31 SB
2687 702 62 (o) 55 SB
2742 702 48 (r) 44 SB
2786 702 48 (s) 43 SB
gr
32 0 0 123 123 0 0 0 110 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 2059 233 1015 720 CB
1350 702 41 (\() 37 SB
gr
gs 2059 233 1015 720 CB
1389 702 41 (\() 37 SB
gr
gs 2059 233 1015 720 CB
1879 702 82 (R) 75 SB
1954 702 55 (e) 48 SB
gr
gs 2059 233 1015 720 CB
2283 702 41 (\)) 37 SB
gr
gs 2059 233 1015 720 CB
2827 702 41 (\)) 37 SB
gr
32 0 0 108 108 0 0 0 109 /Symbol font
gs 2059 233 1015 720 CB
1658 770 59 (=) 54 SB
gr
32 0 0 108 108 0 0 0 97 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 2059 233 1015 720 CB
1717 782 54 (1) 49 SB
1766 782 54 (0) 49 SB
1815 782 54 (3) 48 SB
gr
32 0 0 123 123 0 0 0 98 /MSTT31c3f3 font
gs 2059 233 1015 720 CB
2338 714 79 (>) 71 SB
gr
gs 2059 233 1015 720 CB
2383 714 79 (<) 71 SB
gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
191 1118 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
260 1079 551 ( Solution 2) 551 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
809 1094 25 (:) 25 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 134 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 1998 249 965 1096 CB
973 1062 73 (r) 73 SB
gr
gs 1998 249 965 1096 CB
1533 1062 80 (s) 80 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 1998 249 965 1096 CB
1094 1077 44 (\() 44 SB
gr
gs 1998 249 965 1096 CB
1462 1077 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 1998 249 965 1096 CB
2096 1077 148 (Re) 148 SB
gr
gs 1998 249 965 1096 CB
2580 1077 44 (\)) 44 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 1998 249 965 1096 CB
1135 1077 74 (T) 75 SB
1210 1077 59 (e) 58 SB
1268 1077 163 (mp) 162 SB
gr
gs 1998 249 965 1096 CB
2253 1077 111 (se) 110 SB
2363 1077 111 (rv) 110 SB
2473 1077 111 (es) 111 SB
gr
32 0 0 116 116 0 0 0 103 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 1998 249 965 1096 CB
1656 1165 90 (bi) 91 SB
1747 1165 58 (d) 58 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 1998 249 965 1096 CB
1414 1077 67 (1) 67 SB
gr
32 0 0 116 116 0 0 0 103 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 1998 249 965 1096 CB
1897 1165 116 (10) 117 SB
2014 1165 58 (3) 58 SB
gr
32 0 0 116 116 0 0 0 117 /Symbol font
gs 1998 249 965 1096 CB
1827 1151 64 (=) 64 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 134 /Symbol font
gs 1998 202 965 1396 CB
973 1361 73 (r) 73 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 1998 202 965 1396 CB
1094 1376 44 (\() 44 SB
gr
gs 1998 202 965 1396 CB
1494 1376 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 1998 202 965 1396 CB
2481 1376 44 (\)) 44 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 1998 202 965 1396 CB
1144 1376 74 (T) 75 SB
1219 1376 59 (e) 58 SB
1277 1376 163 (mp) 162 SB
gr
gs 1998 202 965 1396 CB
1570 1376 74 (T) 75 SB
1645 1376 59 (e) 58 SB
1703 1376 163 (mp) 162 SB
gr
gs 1998 202 965 1396 CB
2110 1376 134 (Sa) 133 SB
2243 1376 74 (il) 75 SB
2318 1376 67 (o) 66 SB
2384 1376 104 (rs) 104 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 1998 202 965 1396 CB
1435 1376 67 (2) 67 SB
gr
gs 1998 202 965 1396 CB
1850 1376 67 (1) 67 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 106 /MSTT31c3f3 font
gs 1998 202 965 1396 CB
1935 1389 85 (>) 85 SB
gr
gs 1998 202 965 1396 CB
1990 1389 85 (<) 85 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 134 /Symbol font
gs 1052 210 965 1621 CB
965 1587 73 (p) 73 SB
gr
32 0 0 116 116 0 0 0 103 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 1052 210 965 1621 CB
1067 1662 103 (sn) 104 SB
1171 1662 193 (ame) 193 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 1052 210 965 1621 CB
1428 1602 74 (T) 75 SB
1503 1602 59 (e) 58 SB
1561 1602 163 (mp) 162 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 1052 210 965 1621 CB
1388 1602 44 (\() 44 SB
gr
gs 1052 210 965 1621 CB
1782 1602 44 (\)) 44 SB
gr
gs 1052 210 965 1621 CB
1718 1602 67 (2) 67 SB
gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
191 1992 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
260 1953 551 ( Solution 3) 551 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
809 1968 25 (:) 25 SB
32 0 0 121 121 0 0 0 122 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 2129 251 965 1963 CB
965 1932 66 (p) 65 SB
gr
gs 2129 251 965 1963 CB
1398 1932 73 (s) 71 SB
gr
32 0 0 121 121 0 0 0 108 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 2129 251 965 1963 CB
1057 1993 47 (s) 46 SB
1103 1993 61 (n) 59 SB
1162 1993 61 (a) 59 SB
1221 1993 87 (m) 85 SB
1306 1993 54 (e) 51 SB
gr
gs 2129 251 965 1963 CB
1497 2022 61 (b) 59 SB
1556 2022 34 (i) 33 SB
1589 2022 61 (d) 59 SB
gr
gs 2129 251 965 1963 CB
2111 1946 47 (s) 46 SB
2157 1946 54 (e) 52 SB
2209 1946 47 (r) 45 SB
2254 1946 54 (v) 52 SB
2306 1946 54 (e) 52 SB
2358 1946 47 (s) 46 SB
gr
gs 2129 251 965 1963 CB
2570 1946 61 (S) 59 SB
2629 1946 61 (a) 59 SB
2688 1946 34 (i) 33 SB
2721 1946 34 (l) 33 SB
2754 1946 61 (o) 59 SB
2813 1946 47 (r) 46 SB
2859 1946 47 (s) 46 SB
gr
32 0 0 121 121 0 0 0 108 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 2129 251 965 1963 CB
1368 1946 40 (\() 39 SB
gr
gs 2129 251 965 1963 CB
1923 1946 40 (\() 39 SB
gr
gs 2129 251 965 1963 CB
1971 1946 81 (R) 79 SB
2050 1946 54 (e) 52 SB
gr
gs 2129 251 965 1963 CB
2902 1946 40 (\)) 39 SB
2941 1946 40 (\)) 39 SB
gr
32 0 0 121 121 0 0 0 122 /Symbol font
gs 2129 251 965 1963 CB
1670 2008 66 (=) 65 SB
gr
32 0 0 121 121 0 0 0 108 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 2129 251 965 1963 CB
1740 2022 61 (1) 59 SB
1799 2022 61 (0) 59 SB
1858 2022 61 (3) 59 SB
gr
32 0 0 121 121 0 0 0 97 /MSTT31c3f3 font
gs 2129 251 965 1963 CB
2414 1957 77 (>) 75 SB
gr
gs 2129 251 965 1963 CB
2462 1957 77 (<) 75 SB
gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font MSTT31c3f3
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Symbol
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 17 17
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 123 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
2 8 SJ
370 323 2578 (Find names of sailors who\222ve reserved a red boat) 2578 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
533 748 2378 (Information about boat color only available in) 2378 SB
533 888 1429 (Boats; so need an extra join:) 1429 SB
32 0 0 107 107 0 0 0 108 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
465 1068 59 (p) 62 SB
gr
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
916 1068 65 (s) 68 SB
gr
32 0 0 107 107 0 0 0 96 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
558 1122 42 (s) 44 SB
602 1122 54 (n) 56 SB
658 1122 54 (a) 57 SB
715 1122 77 (m) 81 SB
796 1122 47 (e) 49 SB
gr
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
994 1147 47 (c) 50 SB
1044 1147 54 (o) 56 SB
1100 1147 30 (l) 32 SB
1132 1147 54 (o) 56 SB
1188 1147 42 (r) 44 SB
gr
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
1336 1147 42 (r) 44 SB
1380 1147 47 (e) 49 SB
1429 1147 54 (d) 57 SB
gr
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
1541 1080 65 (B) 69 SB
1610 1080 54 (o) 56 SB
1666 1080 54 (a) 57 SB
1723 1080 30 (t) 31 SB
1754 1080 42 (s) 44 SB
gr
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
2129 1080 42 (s) 44 SB
2173 1080 47 (e) 49 SB
2222 1080 42 (r) 44 SB
2266 1080 47 (v) 50 SB
2316 1080 47 (e) 49 SB
2365 1080 42 (s) 44 SB
gr
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
2564 1080 54 (S) 56 SB
2620 1080 54 (a) 57 SB
2677 1080 30 (i) 31 SB
2708 1080 30 (l) 32 SB
2740 1080 54 (o) 56 SB
2796 1080 42 (r) 44 SB
2840 1080 42 (s) 44 SB
gr
32 0 0 107 107 0 0 0 96 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
850 1080 36 (\() 37 SB
887 1080 36 (\() 37 SB
gr
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
1301 1147 19 (') 19 SB
gr
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
1497 1147 19 (') 19 SB
gr
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
1795 1080 36 (\)) 37 SB
gr
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
1998 1080 71 (R) 76 SB
2074 1080 47 (e) 49 SB
gr
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
2882 1080 36 (\)) 37 SB
gr
32 0 0 107 107 0 0 0 108 /Symbol font
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
1248 1135 59 (=) 62 SB
gr
32 0 0 107 107 0 0 0 85 /MSTT31c3f3 font
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
1851 1091 68 (>) 72 SB
gr
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
1898 1091 68 (<) 72 SB
gr
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
2417 1091 68 (>) 72 SB
gr
gs 2572 217 465 1095 CB
2463 1091 68 (<) 72 SB
gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
441 1467 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
510 1428 1344 ( A more efficient solution:) 1344 SB
32 0 0 98 98 0 0 0 99 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 2638 206 463 1671 CB
463 1645 54 (p) 56 SB
gr
gs 2638 206 463 1671 CB
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1 #C
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EJ RS
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1 #C
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EJ RS
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32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 885 199 465 1421 CB
643 1377 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 885 199 465 1421 CB
940 1377 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 134 /Symbol font
gs 699 186 515 1571 CB
520 1541 73 ($) 73 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 699 186 515 1571 CB
603 1556 81 (X) 81 SB
gr
gs 699 186 515 1571 CB
772 1556 67 (p) 67 SB
gr
gs 699 186 515 1571 CB
881 1556 81 (X) 81 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 699 186 515 1571 CB
708 1556 44 (\() 44 SB
gr
gs 699 186 515 1571 CB
831 1556 44 (\() 44 SB
gr
gs 699 186 515 1571 CB
966 1556 44 (\)) 44 SB
gr
gs 699 186 515 1571 CB
1013 1556 44 (\)) 44 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 134 /Symbol font
gs 793 186 517 1746 CB
521 1716 95 (") 94 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 793 186 517 1746 CB
631 1731 81 (X) 81 SB
gr
gs 793 186 517 1746 CB
800 1731 67 (p) 67 SB
gr
gs 793 186 517 1746 CB
910 1731 81 (X) 81 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 793 186 517 1746 CB
736 1731 44 (\() 44 SB
gr
gs 793 186 517 1746 CB
859 1731 44 (\() 44 SB
gr
gs 793 186 517 1746 CB
994 1731 44 (\)) 44 SB
gr
gs 793 186 517 1746 CB
1041 1731 44 (\)) 44 SB
gr
32 0 0 132 132 0 0 0 133 /Symbol font
gs 367 168 1440 1899 CB
1445 1869 72 ($) 73 SB
gr
32 0 0 132 132 0 0 0 118 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 367 168 1440 1899 CB
1541 1884 81 (X) 81 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 134 /Symbol font
gs 367 168 1865 1899 CB
1869 1869 95 (") 94 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 367 168 1865 1899 CB
1993 1884 81 (X) 81 SB
gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Symbol
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 5 5
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (5) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
420 304 1744 (Free and Bound Variables) 1744 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
320 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
433 648 563 (The use of ) 563 SB
252 1 40 fC
996 648 561 (quantifiers) 561 SB
0 84 0 fC
1557 648 1439 ( and in a formula is) 1439 SB
433 788 374 (said to ) 374 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
807 790 211 (bind) 211 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1018 788 136 ( X.) 136 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 952 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 4 SJ
564 952 775 (A variable that is ) 775 SB
252 1 40 fC
3 2 SJ
1346 952 481 (not bound ) 481 SB
0 84 0 fC
2 1 SJ
1831 952 96 (is ) 96 SB
32 0 0 99 99 1 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1929 952 166 (free) 166 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2095 952 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
320 1139 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
433 1100 1643 (Let us revisit the definition of a ) 1643 SB
252 1 40 fC
2076 1100 304 (query) 304 SB
0 84 0 fC
2380 1100 29 (:) 29 SB
32 0 0 132 132 0 0 0 133 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 367 168 1565 649 CB
1570 619 72 ($) 73 SB
gr
32 0 0 132 132 0 0 0 118 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 367 168 1565 649 CB
1666 634 81 (X) 81 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 134 /Symbol font
gs 367 168 1990 649 CB
1994 619 95 (") 94 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 367 168 1990 649 CB
2118 634 81 (X) 81 SB
gr
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
0 2 SP
800 1328 M -23 88 1 PP
S
n
777 1416 M 23 88 1 PP
S
n
1358 1328 M 23 88 1 PP
S
n
1381 1416 M -23 88 1 PP
S
n
1568 1328 M -23 88 1 PP
S
n
1545 1416 M 23 88 1 PP
S
n
2126 1328 M 23 88 1 PP
S
n
2149 1416 M -23 88 1 PP
S
n
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
809 1310 59 (x) 58 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
951 1310 59 (x) 58 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1232 1310 59 (x) 58 SB
1290 1310 67 (n) 67 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1455 1310 67 (p) 67 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1577 1310 59 (x) 58 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1718 1310 59 (x) 58 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
2000 1310 59 (x) 58 SB
2058 1310 67 (n) 67 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
858 1310 67 (1) 67 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1010 1310 67 (2) 67 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1626 1310 67 (1) 67 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1778 1310 67 (2) 67 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
906 1310 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1069 1310 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1101 1310 33 (.) 33 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1129 1310 33 (.) 33 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1158 1310 33 (.) 33 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1188 1310 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1400 1310 27 (|) 24 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1674 1310 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1837 1310 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1868 1310 33 (.) 33 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1897 1310 33 (.) 33 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1926 1310 33 (.) 33 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1956 1310 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /Symbol font
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1518 1312 19 (\346) 19 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1518 1449 19 (\350) 19 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1518 1351 19 (\347) 19 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1518 1399 19 (\347) 19 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
1518 1421 19 (\347) 19 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
2151 1312 19 (\366) 19 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
2151 1449 19 (\370) 19 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
2151 1351 19 (\367) 19 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
2151 1399 19 (\367) 19 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
2151 1421 19 (\367) 19 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
751 1301 25 (\354) 24 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
751 1386 25 (\355) 24 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
751 1348 25 (\357) 24 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
751 1471 25 (\356) 24 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
751 1434 25 (\357) 24 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
2176 1301 25 (\374) 24 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
2176 1386 25 (\375) 24 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
2176 1348 25 (\357) 24 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
2176 1471 25 (\376) 24 SB
gr
gs 1603 279 743 1296 CB
2176 1434 25 (\357) 24 SB
gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
320 1587 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
433 1548 2418 (There is an important restriction: the variables) 2418 SB
252 1 40 fC
433 1688 479 (x1, ..., xn ) 479 SB
0 84 0 fC
912 1688 1855 (that appear to the left of `|\222 must be) 1855 SB
433 1829 191 (the ) 191 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
624 1831 209 (only) 209 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
833 1829 1784 ( free variables in the formula p\(...\).) 1784 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Symbol
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 6 6
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-7 7 SJ
420 304 2468 (Find all sailors with a rating above 7) 2468 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
195 937 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 42 SJ
308 898 2507 (The condition ensures that) 2507 SB
308 1038 1117 (the domain variables ) 1117 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1425 1040 346 (I, N, T ) 346 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1771 1038 227 (and ) 227 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1998 1040 84 (A) 84 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2082 1038 689 ( are bound to) 689 SB
308 1179 1608 (fields of the same Sailors tuple.) 1608 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
195 1386 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
308 1347 2587 (The term to the left of `|\222 \(which should) 2587 SB
308 1487 549 (be read as ) 549 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
857 1489 436 (such that) 436 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1293 1487 1140 (\) says that every tuple) 1140 SB
-2 2 SJ
308 1627 671 (that satisfies ) 671 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
977 1629 142 (T>) 142 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
1119 1627 929 (7 is in the answer.) 929 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
195 1834 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
308 1795 1502 (Modify this query to answer:) 1502 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 1959 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 11 SJ
439 1959 2501 (Find sailors who are older than 18 or have a rating under) 2501 SB
6 4 SJ
439 2079 953 (9, and are called \221Joe\222.) 953 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
0 2 SP
734 600 M -23 87 1 PP
S
n
711 687 M 23 87 1 PP
S
n
1157 600 M 22 87 1 PP
S
n
1179 687 M -22 87 1 PP
S
n
1280 600 M -22 87 1 PP
S
n
1258 687 M 22 87 1 PP
S
n
1704 600 M 22 87 1 PP
S
n
1726 687 M -22 87 1 PP
S
n
32 0 0 132 132 0 0 0 118 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
742 582 44 (I) 44 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
830 582 88 (N) 89 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
955 582 73 (T) 75 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
1077 582 81 (A) 81 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
1289 582 44 (I) 44 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
1377 582 88 (N) 89 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
1501 582 73 (T) 75 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
1623 582 81 (A) 81 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
1855 582 66 (S) 67 SB
1922 582 103 (ai) 104 SB
2026 582 154 (lor) 155 SB
2181 582 51 (s) 52 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
2368 582 73 (T) 75 SB
gr
32 0 0 132 132 0 0 0 118 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
785 582 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
919 582 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
1030 582 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
1198 582 27 (|) 24 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
1332 582 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
1465 582 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
1577 582 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
32 0 0 132 132 0 0 0 133 /Symbol font
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
1748 567 94 (\316) 94 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
2268 567 80 (\331) 80 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
2465 567 72 (>) 73 SB
gr
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /Symbol font
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
671 584 25 (\354) 24 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
671 657 25 (\355) 24 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
671 620 25 (\357) 24 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
671 731 25 (\356) 24 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
671 706 25 (\357) 24 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
2629 584 25 (\374) 24 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
2629 657 25 (\375) 24 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
2629 620 25 (\357) 24 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
2629 731 25 (\376) 24 SB
gr
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
2629 706 25 (\357) 24 SB
gr
32 0 0 132 132 0 0 0 118 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 2224 263 663 580 CB
2552 582 66 (7) 67 SB
gr
1152 903 M -23 87 1 PP
S
n
1129 990 M 23 87 1 PP
S
n
1575 903 M 22 87 1 PP
S
n
1597 990 M -22 87 1 PP
S
n
32 0 0 132 132 0 0 0 118 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 990 194 1120 891 CB
1160 884 44 (I) 44 SB
gr
gs 990 194 1120 891 CB
1248 884 88 (N) 89 SB
gr
gs 990 194 1120 891 CB
1373 884 73 (T) 74 SB
gr
gs 990 194 1120 891 CB
1495 884 81 (A) 81 SB
gr
gs 990 194 1120 891 CB
1726 884 66 (S) 67 SB
1793 884 206 (ailo) 207 SB
2000 884 51 (r) 52 SB
2052 884 51 (s) 51 SB
gr
32 0 0 132 132 0 0 0 118 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 990 194 1120 891 CB
1203 884 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 990 194 1120 891 CB
1337 884 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 990 194 1120 891 CB
1448 884 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
32 0 0 132 132 0 0 0 133 /Symbol font
gs 990 194 1120 891 CB
1619 869 94 (\316) 94 SB
gr
854 1353 M -23 87 1 PP
S
n
831 1440 M 23 87 1 PP
S
n
1276 1353 M 22 87 1 PP
S
n
1298 1440 M -22 87 1 PP
S
n
32 0 0 132 132 0 0 0 118 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 486 194 822 1341 CB
862 1334 44 (I) 44 SB
gr
gs 486 194 822 1341 CB
950 1334 88 (N) 89 SB
gr
gs 486 194 822 1341 CB
1074 1334 73 (T) 74 SB
gr
gs 486 194 822 1341 CB
1196 1334 81 (A) 81 SB
gr
32 0 0 132 132 0 0 0 118 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 486 194 822 1341 CB
905 1334 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 486 194 822 1341 CB
1038 1334 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 486 194 822 1341 CB
1150 1334 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
2529 1503 M -23 87 1 PP
S
n
2506 1590 M 23 87 1 PP
S
n
2951 1503 M 22 87 1 PP
S
n
2973 1590 M -22 87 1 PP
S
n
32 0 0 132 132 0 0 0 118 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 486 194 2497 1491 CB
2537 1484 44 (I) 44 SB
gr
gs 486 194 2497 1491 CB
2625 1484 88 (N) 89 SB
gr
gs 486 194 2497 1491 CB
2749 1484 73 (T) 74 SB
gr
gs 486 194 2497 1491 CB
2871 1484 81 (A) 81 SB
gr
32 0 0 132 132 0 0 0 118 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 486 194 2497 1491 CB
2580 1484 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 486 194 2497 1491 CB
2713 1484 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 486 194 2497 1491 CB
2825 1484 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Symbol
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 7 7
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 123 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
345 323 2616 (Find sailors rated > 7 who\222ve reserved boat #103) 2616 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
295 1287 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 40 SJ
408 1248 2530 (We have used as a shorthand) 2530 SB
408 1388 149 (for) 148 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
295 1764 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
408 1725 2566 (Note the use of to find a tuple in Reserves that) 2566 SB
-6 6 SJ
408 1865 2551 (`joins with\222 the Sailors tuple under consideration.) 2551 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
0 2 SP
322 724 M -23 87 1 PP
S
n
299 811 M 23 88 1 PP
S
n
745 724 M 23 87 1 PP
S
n
768 811 M -23 88 1 PP
S
n
869 724 M -23 87 1 PP
S
n
846 811 M 23 88 1 PP
S
n
1292 724 M 22 87 1 PP
S
n
1314 811 M -22 88 1 PP
S
n
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
330 705 44 (I) 44 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
418 705 89 (N) 89 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
543 705 74 (T) 75 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
665 705 81 (A) 81 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
877 705 44 (I) 44 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
965 705 89 (N) 89 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
1090 705 74 (T) 75 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
1212 705 81 (A) 81 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
1443 705 134 (Sa) 133 SB
1576 705 37 (i) 38 SB
1614 705 104 (lo) 103 SB
1717 705 104 (rs) 104 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
1956 705 74 (T) 75 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
373 705 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
507 705 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
619 705 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
787 705 27 (|) 24 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
920 705 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
1054 705 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
1166 705 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 134 /Symbol font
gs 2269 250 265 708 CB
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1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Symbol
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 8 8
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
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492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
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206 206 206 fC
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185 185 185 fC
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3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
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333 1782 2563 (This may look cumbersome, but with a good user) 2563 SB
333 1922 2308 (interface, it is very intuitive. \(Wait for QBE!\)) 2308 SB
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0 0 0 pC
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322 724 M -23 87 1 PP
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299 811 M 23 88 1 PP
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745 724 M 23 87 1 PP
S
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768 811 M -23 88 1 PP
S
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
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gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
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gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
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gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
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gr
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gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
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gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
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gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
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gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
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gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
992 1169 170 (BN) 170 SB
gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
1198 1169 89 (C) 89 SB
gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
1446 1169 304 (Boats) 304 SB
gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
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gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
1162 1169 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
2516 1169 24 (') 23 SB
gr
gs 2705 280 288 1160 CB
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gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Symbol
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 9 9
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
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291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
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0 0 0 fC
-5 5 SJ
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0 84 0 fC
220 1587 69 (v) 69 SB
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1122 1550 39 (I) 39 SB
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1161 1548 1340 ( such that for each 3-tuple) 1340 SB
333 1688 2601 (either it is not a tuple in Boats or there is a tuple in) 2601 SB
333 1829 1511 (Reserves showing that sailor ) 1511 SB
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1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
0 2 SP
322 722 M -23 87 1 PP
S
n
299 809 M 23 88 1 PP
S
n
745 722 M 23 87 1 PP
S
n
768 809 M -23 88 1 PP
S
n
869 722 M -23 87 1 PP
S
n
846 809 M 23 88 1 PP
S
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1292 722 M 23 87 1 PP
S
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S
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gr
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665 703 81 (A) 81 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 706 CB
877 703 44 (I) 44 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 706 CB
965 703 89 (N) 89 SB
gr
gs 2269 250 265 706 CB
1090 703 74 (T) 75 SB
gr
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gr
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gr
gs 2269 250 265 706 CB
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gr
gs 2269 250 265 706 CB
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gr
gs 2269 250 265 706 CB
1054 703 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
gs 2269 250 265 706 CB
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gr
1116 964 M -23 87 1 PP
S
n
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S
n
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gr
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gr
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gr
gs 2074 319 315 931 CB
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gr
gs 2074 319 315 931 CB
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gr
gs 2074 319 315 931 CB
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gr
gs 2074 319 315 931 CB
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gr
gs 2074 319 315 931 CB
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gr
gs 2074 319 315 931 CB
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gr
gs 2074 319 315 931 CB
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
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gr
gs 2074 319 315 931 CB
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3000 2250 115 88 B
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1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
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237 237 237 fC
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statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
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1894 888 634 ( clause. The) 634 SB
-6 6 SJ
533 1029 1958 (previous query can also be written as:) 1958 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
565 1259 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
872 1243 411 ( S.sname) 411 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 5 SJ
565 1379 350 (FROM ) 350 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
920 1363 899 (Sailors S, Reserves R) 899 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
565 1499 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 3 SJ
874 1483 565 ( S.sid=R.sid ) 565 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1445 1499 198 (AND) 198 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1643 1483 379 ( bid=103) 379 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
565 1684 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
872 1668 334 ( sname) 334 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 5 SJ
565 1804 350 (FROM ) 350 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
921 1788 731 (Sailors, Reserves) 731 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
565 1924 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
12 2 SJ
874 1908 1103 ( Sailors.sid=Reserves.sid) 1103 SB
3 15 SJ
565 2027 375 ( ) 375 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
943 2043 198 (AND) 198 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1141 2027 379 ( bid=103) 379 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
689 518 2282 1305 B
S
n
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
2315 1320 610 (It is good style,) 610 SB
2315 1440 619 (however, to use) 619 SB
2315 1560 610 (range variables) 610 SB
2315 1679 310 (always!) 310 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
207 14 48 fC
290 1668 144 (OR) 144 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 7 7
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 123 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
3 7 SJ
395 323 2411 (Find sailors who\222ve reserved at least one boat) 2411 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
345 1287 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
458 1248 783 (Would adding ) 783 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1241 1263 494 (DISTINCT ) 494 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1735 1248 1054 (to this query make a) 1054 SB
458 1388 461 (differenc) 460 SB
918 1388 108 (e?) 108 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
345 1596 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
458 1557 1569 (What is the effect of replacing ) 1569 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2027 1559 232 (S.sid) 232 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2259 1557 188 ( by ) 188 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2447 1559 394 (S.sname) 394 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2841 1557 131 ( in) 131 SB
1 1 SJ
458 1697 191 (the ) 191 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
650 1712 363 (SELECT) 363 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 5 SJ
1013 1697 1244 ( clause? Would adding ) 1244 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2262 1712 469 (DISTINCT) 469 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2731 1697 131 ( to) 131 SB
458 1837 2243 (this variant of the query make a difference?) 2243 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
940 699 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1247 683 258 ( S.sid) 258 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
940 819 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 5 SJ
1185 803 949 ( Sailors S, Reserves R) 949 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
940 939 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 2 SJ
1249 923 540 ( S.sid=R.sid) 540 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 8 8
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
420 304 1645 (Expressions and Strings) 1645 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
195 1037 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
308 998 2600 (Illustrates use of arithmetic expressions and string) 2600 SB
-3 3 SJ
308 1138 978 (pattern matching: ) 978 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
1283 1140 1594 (Find triples \(of ages of sailors and) 1594 SB
-16 8 SJ
308 1281 2720 (two fields defined by expressions\) for sailors whose names) 2720 SB
-10 10 SJ
308 1421 2763 (begin and end with B and contain at least three characters.) 2763 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
195 1637 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
308 1602 129 (AS) 129 SB
0 84 0 fC
437 1602 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
462 1587 227 (and ) 227 SB
252 1 40 fC
689 1587 71 (=) 71 SB
0 84 0 fC
760 1587 1963 ( are two ways to name fields in result.) 1963 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
195 1805 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
308 1770 225 (LIKE) 225 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
533 1755 1511 ( is used for string matching. `) 1511 SB
252 1 40 fC
2044 1755 59 (_) 59 SB
0 84 0 fC
2103 1755 797 (\222 stands for any) 797 SB
308 1895 988 (one character and `) 988 SB
252 1 40 fC
1296 1895 98 (%) 98 SB
0 84 0 fC
1394 1895 1588 (\222 stands for 0 or more arbitrary) 1588 SB
308 2035 179 (cha) 178 SB
486 2035 105 (ra) 104 SB
590 2035 242 (cters) 241 SB
831 2035 29 (.) 30 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
740 609 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 5 SJ
1047 593 1296 ( S.age, age1=S.age-5, 2*S.age ) 1296 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2351 609 109 (AS) 109 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2460 593 227 ( age2) 227 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
740 729 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
985 713 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
740 849 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
1049 833 436 ( S.sname ) 436 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1490 849 211 (LIKE ) 211 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1703 833 309 (\221B_%B\222) 309 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 9 9
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-8 8 SJ
295 309 1994 (Find sid\222s of sailors who\222ve reserved a red ) 1994 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2281 309 98 (or) 98 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
2379 309 598 ( a green boat) 598 SB
32 0 0 63 63 0 0 0 50 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 643 49 (v) 49 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
258 614 296 (UNION) 296 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
7 4 SJ
554 598 700 (: Can be used to) 700 SB
9 4 SJ
258 718 1130 (compute the union of any) 1130 SB
2 1 SJ
258 838 194 (two ) 194 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
454 840 704 (union-compatible) 704 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2 1 SJ
1158 838 188 ( sets) 188 SB
6 3 SJ
258 958 873 (of tuples \(which are) 873 SB
11 3 SJ
258 1077 1035 (themselves the result of) 1035 SB
6 1 SJ
258 1197 592 (SQL queries\).) 592 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1376 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
258 1341 587 (If we replace ) 587 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
849 1357 120 (OR) 120 SB
0 84 0 fC
1 1 SJ
969 1357 21 ( ) 21 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
992 1341 135 (by ) 135 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1128 1357 198 (AND) 198 SB
0 84 0 fC
1 1 SJ
1326 1357 21 ( ) 21 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1348 1341 87 (in) 87 SB
10 4 SJ
258 1461 1099 (the first version, what do) 1099 SB
4 1 SJ
258 1581 333 (we get?) 333 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1759 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
258 1724 697 (Also available: ) 697 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
960 1740 317 (EXCEPT) 317 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
9 5 SJ
258 1844 967 (\(What do we get if we) 967 SB
2 1 SJ
258 1964 341 (replace ) 341 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
601 1980 296 (UNION) 296 SB
0 84 0 fC
2 1 SJ
897 1980 21 ( ) 21 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
920 1964 135 (by ) 135 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1057 1980 317 (EXCEPT) 317 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1374 1964 77 (?\)) 77 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1590 617 276 (SELECT) 276 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1866 593 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1891 609 196 ( S.sid) 196 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1590 722 222 (FROM) 222 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 7 SJ
1812 714 1111 ( Sailors S, Boats B, Reserves R) 1111 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1590 822 298 (WHERE ) 298 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1888 814 453 ( S.sid=R.sid ) 453 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2343 822 178 (AND) 178 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2521 814 461 ( R.bid=B.bid) 461 SB
1 2 SJ
1590 914 42 ( ) 42 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1633 922 178 (AND) 178 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1811 914 546 ( \(B.color=\221red\222 ) 546 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2359 922 109 (OR) 109 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1 1 SJ
2468 914 608 ( B.color=\221green\222\)) 608 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1590 1292 276 (SELECT) 276 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1866 1284 217 ( S.sid) 217 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1590 1392 260 (FROM ) 260 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 5 SJ
1851 1384 1069 (Sailors S, Boats B, Reserves R) 1069 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1590 1492 279 (WHERE) 279 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
1869 1484 474 ( S.sid=R.sid ) 474 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2345 1492 178 (AND) 178 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2523 1484 461 ( R.bid=B.bid) 461 SB
1590 1584 336 ( ) 336 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1926 1592 178 (AND) 178 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2104 1584 497 ( B.color=\221red\222) 497 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1590 1685 266 (UNION) 266 SB
0 84 0 fC
1590 1782 276 (SELECT) 276 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1866 1774 217 ( S.sid) 217 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1590 1882 260 (FROM ) 260 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 5 SJ
1851 1874 1069 (Sailors S, Boats B, Reserves R) 1069 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1590 1982 279 (WHERE) 279 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
1869 1974 474 ( S.sid=R.sid ) 474 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2345 1982 178 (AND) 178 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2523 1974 461 ( R.bid=B.bid) 461 SB
1590 2074 336 ( ) 336 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1926 2082 178 (AND) 178 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2104 2074 580 ( B.color=\221green\222) 580 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 10 10
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-8 8 SJ
220 234 1994 (Find sid\222s of sailors who\222ve reserved a red ) 1994 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2206 234 176 (and) 176 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
2382 234 598 ( a green boat) 598 SB
32 0 0 63 63 0 0 0 50 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 718 49 (v) 49 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
258 689 459 (INTERSECT) 459 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
717 673 50 (: ) 50 SB
0 84 0 fC
5 3 SJ
768 673 650 (Can be used to) 650 SB
11 2 SJ
258 793 1082 (compute the intersection) 1082 SB
3 4 SJ
258 913 519 (of any two ) 519 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
780 915 273 (union-) 273 SB
258 1035 431 (compatible) 431 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
6 3 SJ
689 1033 620 ( sets of tuples.) 620 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1211 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 3 SJ
258 1176 1040 (Included in the SQL/92) 1040 SB
8 2 SJ
258 1296 843 (standard, but some) 843 SB
10 3 SJ
258 1416 1087 (systems don\222t support it.) 1087 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1595 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 3 SJ
258 1560 1120 (Contrast symmetry of the) 1120 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1695 296 (UNION) 296 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
554 1679 218 ( and ) 218 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
775 1695 459 (INTERSECT) 459 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 3 SJ
258 1799 1040 (queries with how much) 1040 SB
11 3 SJ
258 1919 1075 (the other versions differ.) 1075 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1440 492 276 (SELECT) 276 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1716 468 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1741 484 196 ( S.sid) 196 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1440 597 222 (FROM) 222 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1662 589 1216 ( Sailors S, Boats B1, Reserves R1,) 1216 SB
1440 689 1072 ( Boats B2, Reserves R2) 1072 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1440 797 298 (WHERE ) 298 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1739 789 495 ( S.sid=R1.sid ) 495 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2235 797 178 (AND) 178 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2413 789 545 ( R1.bid=B1.bid) 545 SB
1 2 SJ
1440 889 42 ( ) 42 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1482 897 216 (AND ) 216 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1699 889 474 (S.sid=R2.sid ) 474 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2173 897 178 (AND) 178 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2351 889 545 ( R2.bid=B2.bid) 545 SB
1 2 SJ
1440 989 42 ( ) 42 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1483 997 178 (AND) 178 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1661 989 588 ( \(B1.color=\221red\222 ) 588 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2251 997 178 (AND) 178 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1 1 SJ
2429 989 650 ( B2.color=\221green\222\)) 650 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1565 1342 276 (SELECT) 276 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1841 1334 217 ( S.sid) 217 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1565 1442 260 (FROM ) 260 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 5 SJ
1826 1434 1069 (Sailors S, Boats B, Reserves R) 1069 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1565 1542 279 (WHERE) 279 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
1844 1534 474 ( S.sid=R.sid ) 474 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2320 1542 178 (AND) 178 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2498 1534 461 ( R.bid=B.bid) 461 SB
1565 1634 336 ( ) 336 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1901 1642 178 (AND) 178 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2079 1634 497 ( B.color=\221red\222) 497 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1565 1735 413 (INTERSECT) 413 SB
0 84 0 fC
1565 1832 276 (SELECT) 276 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1841 1824 217 ( S.sid) 217 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1565 1932 260 (FROM ) 260 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 5 SJ
1826 1924 1069 (Sailors S, Boats B, Reserves R) 1069 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1565 2032 279 (WHERE) 279 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
1844 2024 474 ( S.sid=R.sid ) 474 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2320 2032 178 (AND) 178 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2498 2024 461 ( R.bid=B.bid) 461 SB
1565 2124 336 ( ) 336 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1901 2132 178 (AND) 178 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2079 2124 580 ( B.color=\221green\222) 580 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 1 SJ
2240 1168 425 (Key field!) 425 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
0 0 1 -101 1 1 -176 175 100 2191 1339 A
S
n
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 11 11
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
395 179 1036 (Nested Queries) 1036 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 1187 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1148 1814 (A very powerful feature of SQL: a ) 1814 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2072 1163 367 (WHERE) 367 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2439 1148 559 ( clause can) 559 SB
258 1288 2388 (itself contain an SQL query! \(Actually, so can ) 2388 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2646 1303 293 (FROM) 293 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
258 1429 227 (and ) 227 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
486 1444 421 (HAVING) 421 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
907 1429 469 ( clauses.\)) 469 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1636 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1597 1186 (To find sailors who\222ve ) 1186 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1444 1599 156 (not) 156 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1600 1597 1017 ( reserved #103, use ) 1017 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2617 1612 361 (NOT IN) 361 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2978 1597 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1804 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1765 2761 (To understand semantics of nested queries, think of a) 2761 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
258 1907 572 (nested loops) 572 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
829 1905 665 ( evaluation: ) 665 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
1491 1907 1508 (For each Sailors tuple, check the) 1508 SB
-12 4 SJ
258 2047 1940 (qualification by computing the subquery.) 1940 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
765 559 328 (SELECT ) 328 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1095 543 386 ( S.sname) 386 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
765 679 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
1010 663 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
765 799 330 (WHERE ) 330 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1096 783 258 ( S.sid ) 258 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1355 799 97 (IN) 97 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1452 783 83 ( \() 83 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1537 799 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1844 783 272 ( R.sid) 272 SB
6 31 SJ
765 902 775 ( ) 775 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1547 918 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
1792 902 527 ( Reserves R) 527 SB
4 31 SJ
765 1022 775 ( ) 775 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1544 1038 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1853 1022 528 ( R.bid=103\)) 528 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-14 7 SJ
765 405 2319 (Find names of sailors who\222ve reserved boat #103:) 2319 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 12 12
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
395 179 2196 (Nested Queries with Correlation) 2196 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 1248 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
258 1213 324 (EXISTS) 324 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
582 1198 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
1 6 SJ
611 1198 2072 (is another set comparison operator, like ) 2072 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2684 1213 115 (IN) 115 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2799 1198 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1406 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1367 107 (If ) 107 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
365 1382 407 (UNIQUE) 407 SB
0 84 0 fC
772 1382 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
797 1367 1466 (is used, and * is replaced by ) 1466 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2263 1369 253 (R.bid) 253 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2516 1367 320 (, finds) 320 SB
-8 8 SJ
258 1507 2582 (sailors with at most one reservation for boat #103.) 2582 SB
258 1647 39 (\() 39 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
297 1662 407 (UNIQUE) 407 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
704 1647 2104 ( checks for duplicate tuples; * denotes all) 2104 SB
258 1787 2253 (attributes. Why do we have to replace * by ) 2253 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2511 1789 253 (R.bid) 253 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2764 1787 91 (?\)) 91 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1994 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-7 7 SJ
258 1955 2507 (Illustrates why, in general, subquery must be re-) 2507 SB
258 2095 1671 (computed for each Sailors tuple.) 1671 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
615 534 328 (SELECT ) 328 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
945 518 386 ( S.sname) 386 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
615 654 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
860 638 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
615 774 645 (WHERE EXISTS) 645 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1261 758 83 ( \() 83 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1344 774 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1651 758 89 ( *) 89 SB
6 29 SJ
615 877 725 ( ) 725 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1347 893 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
1592 877 527 ( Reserves R) 527 SB
8 29 SJ
615 997 725 ( ) 725 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1348 1013 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
1657 997 520 ( R.bid=103 ) 520 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2178 1013 198 (AND) 198 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2376 997 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 99 99 1 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2401 997 208 (S.sid) 208 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2609 997 315 (=R.sid\)) 315 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-14 7 SJ
590 380 2319 (Find names of sailors who\222ve reserved boat #103:) 2319 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
0 0 1 1 1103 -301 1 1100 300 1316 989 A
S
n
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 13 13
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 304 2419 (More on Set-Comparison Operators) 2419 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
283 673 1035 (We\222ve already seen ) 1035 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1320 688 514 (IN, EXISTS ) 514 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1836 673 227 (and ) 227 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2064 688 407 (UNIQUE) 407 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
2471 673 533 (. Can also) 533 SB
2 1 SJ
283 813 206 (use ) 206 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
9 4 SJ
491 828 1006 (NOT IN, NOT EXISTS ) 1006 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2 1 SJ
1505 813 227 (and ) 227 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
1734 828 653 (NOT UNIQUE) 653 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2389 813 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1021 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
283 982 821 (Also available: ) 821 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1104 984 111 (op) 111 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1215 982 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1244 997 225 (ANY) 225 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1469 982 58 (, ) 58 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1527 984 111 (op) 111 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1638 982 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1668 997 197 (ALL) 197 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1865 982 87 (, ) 87 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1952 984 111 (op) 111 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2063 997 140 ( IN) 140 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 1189 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 1150 2744 (Find sailors whose rating is greater than that of some) 2744 SB
-2 2 SJ
283 1290 1082 (sailor called Horatio:) 1082 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 134 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 742 219 2265 996 CB
2270 957 73 (>) 73 SB
gr
gs 742 219 2265 996 CB
2372 957 73 (<) 73 SB
gr
gs 742 219 2265 996 CB
2476 957 73 (=) 73 SB
gr
gs 742 219 2265 996 CB
2579 957 73 (\263) 73 SB
gr
gs 742 219 2265 996 CB
2681 957 73 (\243) 73 SB
gr
gs 742 219 2265 996 CB
2785 957 73 (\271) 73 SB
gr
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 119 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 742 219 2265 996 CB
2335 972 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 742 219 2265 996 CB
2437 972 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 742 219 2265 996 CB
2543 972 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 742 219 2265 996 CB
2645 972 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
gs 742 219 2265 996 CB
2747 972 33 (,) 33 SB
gr
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
415 1509 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
722 1493 89 ( *) 89 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
415 1629 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
660 1613 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
415 1749 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
724 1733 415 ( S.rating ) 415 SB
252 1 40 fC
1141 1733 85 (> ) 85 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1227 1749 189 (ANY) 189 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1416 1733 50 ( ) 50 SB
0 84 0 fC
1468 1733 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1501 1749 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1808 1733 440 ( S2.rating) 440 SB
4 43 SJ
415 1852 1075 ( ) 1075 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1493 1868 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1738 1852 472 ( Sailors S2) 472 SB
8 43 SJ
415 1972 1075 ( ) 1075 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1498 1988 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1807 1972 925 ( S2.sname=\221Horatio\222\)) 925 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
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1447 1122 1472 ( Sailors S2, Boats B2, Reserves R2) 1472 SB
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215 1242 975 ( ) 975 SB
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215 1362 1325 ( ) 1325 SB
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237 237 237 fC
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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3 36 SJ
315 1572 900 ( ) 900 SB
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7 72 SJ
315 1692 1800 ( ) 1800 SB
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32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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7 72 SJ
315 1812 1800 ( ) 1800 SB
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190 1620 855 (Sailors S such that ...) 855 SB
2 6 SJ
415 1845 1136 (there is no boat B without ...) 1136 SB
590 2070 1541 (a Reserves tuple showing S reserved B) 1541 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
207 14 48 fC
14 5 SJ
165 643 1681 (Find sailors who\222ve reserved all boats.) 1681 SB
1690 118 116 (\(1\)) 116 SB
165 1093 116 (\(2\)) 116 SB
1 #C
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EJ RS
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237 237 237 fC
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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185 185 185 fC
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2036 1324 548 (SELECT MAX) 548 SB
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4 33 SJ
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252 1 40 fC
-2 1 SJ
2415 895 568 (single column) 568 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 1 1 -51 128 1 50 125 2391 839 A
S
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0 84 0 fC
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165 1809 679 (SELECT COUNT ) 679 SB
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847 1793 33 (\() 33 SB
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32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
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32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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4 3 SJ
410 1913 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 1 SJ
165 2049 330 (WHERE ) 330 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
501 2033 646 (S.sname=\221Bob\222) 646 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
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%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 17 17
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-21 7 SJ
420 312 2450 (Find name and age of the oldest sailor\(s\)) 2450 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
258 648 1256 (The first query is illegal!) 1256 SB
258 788 993 (\(We\222ll look into the) 993 SB
-4 4 SJ
258 929 1207 (reason a bit later, when) 1207 SB
1 2 SJ
258 1069 590 (we discuss ) 590 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1 1 SJ
850 1084 508 (GROUP BY) 508 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1359 1069 68 (.\)) 68 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1276 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1237 928 (The third query is) 928 SB
-3 3 SJ
258 1377 1260 (equivalent to the second) 1260 SB
-4 4 SJ
258 1517 1249 (query, and is allowed in) 1249 SB
-2 2 SJ
258 1657 1124 (the SQL/92 standard,) 1124 SB
258 1797 1182 (but is not supported in) 1182 SB
-2 1 SJ
258 1937 743 (some systems.) 743 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1740 584 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
2047 568 461 ( S.sname, ) 461 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2513 584 199 (MAX) 199 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2712 568 320 ( \(S.age\)) 320 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1740 704 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
1985 688 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1740 909 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
2047 893 690 ( S.sname, S.age) 690 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1740 1029 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
1985 1013 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1740 1149 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
2049 1133 364 ( S.age =) 364 SB
2 14 SJ
1740 1252 383 ( \() 383 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2124 1268 569 (SELECT MAX ) 569 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2693 1252 345 (\(S2.age\)) 345 SB
3 15 SJ
1740 1372 375 ( ) 375 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2119 1388 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
2364 1372 505 ( Sailors S2\)) 505 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1765 1609 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
2072 1593 690 ( S.sname, S.age) 690 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1765 1729 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
2010 1713 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1765 1849 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
2074 1833 83 ( \() 83 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
2158 1849 569 (SELECT MAX ) 569 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2729 1833 345 (\(S2.age\)) 345 SB
3 15 SJ
1765 1952 375 ( ) 375 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2144 1968 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
2389 1952 505 ( Sailors S2\)) 505 SB
3 16 SJ
1765 2072 689 ( = S.age) 689 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 2 SJ
420 317 805 (GROUP BY ) 805 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-3 1 SJ
1219 304 293 (and ) 293 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1509 317 611 (HAVING) 611 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
270 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
383 623 2435 (So far, we\222ve applied aggregate operators to all) 2435 SB
383 763 2575 (\(qualifying\) tuples. Sometimes, we want to apply) 2575 SB
-5 5 SJ
383 904 1217 (them to each of several ) 1217 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1595 906 327 (groups) 327 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
1922 904 509 ( of tuples.) 509 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
270 1111 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
383 1072 559 (Consider: ) 559 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-8 8 SJ
940 1074 2013 (Find the age of the youngest sailor for each) 2013 SB
-5 1 SJ
383 1214 569 (rating level.) 569 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
420 1376 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 8 SJ
514 1376 2211 (In general, we don\222t know how many rating levels) 2211 SB
19 9 SJ
514 1496 2292 (exist, and what the rating values for these levels are!) 2292 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
420 1639 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 10 SJ
514 1639 2307 (Suppose we know that rating values go from 1 to 10;) 2307 SB
15 9 SJ
514 1759 1960 (we can write 10 queries that look like this \(!\):) 1960 SB
10 3 SJ
1715 1918 942 (SELECT MIN \(S.age\)) 942 SB
5 3 SJ
1715 2038 715 (FROM Sailors S) 715 SB
8 4 SJ
1715 2158 867 (WHERE S.rating = ) 867 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2590 2160 28 (i) 28 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
640 1993 173 (For ) 173 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
814 1995 28 (i) 28 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 6 SJ
842 1993 585 ( = 1, 2, ... , 10:) 585 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 19 19
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
445 287 866 (Queries With ) 866 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 123 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
1309 304 708 (GROUP BY ) 708 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
2015 287 265 (and ) 265 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 123 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2279 304 538 (HAVING) 538 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 1287 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 1248 196 (The) 196 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
479 1250 529 ( target-list ) 529 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
1006 1248 462 (contains ) 462 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-2 2 SJ
1467 1248 951 (\(i\) attribute names) 951 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
2416 1248 58 ( ) 58 SB
0 84 0 fC
-1 1 SJ
2472 1248 468 (\(ii\) terms) 468 SB
283 1388 1659 (with aggregate operations \(e.g., ) 1659 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1942 1403 234 (MIN ) 234 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2176 1388 39 (\() 39 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2215 1390 251 (S.age) 251 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2466 1388 107 (\)\).) 107 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1552 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
414 1552 191 (The ) 191 SB
32 0 0 99 99 1 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 2 SJ
606 1552 653 (attribute list \(i\)) 653 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1262 1552 25 ( ) 25 SB
0 84 0 fC
8 5 SJ
1289 1552 863 (must be a subset of ) 863 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2160 1554 534 (grouping-list) 534 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2694 1552 25 (.) 25 SB
17 7 SJ
414 1672 2081 (Intuitively, each answer tuple corresponds to a ) 2081 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2511 1674 239 (group) 239 SB
0 84 0 fC
2 1 SJ
2750 1674 50 (, ) 50 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2802 1672 168 (and) 168 SB
20 10 SJ
414 1792 2427 (these attributes must have a single value per group. \(A) 2427 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
414 1914 239 (group) 239 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
17 12 SJ
653 1912 2121 ( is a set of tuples that have the same value for all) 2121 SB
5 2 SJ
414 2032 555 (attributes in ) 555 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
974 2034 534 (grouping-list) 534 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1508 2032 58 (.\)) 58 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
1439 638 832 555 B
S
n
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
865 584 967 (SELECT [DISTINCT] ) 967 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1832 570 399 (target-list) 399 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
865 704 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 9 SJ
1110 688 225 ( ) 225 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1337 690 472 (relation-list) 472 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
865 824 477 (WHERE ) 477 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1342 810 504 (qualification) 504 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
865 943 425 (GROUP BY) 425 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1291 927 50 ( ) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1342 929 534 (grouping-list) 534 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
865 1063 480 (HAVING ) 480 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1345 1049 776 (group-qualification) 776 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
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%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
420 304 1548 (Conceptual Evaluation) 1548 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
283 623 1099 (The cross-product of ) 1099 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1379 625 556 (relation-list) 556 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
1935 623 1044 ( is computed, tuples) 1044 SB
-4 2 SJ
283 763 427 (that fail ) 427 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
706 765 592 (qualification) 592 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
1298 763 826 ( are discarded, `) 826 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2118 765 617 (unnecessary\222) 617 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 1 SJ
2735 763 313 ( fields) 313 SB
283 904 2726 (are deleted, and the remaining tuples are partitioned) 2726 SB
-8 8 SJ
283 1044 2080 (into groups by the value of attributes in ) 2080 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2355 1046 628 (grouping-list) 628 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2983 1044 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1251 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
283 1212 225 (The ) 225 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
507 1214 912 (group-qualification) 912 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-5 5 SJ
1419 1212 1437 ( is then applied to eliminate) 1437 SB
-5 5 SJ
283 1352 1534 (some groups. Expressions in ) 1534 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1812 1354 912 (group-qualification) 912 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
2724 1352 291 ( must) 291 SB
-4 2 SJ
283 1492 366 (have a ) 366 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-6 3 SJ
645 1494 1056 (single value per group) 1056 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1695 1492 33 (!) 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
320 1656 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 5 SJ
414 1656 1048 (In effect, an attribute in ) 1048 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1468 1658 776 (group-qualification) 776 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2244 1656 25 ( ) 25 SB
0 84 0 fC
4 3 SJ
2270 1656 570 (that is not an) 570 SB
13 8 SJ
414 1776 1977 (argument of an aggregate op also appears in ) 1977 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2404 1778 534 (grouping-list) 534 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2938 1776 25 (.) 25 SB
22 7 SJ
414 1896 2246 (\(SQL does not exploit primary key semantics here!\)) 2246 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 2083 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-7 7 SJ
283 2044 2716 (One answer tuple is generated per qualifying group.) 2716 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 123 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
4 12 SJ
345 244 2622 (Find the age of the youngest sailor with age 18,) 2622 SB
3 7 SJ
345 404 1602 (for each rating with at least 2 ) 1602 SB
32 0 0 133 133 1 0 0 123 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1951 404 247 (such) 247 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 123 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2198 404 381 ( sailors) 381 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 1408 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 4 SJ
258 1373 1193 (Only S.rating and S.age are) 1193 SB
8 3 SJ
258 1493 771 (mentioned in the ) 771 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1037 1509 328 (SELECT,) 328 SB
3 2 SJ
258 1629 446 (GROUP BY ) 446 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
708 1613 118 (or ) 118 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
828 1629 354 (HAVING) 354 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1182 1613 364 ( clauses;) 364 SB
6 2 SJ
258 1733 731 (other attributes `) 731 SB
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995 1735 498 (unnecessary) 498 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1493 1733 53 (\222.) 53 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1911 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 4 SJ
258 1876 1007 (2nd column of result is) 1007 SB
5 3 SJ
258 1996 719 (unnamed. \(Use ) 719 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
982 2012 109 (AS) 109 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
1091 1996 522 ( to name it.\)) 522 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
1342 638 207 680 B
S
n
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
240 709 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 4 SJ
547 693 465 ( S.rating, ) 465 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1016 709 176 (MIN) 176 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1192 693 320 ( \(S.age\)) 320 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
240 829 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
485 813 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
240 949 330 (WHERE ) 330 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
571 933 524 ( S.age >= 18) 524 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
240 1068 467 (GROUP BY ) 467 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
711 1052 340 (S.rating) 340 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
240 1188 354 (HAVING) 354 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
594 1172 50 ( ) 50 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
645 1188 309 (COUNT) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
954 1172 290 ( \(*\) > 1) 290 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
223 2 1720 621 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1943 621 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
397 2 1946 621 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2344 621 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
344 2 2347 621 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2692 621 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
285 2 2695 621 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2981 621 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
5 125 1720 624 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2 125 1943 624 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2 125 2344 624 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 2692 624 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 125 2981 624 B
1 F
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236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
217 125 1725 624 B
1 F
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gs 218 128 1725 621 CB
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1816 628 54 (d) 54 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
126 5 1743 736 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
397 125 1946 624 B
1 F
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0 84 0 fC
gs 398 128 1946 621 CB
1966 628 96 (sn) 97 SB
2063 628 47 (a) 48 SB
2111 628 82 (m) 83 SB
2194 628 47 (e) 47 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
344 125 2347 624 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 345 128 2347 621 CB
2367 628 83 (ra) 84 SB
2451 628 60 (ti) 61 SB
2512 628 108 (ng) 108 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
285 125 2695 624 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 286 128 2695 621 CB
2715 628 47 (a) 48 SB
2763 628 101 (ge) 102 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 1720 749 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
217 2 1725 749 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1943 749 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
397 2 1946 749 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2344 749 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
344 2 2347 749 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2692 749 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
285 2 2695 749 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2981 749 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 125 1720 752 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 1943 752 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 2344 752 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 2692 752 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 125 2981 752 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 218 129 1725 749 CB
1743 757 108 (22) 109 SB
gr
gs 398 129 1946 749 CB
1966 757 108 (du) 109 SB
2075 757 102 (sti) 103 SB
2178 757 54 (n) 54 SB
gr
gs 345 129 2347 749 CB
2452 757 54 (7) 54 SB
gr
gs 286 129 2695 749 CB
2715 757 108 (45) 109 SB
2824 757 27 (.) 26 SB
2850 757 54 (0) 55 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 125 1720 878 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 1943 878 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 2344 878 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 2692 878 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 125 2981 878 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 218 126 1725 878 CB
1743 882 108 (31) 109 SB
gr
gs 398 126 1946 878 CB
1966 882 84 (lu) 85 SB
2051 882 155 (bbe) 156 SB
2207 882 36 (r) 36 SB
gr
gs 345 126 2347 878 CB
2452 882 54 (8) 54 SB
gr
gs 286 126 2695 878 CB
2715 882 108 (55) 109 SB
2824 882 27 (.) 26 SB
2850 882 54 (5) 55 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 125 1720 1004 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 1943 1004 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 2344 1004 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 2692 1004 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 125 2981 1004 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 218 125 1725 1004 CB
1743 1008 108 (71) 109 SB
gr
gs 398 125 1946 1004 CB
1966 1008 47 (z) 48 SB
2014 1008 144 (orb) 145 SB
2159 1008 47 (a) 47 SB
gr
gs 345 125 2347 1004 CB
2452 1008 108 (10) 109 SB
gr
gs 286 125 2695 1004 CB
2715 1008 108 (16) 109 SB
2824 1008 27 (.) 26 SB
2850 1008 54 (0) 55 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 125 1720 1129 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 1943 1129 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 2344 1129 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 2692 1129 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 125 2981 1129 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 218 126 1725 1129 CB
1743 1134 108 (64) 109 SB
gr
gs 398 126 1946 1129 CB
1966 1134 108 (ho) 109 SB
2075 1134 83 (ra) 84 SB
2159 1134 114 (tio) 115 SB
gr
gs 345 126 2347 1129 CB
2452 1134 54 (7) 54 SB
gr
gs 286 126 2695 1129 CB
2715 1134 108 (35) 109 SB
2824 1134 27 (.) 26 SB
2850 1134 54 (0) 55 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 125 1720 1255 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 1943 1255 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 2344 1255 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 2692 1255 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 125 2981 1255 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 218 126 1725 1255 CB
1743 1260 108 (29) 109 SB
gr
gs 398 126 1946 1255 CB
1966 1260 144 (bru) 145 SB
2111 1260 126 (tus) 127 SB
gr
gs 345 126 2347 1255 CB
2452 1260 54 (1) 54 SB
gr
gs 286 126 2695 1255 CB
2715 1260 108 (33) 109 SB
2824 1260 27 (.) 26 SB
2850 1260 54 (0) 55 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 125 1720 1381 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
223 2 1720 1506 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 1943 1381 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1943 1506 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
397 2 1946 1506 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 2344 1381 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2344 1506 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
344 2 2347 1506 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 125 2692 1381 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2692 1506 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
285 2 2695 1506 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 125 2981 1381 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2981 1506 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 218 125 1725 1381 CB
1743 1385 108 (58) 109 SB
gr
gs 398 125 1946 1381 CB
1966 1385 132 (rus) 133 SB
2099 1385 82 (ty) 83 SB
gr
gs 345 125 2347 1381 CB
2452 1385 108 (10) 109 SB
gr
gs 286 125 2695 1381 CB
2715 1385 108 (35) 109 SB
2824 1385 27 (.) 26 SB
2850 1385 54 (0) 55 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
272 2 1728 1538 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 2 2001 1538 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
212 2 2003 1538 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
3 2 2216 1538 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
3 119 1728 1541 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 119 2001 1541 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
3 119 2216 1541 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
268 119 1732 1541 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 102 102 0 0 0 91 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 269 122 1732 1538 CB
1747 1545 34 (r) 28 SB
1775 1545 45 (a) 37 SB
1812 1545 28 (t) 24 SB
1836 1545 28 (i) 23 SB
1859 1545 51 (n) 43 SB
1902 1545 51 (g) 42 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
212 119 2003 1541 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 213 122 2003 1538 CB
2019 1545 45 (a) 37 SB
2056 1545 51 (g) 42 SB
2098 1545 45 (e) 38 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
3 2 1728 1660 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
268 2 1732 1660 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 2 2001 1660 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
212 2 2003 1660 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
3 2 2216 1660 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
3 119 1728 1663 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 119 2001 1663 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
3 119 2216 1663 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 269 122 1732 1660 CB
1812 1667 51 (1) 42 SB
gr
gs 213 122 2003 1660 CB
2019 1667 51 (3) 42 SB
2061 1667 51 (3) 42 SB
2103 1667 26 (.) 21 SB
2124 1667 51 (0) 43 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
3 119 1728 1782 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 119 2001 1782 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
3 119 2216 1782 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 269 120 1732 1782 CB
1812 1787 51 (7) 42 SB
gr
gs 213 120 2003 1782 CB
2019 1787 51 (4) 42 SB
2061 1787 51 (5) 42 SB
2103 1787 26 (.) 21 SB
2124 1787 51 (0) 43 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
3 119 1728 1902 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 119 2001 1902 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
3 119 2216 1902 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 269 119 1732 1902 CB
1812 1906 51 (7) 42 SB
gr
gs 213 119 2003 1902 CB
2019 1906 51 (3) 42 SB
2061 1906 51 (5) 42 SB
2103 1906 26 (.) 21 SB
2124 1906 51 (0) 43 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
3 119 1728 2021 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 119 2001 2021 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
3 119 2216 2021 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 269 120 1732 2021 CB
1812 2026 51 (8) 42 SB
gr
gs 213 120 2003 2021 CB
2019 2026 51 (5) 42 SB
2061 2026 51 (5) 42 SB
2103 2026 26 (.) 21 SB
2124 2026 51 (5) 43 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
3 119 1728 2141 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
272 2 1728 2260 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 119 2001 2141 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 2 2001 2260 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
212 2 2003 2260 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
3 119 2216 2141 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
3 2 2216 2260 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 269 119 1732 2141 CB
1812 2145 51 (1) 42 SB
1854 2145 51 (0) 42 SB
gr
gs 213 119 2003 2141 CB
2019 2145 51 (3) 42 SB
2061 2145 51 (5) 42 SB
2103 2145 26 (.) 21 SB
2124 2145 51 (0) 43 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
302 2 2419 1774 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 2 2722 1774 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
243 2 2724 1774 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 2 2968 1774 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 125 2419 1777 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 125 2722 1777 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 125 2968 1777 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
297 125 2424 1777 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 108 108 0 0 0 97 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 298 129 2424 1774 CB
2439 1781 36 (r) 31 SB
2470 1781 48 (a) 42 SB
2512 1781 30 (t) 26 SB
2538 1781 30 (i) 27 SB
2565 1781 54 (n) 47 SB
2612 1781 54 (g) 47 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
243 125 2724 1777 B
1 F
n
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
4 2 2419 1903 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
297 2 2424 1903 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 2 2722 1903 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
243 2 2724 1903 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 2 2968 1903 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 125 2419 1906 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
302 2 2419 2032 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 125 2722 1906 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 2 2722 2032 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
243 2 2724 2032 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 125 2968 1906 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 2 2968 2032 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 298 129 2424 1903 CB
2513 1910 54 (7) 47 SB
gr
gs 244 129 2724 1903 CB
2742 1910 54 (3) 47 SB
2789 1910 54 (5) 48 SB
2837 1910 27 (.) 23 SB
2860 1910 54 (0) 47 SB
gr
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2340 2120 653 (Answer relation) 653 SB
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
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gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Symbol
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 22 22
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-14 7 SJ
420 222 2236 (For each red boat, find the number of) 2236 SB
-12 3 SJ
420 402 1503 (reservations for this boat) 1503 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
320 1337 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
433 1298 2010 (Grouping over a join of three relations.) 2010 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
320 1506 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-7 7 SJ
433 1467 1551 (What do we get if we remove ) 1551 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1977 1469 619 (B.color=\221red\222) 619 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
433 1607 472 (from the ) 472 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
908 1622 392 (WHERE ) 392 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 4 SJ
1302 1607 896 (clause and add a ) 896 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2203 1622 421 (HAVING) 421 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
433 1747 1382 (clause with this condition?) 1382 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
320 1954 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
433 1915 2164 (What if we drop Sailors and the condition) 2164 SB
-1 1 SJ
433 2055 825 (involving S.sid?) 825 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
340 734 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 4 SJ
647 718 354 ( B.bid, ) 354 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1005 734 309 (COUNT) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
1314 718 599 ( \(*\) AS scount) 599 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
340 854 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
14 7 SJ
585 838 1322 ( Sailors S, Boats B, Reserves R) 1322 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
340 974 330 (WHERE ) 330 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 2 SJ
673 958 540 ( S.sid=R.sid ) 540 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1219 974 198 (AND) 198 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 2 SJ
1417 958 574 ( R.bid=B.bid ) 574 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1997 974 198 (AND) 198 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
2195 958 592 ( B.color=\221red\222) 592 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
340 1093 467 (GROUP BY ) 467 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
812 1077 229 (B.bid) 229 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 23 23
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 123 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
3 10 SJ
370 244 2637 (Find the age of the youngest sailor with age > 18,) 2637 SB
6 10 SJ
370 404 2611 (for each rating with at least 2 sailors \(of any age\)) 2611 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
195 1462 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
308 1423 370 (Shows ) 370 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
678 1438 421 (HAVING) 421 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1099 1423 1843 ( clause can also contain a subquery.) 1843 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
195 1631 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
308 1592 2624 (Compare this with the query where we considered) 2624 SB
-6 6 SJ
308 1732 1782 (only ratings with 2 sailors over 18!) 1782 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
195 1939 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
308 1900 413 (What if ) 413 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
722 1915 421 (HAVING) 421 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 4 SJ
1143 1900 1125 ( clause is replaced by:) 1125 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 2080 41 (\226) 41 SB
1 1 SJ
439 2080 684 (HAVING COUNT) 684 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1125 2064 240 (\(*\) >1) 240 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
665 584 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
972 568 50 ( ) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
1024 568 340 (S.rating) 340 SB
0 84 0 fC
2 2 SJ
1364 568 75 (, ) 75 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1441 584 176 (MIN) 176 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1617 568 320 ( \(S.age\)) 320 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
665 704 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
910 688 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
665 824 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 4 SJ
974 808 489 ( S.age > 18) 489 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
665 943 467 (GROUP BY ) 467 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1136 927 340 (S.rating) 340 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
665 1063 354 (HAVING) 354 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 6 SJ
1019 1047 293 ( 1 < \() 293 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
1314 1063 679 (SELECT COUNT ) 679 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1994 1047 105 (\(*\)) 105 SB
4 25 SJ
665 1167 625 ( ) 625 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1293 1183 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1538 1167 472 ( Sailors S2) 472 SB
6 25 SJ
665 1287 625 ( ) 625 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1297 1303 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1606 1287 50 ( ) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
1657 1287 340 (S.rating) 340 SB
0 84 0 fC
1997 1287 483 (=S2.rating\)) 483 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (4) 29 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-18 6 SJ
420 222 2442 (Find those ratings for which the average) 2442 SB
-18 6 SJ
420 402 2168 (age is the minimum over all ratings) 2168 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
195 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
308 673 2106 (Aggregate operations cannot be nested! ) 2106 SB
252 1 40 fC
2408 673 473 (WRONG) 473 SB
0 84 0 fC
2881 673 29 (:) 29 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
240 884 349 (SELECT ) 349 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
591 868 340 (S.rating) 340 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
240 1004 266 (FROM ) 266 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
508 988 397 ( Sailors S) 397 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
240 1124 330 (WHERE ) 330 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 4 SJ
571 1108 422 ( S.age = \() 422 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
997 1124 546 (SELECT MIN ) 546 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1545 1108 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1578 1124 188 (AVG) 188 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
1766 1108 453 ( \(S2.age\)\) ) 453 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2222 1124 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
2467 1108 480 ( Sailors S2\)) 480 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
265 1484 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 3 SJ
572 1468 1236 ( Temp.rating, Temp.avgage) 1236 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
265 1604 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
510 1588 83 ( \() 83 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
595 1604 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
902 1588 440 ( S.rating, ) 440 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1345 1604 188 (AVG) 188 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1533 1588 345 ( \(S.age\) ) 345 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1880 1604 109 (AS) 109 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1989 1588 338 ( avgage) 338 SB
3 13 SJ
265 1708 325 ( ) 325 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
593 1724 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
838 1708 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
5 13 SJ
265 1827 325 ( ) 325 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
595 1843 467 (GROUP BY ) 467 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1063 1827 398 (S.rating\) ) 398 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1461 1843 109 (AS) 109 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1570 1827 280 ( Temp) 280 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
265 1963 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 4 SJ
574 1947 786 ( Temp.avgage = \() 786 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
1367 1963 546 (SELECT MIN ) 546 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1918 1947 659 (\(Temp.avgage\)) 659 SB
4 44 SJ
265 2067 1100 ( ) 1100 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1369 2083 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1614 2067 338 ( Temp\)) 338 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
215 1317 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
284 1278 1546 ( Correct solution \(in SQL/92\):) 1546 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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%%Page: 25 25
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (5) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-1 1 SJ
420 304 821 (Null Values) 821 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 562 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 523 1944 (Field values in a tuple are sometimes ) 1944 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2202 525 448 (unknown) 448 SB
0 84 0 fC
2650 525 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2679 523 335 (\(e.g., a) 335 SB
-6 6 SJ
258 663 1678 (rating has not been assigned\) or ) 1678 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1930 665 567 (inapplicable) 567 SB
0 84 0 fC
-1 1 SJ
2497 665 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
2525 663 408 (\(e.g., no) 408 SB
-4 1 SJ
258 804 827 (spouse\222s name\).) 827 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 967 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 5 SJ
389 967 1295 (SQL provides a special value ) 1295 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1694 969 168 (null) 168 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
6 3 SJ
1862 967 858 ( for such situations.) 858 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1155 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1116 840 (The presence of ) 840 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1098 1118 196 (null) 196 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1294 1116 1586 ( complicates many issues. E.g.:) 1586 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1279 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 9 SJ
389 1279 2256 (Special operators needed to check if value is/is not ) 2256 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2664 1281 168 (null) 168 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2832 1279 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1423 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
389 1423 100 (Is ) 100 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
490 1425 361 (rating>8) 361 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 5 SJ
851 1423 843 ( true or false when ) 843 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1700 1425 250 (rating) 250 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 4 SJ
1950 1423 498 ( is equal to ) 498 SB
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2452 1425 168 (null) 168 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
2620 1423 333 (? What) 333 SB
2 1 SJ
389 1543 276 (about ) 276 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
5 2 SJ
667 1559 381 (AND, OR ) 381 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2 1 SJ
1052 1543 193 (and ) 193 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1247 1559 185 (NOT) 185 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2 1 SJ
1432 1543 580 ( connectives?) 580 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1687 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
389 1687 483 (We need a ) 483 SB
32 0 0 99 99 1 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
877 1687 621 (3-valued logic) 621 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1499 1687 50 ( ) 50 SB
0 84 0 fC
5 3 SJ
1552 1687 680 (\(true, false and ) 680 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2237 1689 384 (unknown) 384 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2621 1687 58 (\).) 58 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1831 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 8 SJ
389 1831 2403 (Meaning of constructs must be defined carefully. \(e.g.,) 2403 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
389 1966 330 (WHERE ) 330 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 7 SJ
722 1950 2212 (clause eliminates rows that don\222t evaluate to true.\)) 2212 SB
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295 2094 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
12 4 SJ
389 2094 1306 (New operators \(in particular, ) 1306 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 1 SJ
1707 2096 431 (outer joins) 431 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
3 1 SJ
2141 2094 820 (\) possible/needed.) 820 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 1 SJ
420 254 1049 (Embedded SQL) 1049 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
395 673 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
508 638 215 (SQL ) 215 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
723 623 2001 (commands can be called from within a) 2001 SB
1 3 SJ
508 763 1031 (host language \(e.g., ) 1031 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1540 778 70 (C) 70 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1610 763 168 ( or ) 168 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1778 778 346 (COBOL) 346 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2124 763 550 (\) program.) 550 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
545 927 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 5 SJ
639 927 1227 (SQL statements can refer to ) 1227 SB
252 1 40 fC
3 1 SJ
1881 927 608 (host variables) 608 SB
0 84 0 fC
18 6 SJ
639 1047 2189 (\(including special variables used to return status\).) 2189 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
545 1191 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 5 SJ
639 1191 1243 (Must include a statement to ) 1243 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1892 1193 310 (connect) 310 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
6 3 SJ
2202 1191 511 ( to the right) 511 SB
639 1311 411 (database.) 411 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
395 1498 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
508 1459 2383 (SQL relations are \(multi-\) sets of records, with) 2383 SB
508 1599 161 (no ) 161 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
669 1601 379 (a priori ) 379 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1048 1599 1704 (bound on the number of records.) 1704 SB
508 1739 1456 (No such data structure in C.) 1456 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
545 1903 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 6 SJ
639 1903 1590 (SQL supports a mechanism called a ) 1590 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2240 1905 258 (cursor) 258 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2 1 SJ
2498 1903 111 ( to) 111 SB
4 1 SJ
639 2023 513 (handle this.) 513 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageTrailer
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%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 254 538 (Cursors) 538 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
220 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
333 623 2208 (Can declare a cursor on a relation or query) 2208 SB
-4 4 SJ
333 763 2001 (statement \(which generates a relation\).) 2001 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
220 971 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
333 932 239 (Can ) 239 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
571 934 222 (open) 222 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-5 5 SJ
793 932 1311 ( a cursor, and repeatedly ) 1311 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2099 934 225 (fetch) 225 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
2324 932 645 ( a tuple then) 645 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
333 1074 248 (move) 248 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
581 1072 2435 ( the cursor, until all tuples have been retrieved.) 2435 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
370 1236 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 6 SJ
464 1236 1384 (Can use a special clause, called ) 1384 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
1859 1252 417 (ORDER BY) 417 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
5 3 SJ
2277 1236 678 (, in queries that) 678 SB
22 9 SJ
464 1356 2305 (are accessed through a cursor, to control the order in) 2305 SB
10 3 SJ
464 1475 1160 (which tuples are returned.) 1160 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
520 1652 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 10 SJ
595 1616 2342 (Fields in ORDER BY clause must also appear in SELECT clause.) 2342 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
370 1739 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
464 1739 191 (The ) 191 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 2 SJ
657 1755 438 (ORDER BY ) 438 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
11 6 SJ
1099 1739 1685 (clause, which orders answer tuples, is ) 1685 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2795 1741 178 (only) 178 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
13 6 SJ
464 1859 1484 (allowed in the context of a cursor.) 1484 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
220 2046 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
333 2007 2726 (Can also modify/delete tuple pointed to by a cursor.) 2726 SB
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statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
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490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
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1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
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n
145 145 145 fC
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0 84 0 fC
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175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
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420 222 2463 (Cursor that gets names of sailors who\222ve) 2463 SB
-18 6 SJ
420 402 2452 (reserved a red boat, in alphabetical order) 2452 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
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32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2385 1398 420 ( by, say,) 420 SB
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383 1540 232 (S.sid) 232 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
615 1538 351 ( in the ) 351 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
966 1569 438 (ORDER BY ) 438 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1404 1538 793 (clause! \(Why?\)) 793 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
270 1746 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
383 1707 652 (Can we add ) 652 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1035 1709 232 (S.sid) 232 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1267 1707 351 ( to the ) 351 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1618 1738 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1925 1707 578 ( clause and) 578 SB
383 1847 402 (replace ) 402 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
785 1849 394 (S.sname) 394 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1179 1847 188 ( by ) 188 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1367 1849 232 (S.sid) 232 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1599 1847 351 ( in the ) 351 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1950 1878 438 (ORDER BY ) 438 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2388 1847 374 (clause?) 374 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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240 734 1566 (EXEC SQL DECLARE sinfo CURSOR FOR) 1566 SB
540 849 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
847 833 411 ( S.sname) 411 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
540 969 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
14 7 SJ
785 953 1322 ( Sailors S, Boats B, Reserves R) 1322 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
540 1089 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 3 SJ
849 1073 565 ( S.sid=R.sid ) 565 SB
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1423 1089 198 (AND) 198 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 2 SJ
1621 1073 574 ( R.bid=B.bid ) 574 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2201 1089 198 (AND) 198 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
2399 1073 592 ( B.color=\221red\222) 592 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 3 SJ
540 1208 459 (ORDER BY ) 459 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1005 1192 361 (S.sname) 361 SB
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-5 5 SJ
420 279 2382 (Embedding SQL in C: An Example) 2382 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 67 /Courier-Bold /font9 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
520 536 850 (char SQLSTATE[6];) 850 SB
520 656 1500 (EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION) 1500 SB
520 776 2450 (char c_sname[20]; short c_minrating; float c_age;) 2450 SB
520 895 1400 (EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION) 1400 SB
520 1015 1150 (c_minrating = random\(\);) 1150 SB
520 1135 1650 (EXEC SQL DECLARE sinfo CURSOR FOR) 1650 SB
633 1255 1050 (SELECT S.sname, S.age) 1050 SB
1720 1255 700 (FROM Sailors S) 700 SB
633 1375 1450 (WHERE S.rating > :c_minrating) 1450 SB
633 1494 850 (ORDER BY S.sname;) 850 SB
520 1614 200 (do {) 200 SB
633 1734 2150 (EXEC SQL FETCH sinfo INTO :c_sname, :c_age;) 2150 SB
633 1854 2350 (printf\(\223%s is %d years old\\n\224, c_sname, c_age\);) 2350 SB
520 1974 1500 (} while \(SQLSTATE != \22102000\222\);) 1500 SB
520 2093 1050 (EXEC SQL CLOSE sinfo;) 1050 SB
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statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
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492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
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490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
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1 F
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145 145 145 fC
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1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
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0 0 0 fC
420 304 186 (Su) 185 SB
605 304 399 (mmar) 398 SB
1003 304 84 (y) 84 SB
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0 84 0 fC
195 612 69 (v) 69 SB
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308 573 2560 (An important factor in the early acceptance of the) 2560 SB
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308 713 2231 (relational model; more natural than earlier,) 2231 SB
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308 854 1487 (procedural query languages.) 1487 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
195 1061 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
308 1022 2498 (Relationally complete; in fact, significantly more) 2498 SB
-4 4 SJ
308 1162 2132 (expressive power than relational algebra.) 2132 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
195 1369 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
308 1330 2634 (Even queries that can be expressed in RA can often) 2634 SB
308 1470 1879 (be expressed more naturally in SQL.) 1879 SB
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195 1677 69 (v) 69 SB
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308 1638 2602 (Many alternative ways to write a query; optimizer) 2602 SB
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308 1779 2388 (should look for most efficient evaluation plan.) 2388 SB
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345 1942 49 (\226) 49 SB
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21 10 SJ
439 1942 2347 (In practice, users need to be aware of how queries are) 2347 SB
17 5 SJ
439 2062 1790 (optimized and evaluated for best results.) 1790 SB
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3000 2250 115 88 B
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218 218 218 fC
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16#DE/Thorn 16#DF/germandbls 16#E0/agrave 16#E1/aacute 16#E2/acircumflex
16#E3/atilde 16#E4/adieresis 16#E5/aring 16#E6/ae 16#E7/ccedilla 16#E8
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div/esc ed/BCh ed name findfont/xAscent 0 def/yAscent Ascent def/ULesc
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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185 185 185 fC
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1 F
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237 237 237 fC
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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185 185 185 fC
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145 145 145 fC
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3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
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1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
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1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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145 145 145 fC
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3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
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1 lj
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0 0 1 1 828 -651 1 825 650 1991 2014 A
S
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S
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gr
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
395 254 2492 (Constraints Over Multiple Relations) 2492 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2 4 SJ
715 485 685 (CREATE TABLE ) 685 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1402 469 295 (Sailors) 295 SB
3 3 SJ
1015 588 239 (\( sid ) 239 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1257 604 389 (INTEGER,) 389 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1015 708 334 (sname ) 334 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1351 724 409 (CHAR\(10\),) 409 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1015 828 263 (rating) 263 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1278 844 431 ( INTEGER,) 431 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1015 948 152 (age) 152 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1167 964 285 ( REAL,) 285 SB
4 3 SJ
1015 1083 616 (PRIMARY KEY ) 616 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1635 1067 222 (\(sid\),) 222 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1015 1203 298 (CHECK) 298 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1313 1187 50 ( ) 50 SB
1 1 SJ
1015 1307 91 (\( \() 91 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1107 1323 658 (SELECT COUNT ) 658 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1768 1307 299 (\(S.sid\) ) 299 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2068 1323 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
2313 1307 430 ( Sailors S\)) 430 SB
1 1 SJ
1015 1427 118 (+ \() 118 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1134 1443 658 (SELECT COUNT ) 658 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1794 1427 320 (\(B.bid\) ) 320 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2115 1443 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 5 SJ
2360 1427 699 ( Boats B\) < 100 \)) 699 SB
1015 1547 75 ( ) 75 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 758 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 1 SJ
258 723 640 (Awkward and) 640 SB
258 843 317 (wrong!) 317 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1022 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
258 987 482 (If Sailors is) 482 SB
5 1 SJ
258 1107 468 (empty, the) 468 SB
7 2 SJ
258 1226 721 (number of Boats) 721 SB
4 2 SJ
258 1346 574 (tuples can be) 574 SB
258 1466 423 (anything!) 423 SB
32 0 0 63 63 0 0 0 50 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1655 49 (v) 49 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1626 472 (ASSERTION) 472 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
730 1610 258 ( is the) 258 SB
5 1 SJ
258 1729 621 (right solution;) 621 SB
6 1 SJ
258 1849 619 (not associated) 619 SB
4 1 SJ
258 1969 479 (with either) 479 SB
258 2089 238 (table.) 238 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
4 3 SJ
1015 1684 867 (CREATE ASSERTION ) 867 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1886 1668 451 (smallClub) 451 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1015 1804 298 (CHECK) 298 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1313 1788 50 ( ) 50 SB
1 1 SJ
1015 1908 91 (\( \() 91 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1107 1924 658 (SELECT COUNT ) 658 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1768 1908 299 (\(S.sid\) ) 299 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2068 1924 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
2313 1908 430 ( Sailors S\)) 430 SB
1 1 SJ
1015 2027 118 (+ \() 118 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1134 2043 658 (SELECT COUNT ) 658 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1794 2027 320 (\(B.bid\) ) 320 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2115 2043 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 5 SJ
2360 2027 699 ( Boats B\) < 100 \)) 699 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
734 399 2132 605 B
S
n
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
2165 621 664 (Number of boats) 664 SB
2165 740 634 (plus number of ) 634 SB
2165 860 639 (sailors is < 100 ) 639 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 11 11
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 2 SJ
420 304 1555 (Inserting New Records) 1555 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 748 1198 (Single record insertion:) 1198 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
5 3 SJ
765 985 574 (INSERT INTO ) 574 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
7 4 SJ
1344 969 1366 (Sailors \(sid, sname, rating, age\)) 1366 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
765 1104 336 (VALUES) 336 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 5 SJ
1101 1088 1125 ( \(12, \221Emmanuel\222, 5, 21.0\)) 1125 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1312 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
533 1273 1328 (Multiple record insertion:) 1328 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
5 3 SJ
790 1509 574 (INSERT INTO ) 574 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
7 4 SJ
1369 1493 1366 (Sailors \(sid, sname, rating, age\)) 1366 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
790 1629 349 (SELECT ) 349 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1141 1613 627 (S.sid, S.name, ) 627 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1770 1615 168 (null) 168 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1938 1613 279 (, S.age) 279 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
790 1749 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 3 SJ
1035 1733 510 ( Students S) 510 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
790 1868 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 4 SJ
1099 1852 549 ( S.age >= 18) 549 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 80 /ZapfDingbats font
365 2083 96 (*) 96 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
461 2070 25 ( ) 25 SB
252 1 40 fC
486 2070 128 (An) 128 SB
32 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
614 2086 340 ( INSERT ) 340 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
954 2070 1939 (command that causes an IC violation is rejected.) 1939 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 12 12
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
420 304 1159 (Deleting Records) 1159 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
295 762 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
408 723 2391 (Can delete all tuples that satisfy condition in a) 2391 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
408 878 392 (WHERE ) 392 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
803 863 351 (clause:) 351 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1265 1010 319 (DELETE) 319 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1584 994 50 ( ) 50 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1265 1129 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
1510 1113 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1265 1249 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 4 SJ
1574 1233 440 ( S.rating ) 440 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2017 1249 329 (IS NULL) 329 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
295 1512 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 6 SJ
408 1473 1890 (Example deletes all unrated sailors; ) 1890 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2300 1488 367 (WHERE) 367 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-7 7 SJ
408 1613 2524 (clause can contain nested queries etc., in general.) 2524 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
295 1821 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-8 8 SJ
408 1784 2162 (What should be done when a deletion causes a) 2162 SB
-10 5 SJ
408 1924 1735 (violation of a foreign key constraint?) 1735 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 13 13
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 1 SJ
395 304 1289 (Modifying Records) 1289 SB
32 0 0 63 63 0 0 0 50 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
245 718 49 (v) 49 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
358 689 346 (UPDATE) 346 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 1 SJ
704 673 25 ( ) 25 SB
0 84 0 fC
4 1 SJ
733 673 674 (command used) 674 SB
9 3 SJ
358 793 806 (to modify fields of) 806 SB
6 1 SJ
358 913 663 (existing tuples.) 663 SB
32 0 0 63 63 0 0 0 50 /ZapfDingbats font
245 1102 49 (v) 49 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
358 1073 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 3 SJ
667 1057 753 ( clause is applied) 753 SB
10 2 SJ
358 1176 881 (first and determines) 881 SB
11 3 SJ
358 1296 927 (fields to be modified.) 927 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
358 1432 146 (SET) 146 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
9 2 SJ
504 1416 810 ( clause determines) 810 SB
4 1 SJ
358 1536 522 (new values.) 522 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
245 1714 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
12 4 SJ
358 1679 1078 (If field being modified is) 1078 SB
12 3 SJ
358 1799 991 (also used to determine) 991 SB
7 4 SJ
358 1919 1048 (new value, value on rhs) 1048 SB
1 1 SJ
358 2039 96 (is ) 96 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
456 2041 122 (old) 122 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2 1 SJ
578 2039 292 ( value.) 292 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2015 160 346 (UPDATE) 346 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
2361 144 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
2015 279 167 (SET ) 167 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
2185 263 848 ( S.rating=S.rating-1) 848 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2015 399 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 4 SJ
2324 383 489 ( S.age < 15) 489 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
185 1 1819 586 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 1 2005 586 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
307 1 2007 586 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 1 2315 586 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
287 1 2318 586 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 1 2605 586 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
233 1 2608 586 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 1 2842 586 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 129 1819 588 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 129 2005 588 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1 129 2315 588 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1 129 2605 588 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 129 2842 588 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
180 104 1823 588 B
1 F
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32 0 0 90 90 0 0 0 81 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
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gs 182 108 1823 586 CB
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1899 592 45 (d) 45 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
105 4 1838 682 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
180 24 1823 694 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
307 104 2007 588 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 308 108 2007 586 CB
2024 592 80 (sn) 81 SB
2105 592 149 (ame) 150 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
307 24 2007 694 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
287 104 2318 588 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 287 108 2318 586 CB
2335 592 95 (rat) 96 SB
2431 592 70 (in) 71 SB
2502 592 44 (g) 45 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
287 24 2318 694 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
233 104 2608 588 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 234 108 2608 586 CB
2625 592 84 (ag) 86 SB
2711 592 40 (e) 40 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
233 24 2608 694 B
1 F
n
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
4 1 1819 718 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
180 1 1823 718 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1 1 2005 718 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
307 1 2007 718 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1 1 2315 718 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
287 1 2318 718 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1 1 2605 718 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
233 1 2608 718 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
4 1 2842 718 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
4 125 1819 721 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1 125 2005 721 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1 125 2315 721 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1 125 2605 721 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
4 125 2842 721 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 182 108 1823 718 CB
1838 725 90 (22) 91 SB
gr
gs 308 108 2007 718 CB
2024 725 90 (du) 91 SB
2115 725 60 (st) 61 SB
2176 725 70 (in) 71 SB
gr
gs 287 108 2318 718 CB
2406 725 45 (7) 45 SB
gr
gs 234 108 2608 718 CB
2625 725 90 (45) 91 SB
2716 725 23 (.) 22 SB
2738 725 45 (0) 46 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
4 113 1819 847 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1 113 2005 847 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1 113 2315 847 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1 113 2605 847 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 113 2842 847 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 182 105 1823 847 CB
1838 851 90 (31) 91 SB
gr
gs 308 105 2007 847 CB
2024 851 70 (lu) 71 SB
2095 851 90 (bb) 91 SB
2186 851 70 (er) 70 SB
gr
gs 287 105 2318 847 CB
2406 851 45 (8) 45 SB
gr
gs 234 105 2608 847 CB
2625 851 90 (55) 91 SB
2716 851 23 (.) 22 SB
2738 851 45 (5) 46 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
4 114 1819 961 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 114 2005 961 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 114 2315 961 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1 114 2605 961 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
4 114 2842 961 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 182 105 1823 961 CB
1838 965 90 (62) 91 SB
gr
gs 308 105 2007 961 CB
2024 965 75 (ru) 76 SB
2100 965 102 (sty) 105 SB
gr
gs 287 105 2318 961 CB
2406 965 45 (8) 45 SB
gr
gs 234 105 2608 961 CB
2625 965 90 (25) 91 SB
2716 965 23 (.) 22 SB
2738 965 45 (0) 46 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
4 114 1819 1076 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
185 1 1819 1192 B
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1882 1616 52 (d) 53 SB
1935 1616 92 (us) 93 SB
2028 1616 29 (t) 30 SB
2058 1616 81 (in) 82 SB
gr
gs 279 125 2211 1609 CB
2230 1616 52 (4) 53 SB
2283 1616 130 (5.0) 131 SB
gr
gs 465 125 2493 1609 CB
2511 1616 52 (1) 53 SB
2564 1616 81 (0/) 82 SB
2646 1616 52 (1) 53 SB
2699 1616 81 (0/) 82 SB
2781 1616 104 (96) 105 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
4 132 1859 1741 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 132 2209 1741 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 132 2490 1741 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 132 2958 1741 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 344 122 1865 1741 CB
1882 1746 87 (ru) 88 SB
1970 1746 40 (s) 41 SB
2011 1746 81 (ty) 81 SB
gr
gs 279 122 2211 1741 CB
2230 1746 52 (2) 53 SB
2283 1746 130 (5.0) 131 SB
gr
gs 465 122 2493 1741 CB
2511 1746 52 (1) 53 SB
2564 1746 81 (2/) 82 SB
2646 1746 52 (1) 53 SB
2699 1746 81 (5/) 82 SB
2781 1746 104 (96) 105 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
4 132 1859 1874 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 132 2209 1874 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 132 2490 1874 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 132 2958 1874 B
1 F
n
204 204 204 fC
/fm 256 def
343 121 1865 1874 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 344 122 1865 1874 CB
1882 1878 87 (ru) 88 SB
1970 1878 40 (s) 41 SB
2011 1878 81 (ty) 81 SB
gr
204 204 204 fC
/fm 256 def
343 10 1865 1996 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
278 121 2211 1874 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 279 122 2211 1874 CB
2230 1878 52 (2) 53 SB
2283 1878 130 (5.0) 131 SB
gr
204 204 204 fC
/fm 256 def
278 10 2211 1996 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
464 121 2493 1874 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 465 122 2493 1874 CB
2511 1878 52 (1) 53 SB
2564 1878 81 (1/) 82 SB
2646 1878 52 (1) 53 SB
2699 1878 81 (2/) 82 SB
2781 1878 104 (96) 105 SB
gr
204 204 204 fC
/fm 256 def
464 10 2493 1996 B
1 F
n
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
4 132 1859 2007 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 132 2209 2007 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 132 2490 2007 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 132 2958 2007 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 344 122 1865 2007 CB
1882 2011 87 (ru) 88 SB
1970 2011 40 (s) 41 SB
2011 2011 81 (ty) 81 SB
gr
gs 279 122 2211 2007 CB
2230 2011 52 (3) 53 SB
2283 2011 130 (5.0) 131 SB
gr
gs 465 122 2493 2007 CB
2511 2011 52 (1) 53 SB
2564 2011 81 (2/) 82 SB
2646 2011 52 (1) 53 SB
2699 2011 81 (5/) 82 SB
2781 2011 104 (96) 105 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
4 132 1859 2139 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
348 2 1859 2272 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 132 2209 2139 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2209 2272 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
278 2 2211 2272 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 132 2490 2139 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2490 2272 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
464 2 2493 2272 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 132 2958 2139 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 2 2958 2272 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 344 122 1865 2139 CB
1882 2144 87 (ru) 88 SB
1970 2144 40 (s) 41 SB
2011 2144 81 (ty) 81 SB
gr
gs 279 122 2211 2139 CB
2230 2144 52 (3) 53 SB
2283 2144 130 (5.0) 131 SB
gr
gs 465 122 2493 2139 CB
2511 2144 52 (1) 53 SB
2564 2144 81 (1/) 82 SB
2646 2144 52 (1) 53 SB
2699 2144 81 (2/) 82 SB
2781 2144 104 (96) 105 SB
gr
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2990 1468 77 (A) 77 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 1 SJ
420 279 1150 (Updatable Views) 1150 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 573 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 538 350 (SQL/92) 350 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
633 523 1726 ( only allows updates to views on ) 1726 SB
252 1 40 fC
2359 523 638 (single tables) 638 SB
0 84 0 fC
-1 1 SJ
283 663 267 (with ) 267 SB
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
549 663 749 (no aggregates.) 749 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
7 4 SJ
665 860 638 (CREATE VIEW ) 638 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1309 844 1300 (YoungSailors \(sid, age,rating\)) 1300 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 5 SJ
965 979 521 (AS SELECT ) 521 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1489 963 877 (S.sid, S.age, S.rating) 877 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
965 1099 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
1210 1083 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
965 1219 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 4 SJ
1274 1203 489 ( S.age < 18) 489 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1362 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 1323 2695 (Each view tuple generated from exactly one tuple in) 2695 SB
-5 5 SJ
283 1463 2724 (underlying relation; so any update/delete command) 2724 SB
-6 6 SJ
283 1604 1320 (on the view can be easily ) 1320 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1597 1606 477 (translated) 477 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
2074 1604 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
2102 1604 882 (onto the relation.) 882 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1811 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-7 7 SJ
283 1772 2241 (Should insertion of \(94, 22.0, 7\) be allowed?) 2241 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 84 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1966 88 (\227) 88 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
414 1940 429 (Adding ) 429 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
843 1971 920 (WITH CHECK OPTION ) 920 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1763 1940 1287 (to view definition would) 1287 SB
-5 5 SJ
414 2080 1997 (disallow this \(otherwise, it is allowed\).) 1997 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 20 20
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
420 304 1323 (Views and Security) 1323 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
370 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
483 623 2032 (Views can be used to present necessary) 2032 SB
-5 5 SJ
483 763 2165 (information \(or a summary\), while hiding) 2165 SB
-3 3 SJ
483 904 1665 (details in underlying relation\(s\).) 1665 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
520 1067 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 6 SJ
614 1067 2111 (Given ActiveSailors, but not Sailors or Reserves,) 2111 SB
15 8 SJ
614 1187 2068 (we can find sailors who have a reservation, but) 2068 SB
4 2 SJ
614 1307 331 (not the ) 331 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
949 1309 124 (bid) 124 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 6 SJ
1073 1307 1532 (\222s of boats that have been reserved.) 1532 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
370 1494 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
483 1455 225 (The ) 225 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
708 1486 716 (GRANT/REVOKE ) 716 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1424 1455 1336 (commands can be used to) 1336 SB
-5 5 SJ
483 1595 1912 (control access to relations and views.) 1912 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
370 1802 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
483 1763 2346 (Together with the ability to define views, this) 2346 SB
-5 5 SJ
483 1904 2057 (provides a very powerful access control) 2057 SB
483 2044 211 (mec) 210 SB
693 2044 68 (h) 69 SB
762 2044 59 (a) 58 SB
820 2044 152 (nis) 151 SB
971 2044 132 (m.) 132 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 21 21
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 317 528 (GRANT) 528 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-8 2 SJ
948 304 335 ( and ) 335 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-8 2 SJ
1275 317 1403 (REVOKE of Privileges) 1403 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 623 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 4 SJ
258 588 1364 (GRANT INSERT, SELECT ON) 1364 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 4 SJ
1627 573 464 ( Sailors ) 464 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2097 588 139 (TO) 139 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
2236 573 460 ( Horatio) 460 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 737 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 8 SJ
389 737 2112 (Horatio can query Sailors or insert tuples into it.) 2112 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 935 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 4 SJ
258 900 1000 (GRANT DELETE ON ) 1000 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1263 885 406 (Sailors ) 406 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1672 900 139 (TO) 139 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1811 885 412 ( Yuppy) 412 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 2 SJ
258 1025 1079 (WITH GRANT OPTION) 1079 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1169 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 10 SJ
389 1169 2615 (Yuppy can delete tuples, and also authorize others to do so.) 2615 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1367 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
258 1332 824 (GRANT UPDATE ) 824 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1084 1317 39 (\() 39 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1123 1319 294 (rating) 294 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1417 1317 68 (\) ) 68 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1486 1332 160 (ON) 160 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 4 SJ
1646 1317 464 ( Sailors ) 464 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2112 1332 139 (TO) 139 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
2251 1317 410 ( Dustin) 410 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1481 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 5 SJ
389 1481 1283 (Dustin can update \(only\) the ) 1283 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1682 1483 250 (rating) 250 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 4 SJ
1932 1481 975 ( field of Sailors tuples.) 975 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1679 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
258 1644 960 (GRANT SELECT ON ) 960 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1221 1629 743 (ActiveSailors ) 743 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1966 1644 139 (TO) 139 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
2105 1629 835 ( Guppy, Yuppy) 835 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1793 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 9 SJ
389 1793 2547 (This does NOT allow the \221uppies to query Sailors directly!) 2547 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1991 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
258 1956 407 (REVOKE) 407 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
665 1941 87 (: ) 87 SB
0 84 0 fC
3 8 SJ
753 1941 2084 (When a privilege is revoked from X, it is) 2084 SB
258 2081 1984 (also revoked from all users who got it ) 1984 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2242 2083 269 (solely) 269 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2511 2081 417 ( from X.) 417 SB
1 #C
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%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 6 SJ
420 304 2094 (Security to the Level of a Field!) 2094 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 748 2293 (Can create a view that only returns one field) 2293 SB
533 888 1094 (of one tuple. \(How?\)) 1094 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1096 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
533 1057 2231 (Then grant access to that view accordingly.) 2231 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1264 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
533 1225 578 (Allows for ) 578 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1109 1227 427 (arbitrary) 427 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
1536 1225 1141 ( granularity of control) 1141 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1389 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 4 SJ
664 1389 1031 (A bit clumsy to specify.) 1031 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1533 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 6 SJ
664 1533 1414 (Can be hidden under a good UI.) 1414 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
420 304 1695 (Summary of SQL\222s DDL) 1695 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
245 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
358 673 2386 (DDL supports creation of relations, views and) 2386 SB
358 813 2535 (indexes. Tables can also be altered \(by adding or) 2535 SB
358 954 1297 (dropping fields and ICs\).) 1297 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
245 1161 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-7 7 SJ
358 1122 2531 (Views can be queried just like ordinary relations,) 2531 SB
358 1262 2404 (but only limited forms of updates are allowed.) 2404 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
245 1469 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
358 1430 225 (The ) 225 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
584 1445 904 (GRANT / REVOKE ) 904 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1491 1430 1344 (commands for controlling) 1344 SB
358 1570 2559 (privileges \(ability to read or modify a relation\), in) 2559 SB
-5 5 SJ
358 1710 2266 (conjunction with views, provide a powerful) 2266 SB
-4 4 SJ
358 1850 2033 (security and access control mechanism.) 2033 SB
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237 237 237 fC
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206 206 206 fC
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1 F
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218 218 218 fC
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1 F
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185 185 185 fC
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1 F
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175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (4) 29 SB
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420 304 1283 (Summary \(Contd.\)) 1283 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
395 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
508 673 2011 (Many kinds of integrity constraints are) 2011 SB
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508 813 1138 (supported in SQL/92.) 1138 SB
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545 977 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 5 SJ
639 977 2099 (Domain constraints, primary and candidate key) 2099 SB
18 5 SJ
639 1097 2213 (specification, foreign keys, and general constraints) 2213 SB
12 4 SJ
639 1217 1180 (over one or more relations.) 1180 SB
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545 1361 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 5 SJ
639 1361 1999 (Foreign key constraints, in particular, interact) 1999 SB
22 7 SJ
639 1481 2131 (closely with insert / delete / modify commands,) 2131 SB
19 7 SJ
639 1600 2224 (and users have several choices wrt this interaction.) 2224 SB
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statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
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REVOKE ) 904 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1491 1430 1344 (commands for controlling) 1344 SB
358 1570 2559 (privileges \(ability to read or modify a relation\), in) 2559 SB
-5 5 SJ
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ld/cp/closepath ld/ARC/arcn ld/TR{65536 div}bd/lj/setlinejoin ld/lc
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def/sc{scignore{pop pop pop}{0 index 2 index eq 2 index 4 index eq
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/FC{bR bG bB sc}bd/fC{/bB ed/bG ed/bR ed}bd/HC{hR hG hB sc}bd/hC{
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matrix def/PenW 1 def/iPen 5 def/mxF matrix def/mxE matrix def/mxUE
matrix def/mxUF matrix def/fBE false def/iDevRes 72 0 matrix defaultmatrix
dtransform dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt def/fPP false def/SS{fPP{
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def/FEglyph(G )def/FE{1 exch{dup 16 FEbuf cvrs FEglyph exch 1 exch
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16#0/grave 16#1/acute 16#2/circumflex 16#3/tilde 16#4/macron 16#5/breve
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16#C0/Agrave 16#C1/Aacute 16#C2/Acircumflex 16#C3/Atilde 16#C4/Adieresis
16#C5/Aring 16#C6/AE 16#C7/Ccedilla 16#C8/Egrave 16#C9/Eacute 16#CA
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16#CF/Idieresis 16#D0/Eth 16#D1/Ntilde 16#D2/Ograve 16#D3/Oacute 16#D4
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16#D9/Ugrave 16#DA/Uacute 16#DB/Ucircumflex 16#DC/Udieresis 16#DD/Yacute
16#DE/Thorn 16#DF/germandbls 16#E0/agrave 16#E1/aacute 16#E2/acircumflex
16#E3/atilde 16#E4/adieresis 16#E5/aring 16#E6/ae 16#E7/ccedilla 16#E8
/egrave 16#E9/eacute 16#EA/ecircumflex 16#EB/edieresis 16#EC/igrave
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16#FC/udieresis 16#FD/yacute 16#FE/thorn 16#FF/ydieresis ] def/reencdict
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-7 1 SJ
727 922 1783 (Query-by-Example \(QBE\)) 1783 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
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1101 1373 1031 (Module 3, Lecture 6) 1031 SB
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207 14 48 fC
13 5 SJ
841 1694 1507 (Example is the school of mankind,) 1507 SB
11 7 SJ
907 1813 1377 (and they will learn at no other. ) 1377 SB
10 3 SJ
953 1933 1286 (-- Edmund Burke \(1729-1797\)) 1286 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
420 304 762 (QBE: Intro) 762 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
533 748 1656 (A \223GUI\224 for expressing queries.) 1656 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 912 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 3 SJ
664 912 824 (Based on the DRC!) 824 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1056 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 3 SJ
664 1056 1366 (Actually invented before GUIs.) 1366 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1200 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 4 SJ
664 1200 1559 (Very convenient for simple queries.) 1559 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1344 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 3 SJ
664 1344 1364 (Awkward for complex queries.) 1364 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1531 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 1492 1241 (QBE an IBM trademark.) 1241 SB
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570 1656 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 4 SJ
664 1656 1458 (But has influenced many projects) 1458 SB
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570 1799 49 (\226) 49 SB
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16 5 SJ
664 1799 2028 (Especially PC Databases: Paradox, Access, etc.) 2028 SB
1 #C
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1 F
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237 237 237 fC
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n
/fm 256 def
5 131 2355 670 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
410 131 616 670 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 113 113 0 0 0 101 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 411 132 616 670 CB
634 675 114 (Sa) 115 SB
749 675 31 (i) 32 SB
781 675 31 (l) 32 SB
813 675 101 (or) 102 SB
915 675 44 (s) 45 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
232 131 1030 670 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 113 113 0 0 0 101 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 233 132 1030 670 CB
1051 675 44 (s) 45 SB
1096 675 31 (i) 32 SB
1128 675 57 (d) 57 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
133 5 1051 788 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
387 131 1266 670 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 387 132 1266 670 CB
1287 675 44 (s) 45 SB
1332 675 107 (na) 108 SB
1440 675 88 (m) 87 SB
1527 675 50 (e) 51 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
363 131 1656 670 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 365 132 1656 670 CB
1678 675 119 (rat) 120 SB
1798 675 31 (i) 33 SB
1831 675 114 (ng) 114 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
330 131 2024 670 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 331 132 2024 670 CB
2045 675 50 (a) 51 SB
2096 675 107 (ge) 107 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 610 802 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
410 2 616 802 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1027 802 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
232 2 1030 802 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1263 802 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
387 2 1266 802 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1653 802 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
363 2 1656 802 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2021 802 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
330 2 2024 802 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2355 802 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 610 805 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1027 805 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1263 805 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1653 805 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 2021 805 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 2355 805 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 387 136 1266 802 CB
1287 810 91 (P.) 91 SB
gr
gs 331 136 2024 802 CB
2045 810 149 (< 3) 150 SB
2195 810 57 (0) 57 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 131 610 938 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1027 938 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1263 938 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1653 938 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 2021 938 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 2355 938 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 387 132 1266 938 CB
1287 943 91 (P.) 91 SB
gr
gs 331 132 2024 938 CB
2045 943 149 (> 2) 150 SB
2195 943 57 (0) 57 SB
gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
220 537 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
333 498 1765 (Names of sailors younger than 30 ) 1765 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2098 500 98 (or) 98 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2196 498 738 ( older than 20:) 738 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
220 1112 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
333 1073 1765 (Names of sailors younger than 30 ) 1765 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2092 1075 176 (and) 176 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
2268 1073 738 ( older than 20:) 738 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 131 610 1270 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1027 1270 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1263 1270 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1653 1270 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 2021 1270 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 2355 1270 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
410 131 616 1270 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 113 113 0 0 0 101 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 411 132 616 1270 CB
634 1275 114 (Sa) 115 SB
749 1275 31 (i) 32 SB
781 1275 31 (l) 32 SB
813 1275 101 (or) 102 SB
915 1275 44 (s) 45 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
232 131 1030 1270 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 113 113 0 0 0 101 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 233 132 1030 1270 CB
1051 1275 44 (s) 45 SB
1096 1275 31 (i) 32 SB
1128 1275 57 (d) 57 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
133 5 1051 1388 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
387 131 1266 1270 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 387 132 1266 1270 CB
1287 1275 44 (s) 45 SB
1332 1275 107 (na) 108 SB
1440 1275 88 (m) 87 SB
1527 1275 50 (e) 51 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
363 131 1656 1270 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 365 132 1656 1270 CB
1678 1275 119 (rat) 120 SB
1798 1275 31 (i) 33 SB
1831 1275 114 (ng) 114 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
330 131 2024 1270 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 331 132 2024 1270 CB
2045 1275 50 (a) 51 SB
2096 1275 107 (ge) 107 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 610 1402 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
410 2 616 1402 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1027 1402 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
232 2 1030 1402 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1263 1402 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
387 2 1266 1402 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1653 1402 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
363 2 1656 1402 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2021 1402 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
330 2 2024 1402 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2355 1402 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 610 1405 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1027 1405 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1263 1405 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1653 1405 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 2021 1405 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 2355 1405 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 233 136 1030 1402 CB
1051 1410 152 (_Id) 153 SB
gr
gs 387 136 1266 1402 CB
1287 1410 91 (P.) 91 SB
gr
gs 331 136 2024 1402 CB
2045 1410 149 (< 3) 150 SB
2195 1410 57 (0) 57 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 131 610 1538 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1027 1538 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1263 1538 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1653 1538 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 2021 1538 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 2355 1538 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 233 132 1030 1538 CB
1051 1543 152 (_Id) 153 SB
gr
gs 387 132 1266 1538 CB
1287 1543 91 (P.) 91 SB
gr
gs 331 132 2024 1538 CB
2045 1543 149 (> 2) 150 SB
2195 1543 57 (0) 57 SB
gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
270 1762 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
383 1723 1765 (Names of sailors younger than 30 ) 1765 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2142 1725 176 (and) 176 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
2318 1723 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
2346 1725 323 (rating ) 323 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
2668 1723 188 (> 4:) 188 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 131 610 1895 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1027 1895 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1263 1895 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1653 1895 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 2020 1895 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 2355 1895 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
410 131 616 1895 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 113 113 0 0 0 101 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 411 132 616 1895 CB
634 1900 114 (Sa) 115 SB
749 1900 31 (i) 32 SB
781 1900 31 (l) 32 SB
813 1900 101 (or) 102 SB
915 1900 44 (s) 44 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
232 131 1030 1895 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 113 113 0 0 0 101 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 233 132 1030 1895 CB
1051 1900 44 (s) 45 SB
1096 1900 31 (i) 32 SB
1128 1900 57 (d) 57 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
133 5 1051 2013 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
387 131 1266 1895 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 387 132 1266 1895 CB
1287 1900 44 (s) 45 SB
1332 1900 107 (na) 108 SB
1440 1900 88 (m) 87 SB
1527 1900 50 (e) 50 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
363 131 1656 1895 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 364 132 1656 1895 CB
1678 1900 119 (rat) 120 SB
1798 1900 31 (i) 33 SB
1831 1900 114 (ng) 114 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
330 131 2023 1895 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 332 132 2023 1895 CB
2045 1900 50 (a) 51 SB
2096 1900 107 (ge) 107 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 610 2027 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
410 2 616 2027 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1027 2027 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
232 2 1030 2027 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1263 2027 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
387 2 1266 2027 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1653 2027 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
363 2 1656 2027 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2020 2027 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
330 2 2023 2027 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2355 2027 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 610 2030 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1027 2030 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1263 2030 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1653 2030 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 2020 2030 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 2355 2030 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 233 135 1030 2027 CB
1051 2035 152 (_Id) 153 SB
gr
gs 387 135 1266 2027 CB
1287 2035 91 (P.) 91 SB
gr
gs 364 135 1656 2027 CB
1767 2035 149 (> 4) 150 SB
gr
gs 332 135 2023 2027 CB
2045 2035 149 (< 3) 150 SB
2195 2035 57 (0) 57 SB
gr
0 lc
0 lj
188 55 0 pC
6 4 SP
796 399 2161 109 B
S
n
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
207 14 48 fC
7 1 SJ
2195 122 673 (Note: MiniQBE) 673 SB
4 3 SJ
2195 242 645 (uses a slightly ) 645 SB
7 1 SJ
2195 362 719 (different syntax!) 719 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 6 6
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 304 223 (Du) 222 SB
642 304 439 (plicate) 438 SB
1080 304 65 (s) 66 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 131 635 995 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1052 995 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1288 995 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1678 995 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 2046 995 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 2380 995 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
410 131 641 995 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 113 113 0 0 0 101 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 411 132 641 995 CB
659 1000 114 (Sa) 115 SB
774 1000 31 (i) 32 SB
806 1000 31 (l) 32 SB
838 1000 101 (or) 102 SB
940 1000 44 (s) 44 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
232 131 1055 995 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 113 113 0 0 0 101 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 233 132 1055 995 CB
1076 1000 44 (s) 45 SB
1121 1000 31 (i) 32 SB
1153 1000 57 (d) 57 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
133 5 1076 1113 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
387 131 1291 995 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 387 132 1291 995 CB
1312 1000 44 (s) 45 SB
1357 1000 107 (na) 108 SB
1465 1000 88 (m) 87 SB
1552 1000 50 (e) 51 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
363 131 1681 995 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 365 132 1681 995 CB
1703 1000 119 (rat) 120 SB
1823 1000 31 (i) 33 SB
1856 1000 114 (ng) 114 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
330 131 2049 995 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 331 132 2049 995 CB
2070 1000 50 (a) 51 SB
2121 1000 107 (ge) 107 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 635 1127 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
410 2 641 1127 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1052 1127 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
232 2 1055 1127 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1288 1127 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
387 2 1291 1127 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1678 1127 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
363 2 1681 1127 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2046 1127 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
330 2 2049 1127 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2380 1127 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 635 1130 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1052 1130 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1288 1130 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1678 1130 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 2046 1130 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 2380 1130 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 411 135 641 1127 CB
659 1135 164 (UN) 163 SB
822 1135 110 (Q.) 110 SB
gr
gs 387 135 1291 1127 CB
1312 1135 91 (P.) 91 SB
gr
gs 331 135 2049 1127 CB
2070 1135 149 (< 3) 150 SB
2220 1135 57 (0) 57 SB
gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
220 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
333 650 785 (Single row with ) 785 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
1115 648 1653 (P: Duplicates not eliminated by) 1653 SB
-6 6 SJ
333 788 2326 (default; can force elimination by using UNQ.) 2326 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 131 660 1720 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1077 1720 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1313 1720 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1703 1720 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 2071 1720 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 2405 1720 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
410 131 666 1720 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 113 113 0 0 0 101 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 411 132 666 1720 CB
684 1725 114 (Sa) 115 SB
799 1725 31 (i) 32 SB
831 1725 31 (l) 32 SB
863 1725 101 (or) 102 SB
965 1725 44 (s) 45 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
232 131 1080 1720 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 113 113 0 0 0 101 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 233 132 1080 1720 CB
1101 1725 44 (s) 45 SB
1146 1725 31 (i) 32 SB
1178 1725 57 (d) 57 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
133 5 1101 1838 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
387 131 1316 1720 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 387 132 1316 1720 CB
1337 1725 44 (s) 45 SB
1382 1725 107 (na) 108 SB
1490 1725 88 (m) 87 SB
1577 1725 50 (e) 51 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
363 131 1706 1720 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 365 132 1706 1720 CB
1728 1725 119 (rat) 120 SB
1848 1725 31 (i) 33 SB
1881 1725 114 (ng) 114 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
330 131 2074 1720 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 331 132 2074 1720 CB
2095 1725 50 (a) 51 SB
2146 1725 107 (ge) 107 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 660 1852 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
410 2 666 1852 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1077 1852 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
232 2 1080 1852 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1313 1852 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
387 2 1316 1852 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1703 1852 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
363 2 1706 1852 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2071 1852 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
330 2 2074 1852 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2405 1852 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 660 1855 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1077 1855 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1313 1855 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1703 1855 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 2071 1855 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 2405 1855 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 411 136 666 1852 CB
684 1860 248 (ALL.) 248 SB
gr
gs 233 136 1080 1852 CB
1101 1860 152 (_Id) 153 SB
gr
gs 387 136 1316 1852 CB
1337 1860 91 (P.) 91 SB
gr
gs 331 136 2074 1852 CB
2095 1860 149 (< 3) 150 SB
2245 1860 57 (0) 57 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 131 660 1988 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1077 1988 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1313 1988 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 1703 1988 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 131 2071 1988 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 2405 1988 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 233 132 1080 1988 CB
1101 1993 152 (_Id) 153 SB
gr
gs 387 132 1316 1988 CB
1337 1993 91 (P.) 91 SB
gr
gs 331 132 2074 1988 CB
2095 1993 149 (> 2) 150 SB
2245 1993 57 (0) 57 SB
gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
270 1412 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
383 1375 948 (Multiple rows with ) 948 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
1328 1373 1454 (P: Duplicates eliminated by) 1454 SB
-6 6 SJ
383 1513 2351 (default! Can avoid elimination by using ALL.) 2351 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 7 7
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
420 304 840 (Join Queries) 840 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 139 659 1120 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1101 1120 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1351 1120 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1764 1120 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2153 1120 B
1 F
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1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
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1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 9 9
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
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136 5 1299 1607 B
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n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
250 134 1540 1486 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 251 135 1540 1486 CB
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1652 1491 58 (d) 58 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
148 5 1561 1607 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
534 134 1794 1486 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 535 135 1794 1486 CB
1843 1491 109 (da) 110 SB
1953 1491 58 (y) 57 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
166 5 1843 1607 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 753 1621 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
516 2 759 1621 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1276 1621 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
257 2 1279 1621 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1537 1621 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
250 2 1540 1621 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1791 1621 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
534 2 1794 1621 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2329 1621 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 142 753 1624 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 142 1276 1624 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 142 1537 1624 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 142 1791 1624 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 142 2329 1624 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 258 139 1279 1621 CB
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gr
gs 251 139 1540 1621 CB
1561 1629 135 (_B) 136 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 142 753 1768 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 142 1276 1768 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 142 1537 1768 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 142 1791 1768 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 142 2329 1768 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 258 135 1279 1768 CB
1299 1772 155 (_Id) 155 SB
gr
gs 251 135 1540 1768 CB
1561 1772 135 (_B) 136 SB
gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
195 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-7 7 SJ
308 648 2541 (Names and ages of sailors who\222ve reserved some) 2541 SB
308 788 2245 (boat that is also reserved by the sailor with ) 2245 SB
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2553 790 138 (sid) 138 SB
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2691 788 276 ( = 22:) 276 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 10 10
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
420 304 1323 (Unnamed Columns) 1323 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 139 256 1280 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 697 1280 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 964 1280 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1377 1280 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1763 1280 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2033 1280 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2385 1280 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2987 1280 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
434 139 262 1280 B
1 F
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32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 435 140 262 1280 CB
282 1285 60 (S) 61 SB
343 1285 60 (a) 61 SB
404 1285 66 (il) 67 SB
471 1285 60 (o) 61 SB
532 1285 46 (r) 48 SB
580 1285 46 (s) 47 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
263 139 700 1280 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 264 140 700 1280 CB
723 1285 46 (s) 47 SB
770 1285 33 (i) 34 SB
804 1285 60 (d) 61 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
141 5 723 1405 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
409 139 967 1280 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 410 140 967 1280 CB
989 1285 46 (s) 47 SB
1036 1285 60 (n) 61 SB
1097 1285 53 (a) 54 SB
1151 1285 93 (m) 92 SB
1243 1285 53 (e) 54 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
382 139 1380 1280 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 383 140 1380 1280 CB
1402 1285 93 (ra) 94 SB
1496 1285 33 (t) 34 SB
1530 1285 33 (i) 34 SB
1564 1285 120 (ng) 121 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
267 139 1766 1280 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 267 140 1766 1280 CB
1788 1285 53 (a) 54 SB
1842 1285 113 (ge) 114 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
347 139 2037 1280 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
598 139 2388 1280 B
1 F
n
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 256 1420 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
434 2 262 1420 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 697 1420 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
263 2 700 1420 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 964 1420 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
409 2 967 1420 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1377 1420 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
382 2 1380 1420 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2 2 1763 1420 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
267 2 1766 1420 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2033 1420 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
347 2 2037 1420 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2385 1420 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
598 2 2388 1420 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2987 1420 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 256 1423 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 697 1423 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 964 1423 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1377 1423 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1763 1423 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2033 1423 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2385 1423 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2987 1423 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 264 143 700 1420 CB
723 1428 60 (_) 61 SB
784 1428 100 (Id) 101 SB
gr
gs 410 143 967 1420 CB
989 1428 66 (P) 67 SB
1056 1428 30 (.) 30 SB
gr
gs 383 143 1380 1420 CB
1497 1428 60 (_) 61 SB
1558 1428 79 (R) 80 SB
gr
gs 267 143 1766 1420 CB
1788 1428 60 (_) 61 SB
1849 1428 86 (A) 86 SB
gr
gs 348 143 2037 1420 CB
2058 1428 66 (P) 67 SB
2125 1428 90 (._) 91 SB
2216 1428 86 (D) 86 SB
gr
gs 599 143 2388 1420 CB
2410 1428 66 (P) 67 SB
2477 1428 130 (.\(_) 131 SB
2608 1428 79 (R) 80 SB
2688 1428 33 (/) 34 SB
2722 1428 60 (_) 61 SB
2783 1428 126 (A\)) 126 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 134 753 1711 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 134 1276 1711 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 134 1537 1711 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 134 1791 1711 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 134 2329 1711 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
516 134 759 1711 B
1 F
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32 0 0 115 115 0 0 0 103 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 517 135 759 1711 CB
778 1716 121 (Re) 122 SB
900 1716 96 (se) 97 SB
997 1716 96 (rv) 97 SB
1094 1716 96 (es) 97 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
257 134 1279 1711 B
1 F
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32 0 0 115 115 0 0 0 103 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 258 135 1279 1711 CB
1299 1716 45 (s) 46 SB
1345 1716 90 (id) 91 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
136 5 1299 1831 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
250 134 1540 1711 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 251 135 1540 1711 CB
1561 1716 90 (bi) 91 SB
1652 1716 58 (d) 58 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
148 5 1561 1831 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
534 134 1794 1711 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 535 135 1794 1711 CB
1843 1716 109 (da) 110 SB
1953 1716 58 (y) 57 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
166 5 1843 1831 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 753 1846 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
516 2 759 1846 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1276 1846 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
257 2 1279 1846 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1537 1846 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
250 2 1540 1846 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1791 1846 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
534 2 1794 1846 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2329 1846 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 142 753 1849 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 142 1276 1849 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 142 1537 1849 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 142 1791 1849 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 142 2329 1849 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 258 138 1279 1846 CB
1299 1854 96 (_I) 97 SB
1396 1854 58 (d) 58 SB
gr
gs 535 138 1794 1846 CB
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gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
195 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
308 648 2137 (Useful if we want to print the result of an) 2137 SB
308 788 2633 (expression, or print fields from 2 or more relations.) 2633 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 952 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 9 SJ
439 952 1971 (QBE allows P. to appear in at most one table!) 1971 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
951 279 2082 205 B
S
n
207 14 48 fC
6 1 SJ
2115 218 720 (MiniQBE allows) 720 SB
7 3 SJ
2115 338 875 (P. in multiple tables) 875 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 11 11
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
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0 0 0 fC
-4 1 SJ
420 304 1243 (\223Negative Tables\224) 1243 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
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533 748 2233 (Can place a negation marker in the relation) 2233 SB
533 888 150 (col) 149 SB
682 888 271 (umn:) 271 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 139 709 1045 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1151 1045 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1401 1045 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1814 1045 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2203 1045 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2474 1045 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
434 139 715 1045 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 436 140 715 1045 CB
735 1050 60 (S) 61 SB
796 1050 93 (ai) 94 SB
890 1050 33 (l) 34 SB
924 1050 60 (o) 61 SB
985 1050 46 (r) 47 SB
1032 1050 46 (s) 48 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
246 139 1154 1045 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 247 140 1154 1045 CB
1176 1050 46 (s) 47 SB
1223 1050 33 (i) 34 SB
1257 1050 60 (d) 61 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
141 5 1176 1170 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
410 139 1404 1045 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 410 140 1404 1045 CB
1426 1050 46 (s) 47 SB
1473 1050 60 (n) 61 SB
1534 1050 53 (a) 54 SB
1588 1050 93 (m) 92 SB
1680 1050 53 (e) 54 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
385 139 1817 1045 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 386 140 1817 1045 CB
1840 1050 93 (ra) 94 SB
1934 1050 33 (t) 34 SB
1968 1050 33 (i) 34 SB
2002 1050 120 (ng) 121 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
267 139 2206 1045 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 268 140 2206 1045 CB
2229 1050 53 (a) 54 SB
2283 1050 113 (ge) 114 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 709 1185 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
434 2 715 1185 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1151 1185 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
246 2 1154 1185 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1401 1185 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
410 2 1404 1185 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1814 1185 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
385 2 1817 1185 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2203 1185 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
267 2 2206 1185 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2474 1185 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 709 1188 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1151 1188 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1401 1188 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1814 1188 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2203 1188 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2474 1188 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 247 143 1154 1185 CB
1176 1193 60 (_) 61 SB
1237 1193 100 (Id) 101 SB
gr
gs 410 143 1404 1185 CB
1426 1193 66 (P) 67 SB
1493 1193 156 (._S) 157 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 134 772 1395 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 134 1294 1395 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 134 1556 1395 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 134 1810 1395 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 134 2347 1395 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
515 134 778 1395 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 115 115 0 0 0 103 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 516 135 778 1395 CB
797 1400 121 (Re) 122 SB
919 1400 96 (se) 97 SB
1016 1400 96 (rv) 97 SB
1113 1400 96 (es) 97 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
257 134 1297 1395 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 115 115 0 0 0 103 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 259 135 1297 1395 CB
1318 1400 45 (s) 46 SB
1364 1400 90 (id) 91 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
136 5 1318 1515 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
250 134 1559 1395 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 251 135 1559 1395 CB
1579 1400 90 (bi) 91 SB
1670 1400 58 (d) 58 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
148 5 1579 1515 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
533 134 1813 1395 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 534 135 1813 1395 CB
1861 1400 109 (da) 110 SB
1971 1400 58 (y) 57 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
166 5 1861 1515 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 772 1530 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
515 2 778 1530 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1294 1530 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
257 2 1297 1530 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1556 1530 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
250 2 1559 1530 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1810 1530 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
533 2 1813 1530 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2347 1530 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 142 772 1533 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 142 1294 1533 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 142 1556 1533 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 142 1810 1533 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 142 2347 1533 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 259 138 1297 1530 CB
1318 1538 96 (_I) 97 SB
1415 1538 58 (d) 58 SB
gr
gs 251 138 1559 1530 CB
1579 1538 135 (_B) 136 SB
gr
32 0 0 223 223 0 0 0 225 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 609 226 913 1536 CB
939 1423 159 (\330) 122 SB
gr
0 lc
0 lj
188 55 0 pC
6 4 SP
511 518 2557 1580 B
S
n
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
207 14 48 fC
2590 1593 240 (Note:) 240 SB
2590 1713 408 (MiniQBE) 408 SB
4 1 SJ
2590 1833 437 (uses NOT) 437 SB
2 1 SJ
2590 1952 203 (or ~.) 203 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
445 1812 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
558 1773 1704 (Variables appearing in a negated) 1704 SB
-6 6 SJ
558 1913 1828 (table must also appear in a positive) 1828 SB
558 2054 97 (ta) 96 SB
654 2054 188 (ble!) 187 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Symbol
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 12 12
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 304 121 (A) 120 SB
540 304 168 (gg) 167 SB
707 304 214 (reg) 213 SB
920 304 195 (ate) 194 SB
1114 304 65 (s) 65 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 139 281 1090 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 722 1090 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 988 1090 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1401 1090 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1988 1090 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2258 1090 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2894 1090 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
433 139 287 1090 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 435 140 287 1090 CB
307 1095 60 (S) 61 SB
368 1095 93 (ai) 94 SB
462 1095 33 (l) 34 SB
496 1095 60 (o) 61 SB
557 1095 46 (r) 47 SB
604 1095 46 (s) 48 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
263 139 725 1090 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 263 140 725 1090 CB
747 1095 46 (s) 47 SB
794 1095 33 (i) 34 SB
828 1095 60 (d) 61 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
141 5 747 1215 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
409 139 991 1090 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 410 140 991 1090 CB
1014 1095 46 (s) 47 SB
1061 1095 60 (n) 61 SB
1122 1095 53 (a) 54 SB
1176 1095 93 (m) 92 SB
1268 1095 53 (e) 54 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
583 139 1404 1090 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 584 140 1404 1090 CB
1427 1095 93 (ra) 94 SB
1521 1095 33 (t) 34 SB
1555 1095 33 (i) 34 SB
1589 1095 120 (ng) 121 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
266 139 1991 1090 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 267 140 1991 1090 CB
2013 1095 53 (a) 54 SB
2067 1095 113 (ge) 114 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
632 139 2261 1090 B
1 F
n
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 281 1230 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
433 2 287 1230 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 722 1230 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
263 2 725 1230 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 988 1230 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
409 2 991 1230 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1401 1230 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
583 2 1404 1230 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1988 1230 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
266 2 1991 1230 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2258 1230 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
632 2 2261 1230 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2894 1230 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 281 1233 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 722 1233 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 988 1233 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1401 1233 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1988 1233 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2258 1233 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2894 1233 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 263 143 725 1230 CB
747 1238 60 (_) 61 SB
808 1238 100 (Id) 101 SB
gr
gs 410 143 991 1230 CB
1014 1238 116 (G.) 116 SB
gr
gs 584 143 1404 1230 CB
1522 1238 182 (G.P) 183 SB
1705 1238 116 (.A) 117 SB
1822 1238 86 (O) 86 SB
gr
gs 267 143 1991 1230 CB
2013 1238 60 (_) 61 SB
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gr
gs 633 143 2261 1230 CB
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2730 1238 86 (A) 86 SB
gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
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4 2 SJ
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7 4 SJ
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0 84 0 fC
295 762 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 6 SJ
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32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 906 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 2 SJ
389 906 463 (Also have ) 463 SB
252 1 40 fC
3 1 SJ
859 906 536 (AVG.UNQ. ) 536 SB
0 84 0 fC
13 4 SJ
1399 906 1464 (etc. to force duplicate elimination) 1464 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1487 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 13 13
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
420 304 1044 (Conditions Box) 1044 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 139 309 1320 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 751 1320 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1001 1320 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1414 1320 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1803 1320 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2074 1320 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
434 139 315 1320 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 436 140 315 1320 CB
335 1325 60 (S) 61 SB
396 1325 93 (ai) 94 SB
490 1325 33 (l) 34 SB
524 1325 60 (o) 61 SB
585 1325 46 (r) 47 SB
632 1325 46 (s) 48 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
246 139 754 1320 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 247 140 754 1320 CB
776 1325 46 (s) 47 SB
823 1325 33 (i) 34 SB
857 1325 60 (d) 61 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
141 5 776 1445 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
410 139 1004 1320 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 410 140 1004 1320 CB
1026 1325 46 (s) 47 SB
1073 1325 60 (n) 61 SB
1134 1325 53 (a) 54 SB
1188 1325 93 (m) 92 SB
1280 1325 53 (e) 54 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
385 139 1417 1320 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 386 140 1417 1320 CB
1440 1325 93 (ra) 94 SB
1534 1325 33 (t) 34 SB
1568 1325 33 (i) 34 SB
1602 1325 120 (ng) 121 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
267 139 1806 1320 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 268 140 1806 1320 CB
1829 1325 53 (a) 54 SB
1883 1325 113 (ge) 114 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 309 1460 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
434 2 315 1460 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 751 1460 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
246 2 754 1460 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1001 1460 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
410 2 1004 1460 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1414 1460 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
385 2 1417 1460 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1803 1460 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
267 2 1806 1460 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2074 1460 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 309 1463 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 751 1463 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1001 1463 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1414 1463 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1803 1463 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2074 1463 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 386 143 1417 1460 CB
1535 1468 182 (G.P) 183 SB
1718 1468 30 (.) 30 SB
gr
gs 268 143 1806 1460 CB
1829 1468 60 (_) 61 SB
1890 1468 86 (A) 86 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 134 2153 1311 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 134 2958 1311 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
798 134 2159 1311 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 115 115 0 0 0 103 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 799 135 2159 1311 CB
2178 1316 243 (CON) 244 SB
2422 1316 191 (DIT) 192 SB
2614 1316 204 (ION) 205 SB
2819 1316 64 (S) 64 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 2153 1446 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
798 2 2159 1446 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2958 1446 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 142 2153 1449 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 142 2958 1449 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 799 138 2159 1446 CB
2178 1454 249 (AVG) 250 SB
2428 1454 29 (.) 28 SB
2456 1454 58 (_) 59 SB
2515 1454 322 (A > 30) 322 SB
gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
220 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
333 623 2441 (Used to express conditions involving 2 or more) 2441 SB
-4 4 SJ
333 763 1400 (columns, e.g., _R/_A > 0.2.) 1400 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
220 971 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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1 3 SJ
333 1072 711 (similar to the ) 711 SB
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1046 1087 421 (HAVING) 421 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
1467 1072 764 ( clause in SQL:) 764 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
270 1687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
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32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 139 134 1870 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 576 1870 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 826 1870 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1239 1870 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1628 1870 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 1899 1870 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
434 139 140 1870 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 436 140 140 1870 CB
160 1875 60 (S) 61 SB
221 1875 93 (ai) 94 SB
315 1875 33 (l) 34 SB
349 1875 60 (o) 61 SB
410 1875 46 (r) 47 SB
457 1875 46 (s) 48 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
246 139 579 1870 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 247 140 579 1870 CB
601 1875 46 (s) 47 SB
648 1875 33 (i) 34 SB
682 1875 60 (d) 61 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
141 5 601 1995 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
410 139 829 1870 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 410 140 829 1870 CB
851 1875 46 (s) 47 SB
898 1875 60 (n) 61 SB
959 1875 53 (a) 54 SB
1013 1875 93 (m) 92 SB
1105 1875 53 (e) 54 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
385 139 1242 1870 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 386 140 1242 1870 CB
1265 1875 93 (ra) 94 SB
1359 1875 33 (t) 34 SB
1393 1875 33 (i) 34 SB
1427 1875 120 (ng) 121 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
267 139 1631 1870 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 268 140 1631 1870 CB
1654 1875 53 (a) 54 SB
1708 1875 113 (ge) 114 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 134 2010 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
434 2 140 2010 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 576 2010 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
246 2 579 2010 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 826 2010 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
410 2 829 2010 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1239 2010 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
385 2 1242 2010 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1628 2010 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
267 2 1631 2010 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 1899 2010 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 134 2013 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 576 2013 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 826 2013 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1239 2013 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1628 2013 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 1899 2013 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 410 143 829 2010 CB
851 2018 66 (P) 67 SB
918 2018 30 (.) 30 SB
gr
gs 268 143 1631 2010 CB
1654 2018 60 (_) 61 SB
1715 2018 86 (A) 86 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 124 1945 1863 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 124 3053 1863 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
1101 124 1951 1863 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 107 107 0 0 0 96 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 1102 125 1951 1863 CB
1970 1868 71 (C) 79 SB
2049 1868 77 (O) 84 SB
2133 1868 77 (N) 85 SB
2218 1868 77 (D) 84 SB
2302 1868 36 (I) 40 SB
2342 1868 65 (T) 71 SB
2413 1868 36 (I) 39 SB
2452 1868 77 (O) 85 SB
2537 1868 77 (N) 85 SB
2622 1868 60 (S) 65 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 1945 1988 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1101 2 1951 1988 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 3053 1988 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 1945 1991 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 131 3053 1991 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 1102 128 1951 1988 CB
1970 1995 54 (2) 59 SB
2029 1995 54 (0) 60 SB
2089 1995 27 ( ) 29 SB
2118 1995 60 (<) 66 SB
2184 1995 27 ( ) 30 SB
2214 1995 54 (_) 59 SB
2273 1995 77 (A) 85 SB
2358 1995 27 ( ) 29 SB
gr
32 0 0 91 91 0 0 0 81 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
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gr
32 0 0 107 107 0 0 0 96 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
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2778 1995 27 ( ) 29 SB
2807 1995 60 (<) 67 SB
2874 1995 27 ( ) 29 SB
2903 1995 54 (3) 59 SB
2962 1995 54 (0) 60 SB
gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 14 14
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (4) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-5 5 SJ
420 304 2505 (Find sailors who\222ve reserved all boats) 2505 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 139 535 895 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 975 895 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1454 895 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1866 895 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2251 895 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2525 895 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
432 139 541 895 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 434 140 541 895 CB
561 900 60 (S) 61 SB
622 900 93 (ai) 94 SB
716 900 33 (l) 34 SB
750 900 60 (o) 61 SB
811 900 46 (r) 48 SB
859 900 46 (s) 47 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
476 139 978 895 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 476 140 978 895 CB
999 900 46 (s) 47 SB
1046 900 33 (i) 34 SB
1080 900 60 (d) 61 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
141 5 999 1020 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
408 139 1458 895 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 408 140 1458 895 CB
1479 900 46 (s) 47 SB
1526 900 60 (n) 61 SB
1587 900 53 (a) 54 SB
1641 900 93 (m) 92 SB
1733 900 53 (e) 54 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
381 139 1869 895 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 382 140 1869 895 CB
1892 900 93 (ra) 94 SB
1986 900 33 (t) 34 SB
2020 900 33 (i) 34 SB
2054 900 120 (ng) 121 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
270 139 2254 895 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 271 140 2254 895 CB
2277 900 53 (a) 54 SB
2331 900 113 (ge) 114 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 535 1035 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
432 2 541 1035 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 975 1035 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
476 2 978 1035 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1454 1035 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
408 2 1458 1035 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1866 1035 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
381 2 1869 1035 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2251 1035 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
270 2 2254 1035 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2525 1035 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 535 1038 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 975 1038 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1454 1038 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1866 1038 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2251 1038 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2525 1038 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 476 143 978 1035 CB
999 1043 66 (P) 67 SB
1066 1043 206 (.G._) 207 SB
1273 1043 100 (Id) 101 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 132 1578 1238 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 132 2899 1238 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
1315 132 1583 1238 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 114 114 0 0 0 102 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 1316 133 1583 1238 CB
1601 1243 76 (C) 74 SB
1675 1243 82 (O) 79 SB
1754 1243 82 (N) 80 SB
1834 1243 82 (D) 79 SB
1913 1243 38 (I) 37 SB
1950 1243 70 (T) 67 SB
2017 1243 38 (I) 37 SB
2054 1243 82 (O) 79 SB
2133 1243 82 (N) 80 SB
2213 1243 63 (S) 61 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 1578 1371 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1315 2 1583 1371 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2899 1371 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 140 1578 1374 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 140 2899 1374 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 1316 137 1583 1371 CB
1601 1379 76 (C) 74 SB
1675 1379 82 (O) 79 SB
1754 1379 82 (U) 80 SB
1834 1379 82 (N) 79 SB
1913 1379 70 (T) 67 SB
1980 1379 29 (.) 27 SB
2007 1379 57 (_) 56 SB
2063 1379 76 (B) 74 SB
2137 1379 57 (1) 56 SB
2193 1379 64 (=) 62 SB
2255 1379 29 ( ) 27 SB
2282 1379 76 (C) 74 SB
2356 1379 82 (O) 80 SB
2436 1379 82 (U) 79 SB
2515 1379 82 (N) 79 SB
2594 1379 70 (T) 68 SB
2662 1379 29 (.) 27 SB
2689 1379 57 (_) 56 SB
2745 1379 76 (B) 73 SB
2818 1379 57 (2) 56 SB
gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
220 637 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
333 598 2343 (A division query; need aggregates \(or update) 2343 SB
333 738 2557 (operations, as we will see later\) to do this in QBE.) 2557 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 144 143 1228 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 144 698 1228 B
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382 2 1756 986 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2139 986 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
269 2 2142 986 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2411 986 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 637 989 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1077 989 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1341 989 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1753 989 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2139 989 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2411 989 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 261 144 1080 986 CB
1101 994 60 (_) 61 SB
1162 994 100 (Id) 101 SB
gr
gs 383 144 1756 986 CB
1873 994 158 (< 4) 158 SB
gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
220 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
333 648 1989 (Delete all reservations for sailors with ) 1989 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2316 650 294 (rating) 294 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
2610 648 188 ( < 4) 188 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 143 812 1213 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 143 1369 1213 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 143 1643 1213 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 143 1912 1213 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 143 2225 1213 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
549 143 819 1213 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 123 123 0 0 0 110 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 550 144 819 1213 CB
839 1218 178 (Res) 179 SB
1018 1218 213 (erve) 214 SB
1232 1218 48 (s) 48 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
270 143 1372 1213 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 123 123 0 0 0 110 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 271 144 1372 1213 CB
1394 1218 48 (s) 49 SB
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gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
145 5 1394 1341 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
265 143 1646 1213 B
1 F
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0 84 0 fC
gs 266 144 1646 1213 CB
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1766 1218 62 (d) 63 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
159 5 1669 1341 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
309 143 1915 1213 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 310 144 1915 1213 CB
1966 1218 180 (day) 179 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
178 5 1966 1341 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 812 1357 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
549 2 819 1357 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1369 1357 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
270 2 1372 1357 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1643 1357 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
265 2 1646 1357 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1912 1357 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
309 2 1915 1357 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 2 2225 1357 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 152 812 1360 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 152 1369 1360 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 152 1643 1360 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 152 1912 1360 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 152 2225 1360 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 550 147 819 1357 CB
839 1366 120 (D.) 120 SB
gr
gs 271 147 1372 1357 CB
1394 1366 103 (_I) 104 SB
1498 1366 62 (d) 62 SB
gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
245 1662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
358 1623 1861 (Increment the age of the sailor with ) 1861 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2219 1625 167 (sid ) 167 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2386 1623 218 (= 74) 218 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 139 660 1823 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1100 1823 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1344 1823 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1756 1823 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2 139 2141 1823 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2636 1823 B
1 F
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236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
432 139 666 1823 B
1 F
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32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 434 140 666 1823 CB
686 1828 60 (S) 61 SB
747 1828 93 (ai) 94 SB
841 1828 33 (l) 34 SB
875 1828 60 (o) 61 SB
936 1828 46 (r) 47 SB
983 1828 46 (s) 48 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
240 139 1103 1823 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 241 140 1103 1823 CB
1124 1828 46 (s) 47 SB
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gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
141 5 1124 1948 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
409 139 1347 1823 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 409 140 1347 1823 CB
1369 1828 46 (s) 47 SB
1416 1828 60 (n) 61 SB
1477 1828 53 (a) 54 SB
1531 1828 93 (m) 92 SB
1623 1828 53 (e) 54 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
381 139 1759 1823 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 382 140 1759 1823 CB
1781 1828 93 (ra) 94 SB
1875 1828 33 (t) 34 SB
1909 1828 33 (i) 34 SB
1943 1828 120 (ng) 121 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
491 139 2144 1823 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 492 140 2144 1823 CB
2167 1828 53 (a) 54 SB
2221 1828 113 (ge) 114 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 660 1963 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
432 2 666 1963 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1100 1963 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
240 2 1103 1963 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1344 1963 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
409 2 1347 1963 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1756 1963 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
381 2 1759 1963 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2141 1963 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
491 2 2144 1963 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2636 1963 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 660 1966 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1100 1966 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1344 1966 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1756 1966 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2141 1966 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2636 1966 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 241 143 1103 1963 CB
1124 1971 60 (7) 61 SB
1185 1971 60 (4) 60 SB
gr
gs 492 143 2144 1963 CB
2167 1971 176 (U._) 177 SB
2344 1971 86 (A) 87 SB
2431 1971 127 (+1) 128 SB
gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 17 17
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 304 2357 (Restrictions on Update Commands) 2357 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
220 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
333 648 2589 (Cannot mix I., D. and U. in a single example table,) 2589 SB
333 788 1557 (or combine them with P. or G.) 1557 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
220 996 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-7 7 SJ
333 957 2698 (Cannot insert, update or modify tuples using values) 2698 SB
333 1097 2275 (from fields of other tuples in the same table.) 2275 SB
333 1237 2281 (Example of an update that violates this rule:) 2281 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 139 610 1448 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1050 1448 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1294 1448 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1707 1448 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2092 1448 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2587 1448 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
432 139 616 1448 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 120 120 0 0 0 107 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
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gs 434 140 616 1448 CB
636 1453 60 (S) 61 SB
697 1453 93 (ai) 94 SB
791 1453 33 (l) 34 SB
825 1453 60 (o) 61 SB
886 1453 47 (r) 48 SB
934 1453 47 (s) 47 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
240 139 1053 1448 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 120 120 0 0 0 107 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 241 140 1053 1448 CB
1075 1453 80 (si) 81 SB
1156 1453 60 (d) 61 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
141 5 1075 1573 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
409 139 1297 1448 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 410 140 1297 1448 CB
1320 1453 107 (sn) 108 SB
1428 1453 53 (a) 54 SB
1482 1453 93 (m) 92 SB
1574 1453 53 (e) 54 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
381 139 1710 1448 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 382 140 1710 1448 CB
1731 1453 93 (ra) 94 SB
1825 1453 33 (t) 34 SB
1859 1453 33 (i) 34 SB
1893 1453 120 (ng) 121 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
491 139 2095 1448 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 492 140 2095 1448 CB
2118 1453 53 (a) 54 SB
2172 1453 113 (ge) 114 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 610 1588 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
432 2 616 1588 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1050 1588 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
240 2 1053 1588 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1294 1588 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
409 2 1297 1588 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1707 1588 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
381 2 1710 1588 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2092 1588 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
491 2 2095 1588 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2587 1588 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 610 1591 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1050 1591 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1294 1591 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1707 1591 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2092 1591 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2587 1591 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 410 143 1297 1588 CB
1320 1596 93 (jo) 94 SB
1414 1596 120 (hn) 121 SB
gr
gs 492 143 2095 1588 CB
2118 1596 60 (_) 61 SB
2179 1596 87 (A) 86 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 139 610 1731 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1050 1731 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1294 1731 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1707 1731 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2092 1731 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2587 1731 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 410 140 1297 1731 CB
1320 1736 93 (jo) 94 SB
1414 1736 53 (e) 53 SB
gr
gs 492 140 2095 1731 CB
2118 1736 87 (U) 86 SB
2204 1736 90 (._) 91 SB
2295 1736 215 (A+1) 215 SB
gr
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 3 SJ
890 1968 827 (Should we update ) 827 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1723 1970 217 (every) 217 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
1940 1968 450 ( Joe\222s age?) 450 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
890 2090 263 (Which) 263 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 5 SJ
1153 2088 1176 ( John\222s age should we use?) 1176 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 18 18
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-24 6 SJ
195 237 2836 (Find sailors who\222ve reserved all boats \(Again!\)) 2836 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 139 734 970 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1176 970 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1426 970 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1839 970 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2228 970 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2499 970 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
434 139 740 970 B
1 F
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32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
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gs 436 140 740 970 CB
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821 975 93 (ai) 94 SB
915 975 33 (l) 34 SB
949 975 60 (o) 61 SB
1010 975 46 (r) 47 SB
1057 975 46 (s) 48 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
246 139 1179 970 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 247 140 1179 970 CB
1201 975 46 (s) 47 SB
1248 975 33 (i) 34 SB
1282 975 60 (d) 61 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
141 5 1201 1095 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
410 139 1429 970 B
1 F
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0 84 0 fC
gs 410 140 1429 970 CB
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1705 975 53 (e) 54 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
385 139 1842 970 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 386 140 1842 970 CB
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1959 975 33 (t) 34 SB
1993 975 33 (i) 34 SB
2027 975 120 (ng) 121 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
267 139 2231 970 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 268 140 2231 970 CB
2254 975 53 (a) 54 SB
2308 975 113 (ge) 114 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 734 1110 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
434 2 740 1110 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1176 1110 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
246 2 1179 1110 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1426 1110 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
410 2 1429 1110 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1839 1110 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
385 2 1842 1110 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2228 1110 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
267 2 2231 1110 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2499 1110 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 734 1113 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2 139 1176 1113 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2 139 1426 1113 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 1839 1113 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 139 2228 1113 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 139 2499 1113 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 247 143 1179 1110 CB
1201 1118 60 (_) 61 SB
1262 1118 100 (Id) 101 SB
gr
gs 410 143 1429 1110 CB
1451 1118 66 (P) 67 SB
1518 1118 156 (._S) 157 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 134 1522 1320 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 134 2044 1320 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2 134 2306 1320 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 134 2560 1320 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 134 3097 1320 B
1 F
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236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
515 134 1528 1320 B
1 F
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1669 1325 96 (se) 97 SB
1766 1325 96 (rv) 97 SB
1863 1325 96 (es) 97 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
257 134 2047 1320 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 115 115 0 0 0 103 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 259 135 2047 1320 CB
2068 1325 45 (s) 46 SB
2114 1325 90 (id) 91 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
136 5 2068 1440 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
250 134 2309 1320 B
1 F
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0 84 0 fC
gs 251 135 2309 1320 CB
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188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
148 5 2329 1440 B
1 F
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236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
533 134 2563 1320 B
1 F
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0 84 0 fC
gs 534 135 2563 1320 CB
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gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
166 5 2611 1440 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 1522 1455 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
515 2 1528 1455 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2044 1455 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
257 2 2047 1455 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2306 1455 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
250 2 2309 1455 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2560 1455 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
533 2 2563 1455 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 3097 1455 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 142 1522 1458 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 142 2044 1458 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 142 2306 1458 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 142 2560 1458 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 142 3097 1458 B
1 F
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0 84 0 fC
gs 259 138 2047 1455 CB
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2165 1463 58 (d) 58 SB
gr
gs 251 138 2309 1455 CB
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gr
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
245 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
358 648 2470 (We want to find sailors _Id such that there is no) 2470 SB
358 788 1791 (boat _B that is not reserved by _Id:) 1791 SB
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/fm 256 def
5 128 162 1320 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 128 512 1320 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 128 752 1320 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 128 1144 1320 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 128 1466 1320 B
1 F
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236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
344 128 167 1320 B
1 F
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gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
236 128 515 1320 B
1 F
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gs 237 129 515 1320 CB
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592 1325 86 (id) 87 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
142 5 536 1435 B
1 F
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236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
388 128 755 1320 B
1 F
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0 84 0 fC
gs 389 129 755 1320 CB
776 1325 55 (b) 56 SB
832 1325 55 (n) 56 SB
888 1325 133 (am) 134 SB
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gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
318 128 1147 1320 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 319 129 1147 1320 CB
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gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 162 1449 B
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01c0fff6c00080ffc00000fcc00000fec00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec0ff0001c000fcc0000080c0f2c000ffefc00080ddc000fffec00080e1c000fffec00080e5c000fffec00080dbc000fffec00080e0c000fffec00080dcc000fffec00080e2c000ffe9c000fffe80ffc0018000
01c0fff6c00080ffc00000fbc00000fec0fd00fdc0fd00fdc0fe0003c000c000fcc0000080c0f2c000ffefc00080ddc000fffec00080e1c000fffec00080e5c000fffec00080dbc000fffec00080e0c000fffec00080dcc000fffec00080e2c000ffe8c000ffff80ffc0018000
01c0fff6c00080ffc00000fbc00000eac0000080c0eac000ffefc00080ddc000fffec00080e1c000fffec00080e5c000fffec00080dbc000fffec00080e0c000fffec00080dcc000fffec00080e2c000ffe7c001ff80ffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 2141 CB
save 215 2141 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0fff6c00080ffc00000fcc00000e9c0000080c0eac000ffefc00080ddc000fffec00080e1c000fffec00080e5c000fffec00080dbc000fffec00080e0c000fffec00080dcc000fffec00080e2c000ffe6c000ffffc0018000
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01c0ffffc0018000aec00200c0fffcc0ff00fcc0038000c0fff5c07f8000ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc07fffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc060ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc000fffdc0ff00fbc0018000f1c00000fbc000ffffc0018000
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01c0ffffc0018000aec00200c0fffec0fd00fcc0038000c0fff5c07f8000ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc07fffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc060ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc000fffdc0fd00fdc0018000f1c00000fbc000ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 2042 CB
save 215 2042 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
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01c0ffffc0018000aec00200c0fffcc0ff00fcc0038000c0fff5c07f8000ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc07fffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc060ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc000fffdc0ff00fbc0018000f1c00000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00200c0fffbc00000fcc0038000c0fff5c07f8000c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff7fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff63c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0fffdc00000fac0018000f1c00000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00200c0fff5c0038000c0fff5c07f8000ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc07fffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc060ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc000fff5c0018000f1c00000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00200c0fff5c0038000c0fff5c07f8000c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff7fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff63c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0fff5c0018000f1c00000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00100c0f4ff028000c0f4ff7f8000ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc07fffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc060ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0f4ff018000f1c00000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000f2c00000f2c07f00c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc07fffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc060ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0fff2c00000f1c00000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1fff000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff00c0f380ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000c1c0fd00fec00000fec00000fac00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000c2c00000fdc00000ffc00000f6c00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000c2c00000fdc00000ffc00000f6c00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff01c0fffcc00000fbc00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000c2c00000fdc00000ffc00000f6c00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff01c0fffdc0fe00fcc00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000c2c00000fdc00000ffc00000f6c00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff01c0fffec0fc00fdc00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000c2c00000fdc00000ffc0ff00f7c00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff01c0ffffc0fa00fec00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000c1c0fd00fec00400c000c000fac00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 1943 CB
save 215 1943 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff00c0f4ff0080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1fff2c0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec0000080c080c080c0f4c010ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff00c0fdfffe00c6fffe00fcfffe00effffe00f7ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff00c0fdff0000c2ff0000fcff0000ebff0000f7ff00c0a1ff00c0a0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff00c0fdff0000c2ff0000fcff0000ebff0000f7ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff00c0fdff0000feff0000faff0000fffffd00fdfffe00fdfffd00feff0000fcff0000fcfffd00fdfffe00fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdfffe00feff0000fefffe0001ff00feff0000f7ff00c0a1ff00c0f7ff0000fdfffd00fdfffe0001ff00bcff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000dec0fd00fec00000fec00000fec00000ffc0fd00fec00000fec00000fec0fd0003c000c000fac00000a0ff00c0fdff0000feff0000fbff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000fdff0200ff00feff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000feff0000fcff0000feff0000feff0000ffff0000ffff0000feffff00feff0000f7ff00c0a1ff00c0f7ff0000feff0000fdff0000ffff0000feffff00bdff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000dfc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000f7c00000a0ff00c0fdff0000feff0000fbff0000ffff0000f6ff0000ffff0000faff0000fdff0200ff00feff0000f6ff0000feff0000fcff0000faff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000feff0000f7ff00c0a1ff00c0f7ff0000feff0000faff0000fdff0000bcff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000e0c00000fbc00200c000fec00000ffc00000ffc00000fac00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000f7c00000a0ff00c0fdff0000feff0000fbff0000fffffb00fefffe00fefffb00ffff0000feff0000feff0000fffffb00fefffe00fdff0000fcff0000fdfffe00feff0000ffff0000fdff0000feff0000f7ff00c0a1ff00c0f7ff0000fefffb00ffff0000fdff0000bdff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000e0c00000f9c00000fec00000ffc00000ffc0fb00ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000f7c00000a0ff00c0fdff0000fefffa00feff0000fdff0000ffff0000fbff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000faff0000fcff0000feff0000fbff0000ffff0000fdff0000feff0000f7ff00c0a1ff00c0f7ff0000feff0000fdff0000ffff0000fdff0000bcff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000e0c00000f9c00000fec00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000fec0fc00f7c00000a0ff00c0fdff0000feff0000fcff0000feff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffffff0001ff00fcff0200ff00fdff0000ffff0000feff0000feff0000fcff0000feff0000feff0000ffff0000ffff0000feffff00feff0000f7ff00c0a1ff00c0f7ffff00ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feffff00bdff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000e0c00000f9c0ff00ffc00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc0ff00ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000f7c00000a0ff00c0fdff0000feff0000fbff0000fefffd00fdfffe00fdfffd00feff0100ffff00fcff0000fffffd00fdfffe00fdff0000fcff0000fdfffe00feff0000fefffe0001ff00feff0000f7ff00c0a1ff00c0fdff0000ffff0000ffff0200ff00fffffd00fdfffe0001ff00ffff0000ffff0000c2ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000e0c00000f9c00500c000c000c0fe00ffc0fd00fec00400c000c000fec0fd00fec00000fac00000a0ff00c0fdff0000feff0000fbff0000cdff0000fcff0000efff0000feff0000f7ff00c0a1ff00c0fdff0000ffff0000eeff0000ffff0000ffff0000c3ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000e0c00000fbc00000f9c00000e0c00000a0ff00c0fdff0000feff0000fcff0000ccff0000fcff0000efff0000feff0000f7ff00c0a1ff00c0fdff0000ffff0000eeff0000ffff0000ffff0000c2ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 1844 CB
save 215 1844 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc0018000dfc00000fdc00000f8c00000e0c00000a0ff00c0fdfffe0000fffb00cdfffe00fcfffe00f9ff0000faff0100fffe00f7ff00c0a1ff00c0fdff0000ffff0000eeff0000ffff0000ffff0000c3ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000dec0fd00fac00000f0c00000efc00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff00c095ff00c0a1ff00c0a0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec0800080008000f30010c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000d8fff100d9ff0000d2fff100d4ff0000d8fff100daff0000c1fff100f0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000d8ff0000f3ff0000d9ff0000d2ff0000f3ff0000d4ff0000d8ff0000f3ff0000daff0000c1ff0000f3ff0000f1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000d8ff0000f3ff0000d9ff0000d2ff0000f3ff0000d4ff0000d8ff0000f3ff0000daff0000c1ff0000f3ff0000f0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000d8ff0000fdff0000f8ff0000d9ff0000d2ff0000f3ff0000d4ff0000d8ff0000f3ff0000daff0000c1ff0000f3ff0000f1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d6c0fc00fec00000fec00000fec0fd00fdc00000fec00000fec00000fac00000d8ff0000fdffff00f9ff0000d9ff0000d2ff0000f3ff0000d4ff0000d8ff0000f3ff0000daff0000c1ff0000f3ff0000f0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d7c00000fcc00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000fec00000fec00000f6c00000d8ff0000fefffd00faff0000d9ff0000d2ff0000f3ff0000d4ff0000d8ff0000f3ff0000daff0000c1ff0000f3ff0000f1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d7c00000fcc00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00600c000c000c000f7c00000d8ff0000feff0000ffffff00fbff0000d9ff0000d2ff0000f3ff0000d4ff0000d8ff0000f3ff0000daff0000c1ff0000f3ff0000f0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d1c00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00600c000c000c000f7c00000d8ff0000feff0000feffff00fcff0000d9ff0000d2ff0000f3ff0000d4ff0000d8ff0000f3ff0000daff0000c1ff0000f3ff0000f1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d3c0ff00fec00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00600c000c000c000f7c00000d8ff0000ffffff00fdff0000fcff0000d9ff0000d2ff0000f3ff0000d4ff0000d8ff0000f3ff0000daff0000c1ff0000f3ff0000f0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d6c0fe00fcc0ff00ffc00000ffc00000fdc00200c000fec00000fec00000f8c00000d8ff0000ffff0000fcffff00fdff0000d9ff0000d2ff0000f3ff0000d4ff0000d8ff0000f3ff0000daff0000c1ff0000f3ff0000f1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d7c00000f9c00100c0ff00fdc0fd00ffc00000fec00000fec00200c000fac00000d8ff0000ffff0000fbffff00feff0000d9ff0000d2ff0000f3ff0000d4ff0000d8ff0000f3ff0000daff0000c1ff0000f3ff0000f0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d7c00000fcc00000ffc00000e2c00000d8ff0000f7ffff00ffff0000d9ff0000d2ff0000f3ff0000d4ff0000d8ff0000f3ff0000daff0000c1ff0000f3ff0000f1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d7c00000fcc00000ffc00000e2c00000d8ff0000f6ff0000ffff0000d9ff0000d2ff0000f3ff0000d4ff0000d8ff0000f3ff0000daff0000c1ff0000f3ff0000f0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 1745 CB
save 215 1745 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc0018000d6c0fc00fec00000e2c00000d8ff0000f3ff0000d9ff0000d2ff0000f3ff0000d4ff0000d8ff0000f3ff0000daff0000c1ff0000f3ff0000f1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000d8ff0000f3ff0000d9ff0000d2ff0000f3ff0000d4ff0000d8ff0000f3ff0000daff0000c1ff0000f3ff0000f0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000d8fff100d9ff0000d2fff100d4ff0000d8fff100daff0000c1fff100f1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec0800080008000f30010ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000cdc0fc00fdc0fd00fec00000fdc00200c000fac00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000cec00000fcc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000f7c00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000cec00000fcc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000f7c00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000c8c00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000f7c00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000cac0ff00fec00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000f7c00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000cdc0fe00fcc00000fdc00000ffc0ff00ffc00000f7c00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000cec00000f8c0fd00fec00100c0fd0001c000fac00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000cec00000fcc00000f3c00000f7c00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000cec00000fcc00000f3c00000f7c00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000cdc0fc00e7c00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 1646 CB
save 215 1646 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec0800080008000f30010c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000eeff0000b4ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000eeff0000b4ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000eeff0000b4ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000fdfffa0001ff00fdff0300ff00fffe00feff0000fdfffd00fdfffe00fdfffe00feff0000fefffd00feff0000feff0000e5ff0000fbff0000fcff0000fdff0000feff0000fefffd00feff0000fdfffd00beff0000fbff0000fcff0000fdff0000feff0000fefffd00feff0000fdfffd00caff0000fbff0000fcff0000fdff0000feff0000fefffd00feff0000fdfffd00caff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d2c00000fbc0fd00fdc00000ffc0fd0003c000c000ffc00000fac00000fdff0000f9ff0000ffff0000ffffff00feff0000ffff0000feff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000e5ff0000fbff0000fcff0000fdff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000fdff0000bfff0000fbff0000fcff0000fdff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000fdff0000cbff0000fbff0000fcff0000fdff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000fdff0000caff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d2c00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000f7c00000fdff0000f8ffff00feff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000f6ff0000fbff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000e5ff0000fcff0200ff00feff0200ff00feff0000feff0000ffff0000faff0000feff0000baff0000fcff0200ff00feff0200ff00feff0000feff0000ffff0000faff0000feff0000c6ff0000fcff0200ff00feff0200ff00feff0000feff0000ffff0000faff0000feff0000c6ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d2c00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000f7c00000fdff0000f8ffff00feff0000fdff0000ffff0000fefffb00fefffe00fdfffe00feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000e5ff0000fcff0200ff00feff0200ff00feff0000feff0000fffffb00ffff0000fefffb00bfff0000fcff0200ff00feff0200ff00feff0000feff0000fffffb00ffff0000fefffb00cbff0000fcff0200ff00feff0200ff00feff0000feff0000fffffb00ffff0000fefffb00caff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d2c00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000f7c00000fdff0000f8ffff00feff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000fdff0000ffff0000fbff0000fbff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000e5ff0000fcff0200ff00feff0200ff00feff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000fdff0000bfff0000fcff0200ff00feff0200ff00feff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000fdff0000cbff0000fcff0200ff00feff0200ff00feff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000fdff0000cbff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d2c00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec0fc00ffc00000f7c00000fdfffb00feff0000ffff0000ffffff00feff0000ffffff00ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffffff00ffff0000e5ff0000fdff0000feff0200ff00feff0000ffffff00ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffffff00ffff0000fdff0000bfff0000fdff0000feff0200ff00feff0000ffffff00ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffffff00ffff0000fdff0000cbff0000fdff0000feff0200ff00feff0000ffffff00ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffffff00ffff0000fdff0000caff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d2c00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000f7c00000fdff0000faff0000fdff0300ff00fffe00feff0200ff00fffffd00fdfffe00fdfffe00feff0000fefffd00feff0100ffff00e4ff0000fdff0000feff0200ff00feff0000ffff0100ffff00fdfffd00feff0200ff00fffffd00beff0000fdff0000feff0200ff00feff0000ffff0100ffff00fdfffd00feff0200ff00fffffd00caff0000fdff0000feff0200ff00feff0000ffff0100ffff00fdfffd00feff0200ff00fffffd00caff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d2c00000fbc0fd00ffc0fe00ffc0fd00fec00000ffc00000fac00000fdff0000a5ff0000feff0000fcff0000fcff0200ff00a7ff0000feff0000fcff0000fcff0200ff00b3ff0000feff0000fcff0000fcff0200ff00b2ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d2c00000f4c00000f7c00000f7c00000fdff0000a5ff0000feff0000fcff0000fcff0200ff00a7ff0000feff0000fcff0000fcff0200ff00b3ff0000feff0000fcff0000fcff0200ff00b3ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d2c00000f4c00000f7c00000f7c00000fdfffa00d7ff0000d6ff0000feff0000fcff0000fcff0200ff00a7ff0000feff0000fcff0000fcff0200ff00b3ff0000feff0000fcff0000fcff0200ff00b2ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d6c0f800edc00000f7c00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 1547 CB
save 215 1547 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000c7ff00ecdbff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec0800080008000f30010ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a0ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000fcfffc00fdfffd0003ff00ff00ffff0000fefffd00feff0000fdfffe00cbff0000fcfffc00fdfffd0003ff00ff00ffff0000fefffd00feff0000fdfffe00c0ff0000fdfffb00fdfffd00fdfffd0001ff00ffff0000fffffe00c5ff0000fdfffb00fdfffd00fdfffd0001ff00ffff0000fffffe00c4ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d7c00000fbc0fd0004c000c000c0fe00fec00000fec0fd00fec00000fac00000fdff0000fcff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000feff0000ccff0000fdff0000fcff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000feff0000c1ff0000fdff0000fcff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000feff0000c6ff0000fdff0000fcff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000feff0000c6ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d7c00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc0ff00fec00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000f7c00000fdff0000fcff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000faff0000ccff0000fdff0000fcff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000faff0000c1ff0000fdff0000fcff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000fbff0000c6ff0000fdff0000fcff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000fbff0000c5ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d7c00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000f2c00000f7ff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000fdfffe00cbff0000f7ff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000fdfffe00c0ff0000fdff0000fcff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000fefffe00c5ff0000fdff0000fcff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000fefffe00c5ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d7c00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc0fb00f7c00000f9ffff00fdfffc00ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000c8ff0000f9ffff00fdfffc00ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000bdff0000fdff0000fcff0000ffff0000fdff0000fefffc00ffff0000ffff0000c2ff0000fdff0000fcff0000ffff0000fdff0000fefffc00ffff0000ffff0000c1ff0fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d7c00000fbc0fc00ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000f7c00000fcfffe00fcff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffffff00ffff0000feff0000ccff0000fcfffe00fcff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffffff00ffff0000feff0000c1ff0000fdfffb00feff0000fdff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000feff0000c6ff0000fdfffb00feff0000fdff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000feff0000c6ff10c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d7c00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc0ff00fec00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000f7c00000fdff0000f8fffd00feff0000ffff0000fefffd00feff0200ff00fffffe00cbff0000fdff0000f8fffd00feff0000ffff0000fefffd00feff0200ff00fffffe00c0ff0000fdff0000fcff0000fefffd00fdfffd00fffffe00fffffe00c5ff0000fdff0000fcff0000fefffd00fdfffd00fffffe00fffffe00c5fff000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d7c00000fbc0fd00fec00100c0fe00fec00000fec0fd00fec00000fac00000fdff0000fcff0000f4ff0000b9ff0000fdff0000fcff0000f4ff0000aeff0000fdff0000fcff0000efff0000bfff0000fdff0000fcff0000efff0000bfff00c0f380ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d7c00000f4c00000fac00000efc00000fdff0000fcff0000f4ff0000b9ff0000fdff0000fcff0000f4ff0000aeff0000fdff0000fcff0000efff0000bfff0000fdff0000fcff0000efff0000bfff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d7c00000f4c00000fac00000efc00000fcfffc00f6ff0000ffff0000b9ff0000fcfffc00f6ff0000ffff0000aeff0000fdfffb00abff0000fdfffb00abff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000dbc0f800f8c00000fac00000efc00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 1448 CB
save 215 1448 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc0018000aec0800080008000f30001c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000fcfffe00feff0000feff0000fefffd0003ff00ff00feff0000feff0000fefffd00caff0000fcfffe00feff0000fefffe0001ff00a9ff0000fdff0100fffe00feff0000fefffe0001ff00b6ff0000fcfffd00fefffd00feff0000fefffd00feff0000c0ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d4c00000fac00000fec0fd00fec00000fec0fe0001c000ffc00000fac00000fdff0000feff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000cbff0000fdff0000feff0000ffff0000ffff0000feffff00a9ff0000fdffff00feff0000ffff0000ffff0000feffff00b6ff0000fdff0000fdff0200ff00fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000c0ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d4c00000fac00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000fec0ff00f7c00000f9ff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000feff0000ffff0000c6ff0000f9ff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000a9ff0000fdff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000b6ff0000fdff0000fbff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000c0ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d4c00000fac00000ffc00000fac00000ffc00000fdc00000f7c00000fcfffe00feff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000feff0000fffffb00cbff0000fcfffe00feff0000ffff0000fdff0000a9ff0000fdff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000b6ff0000fdff0000fbff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000c0ff00c0f4ff0080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d4c00000fac00000ffc0fb00ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000f7c00000fdff0000fbff0000feff0000fefffc00ffff0000feff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000cbff0000fdff0000fbff0000ffff0000fdff0000a9ff0000fdff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000b6ff0000fdff0000fbff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000c0fff2c0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d4c00000fac00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000f7c00000fdff0000feff0000ffffff00ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffffff00ffffff00ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000cbff0000fdff0000feff0000ffff0000ffff0000feffff00a9ff0000fdffff00feff0000ffff0000ffff0000feffff00b6ff0000fdff0000fdff0200ff00fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffffff00c1fff000fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d4c0fb00ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000fec0ff00f7c00000fcfffe00feff0100ffff00fdfffd00feff0100ffff00ffffff00fdfffd00caff0000fcfffe00feff0000fefffe0001ff00a9ff0000fdff0100fffe00feff0000fefffe0001ff00b6ff0000fcfffd00fefffd00feff0000fefffd00feff0200ff00c2ff00c0f380ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d4c00000fac00000fec0fd00fec00000fec0fe0001c000ffc00000fac00000a0ff0000eeff0000a9ff0000fdff0000f2ff0000b6ff0000eeff0000b5ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d4c00000efc00000fac00000f7c00000a0ff0000eeff0000a9ff0000fdff0000f2ff0000b6ff0000eeff0000b5ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d4c00000efc00000fac00000f7c00000a0ff0000f6ff0000faff0000a9ff0000fdff0000faff0000faff0000b6ff0000eeff0000b5ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000d4c0fa0001c000f7c00000fac00000f7c00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff01c0fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff01c0ffffc0fa00fec00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1ff01c0fffec0fc00fdc00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec0800080008000f30001c0fffdc0fe00fcc00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 1349 CB
save 215 1349 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc0018000aec00100ffa1c00100ff96c00100ffa2c00100ffa1c000fffcc00000fbc00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00100ffa1c00100ff96c00100ffa2c00100ffa1c000fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00100ffa1c00100ff96c00100ffa2c00100ffa1c000fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00100ffa1c00100ff96c00100ffa2c00100ffa1c000fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00100ffa1c00100ff96c00100ffa2c00100ffa1c000fff5c00080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00100ffa1c00100ff96c00100ffa2c00100ffa1c0f4ff0080ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec00000a0ff000095ff0000a1ff0000a1fff2c0ff00fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0018000aec0800080008000e200fbc000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc001800080c080c080c089c000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc001800080c080c080c089c000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc001800080c080c080c089c000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc001800080c080c080c089c000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc001800080c080c080c089c000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00080800080008000890001c0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00080ff0000ff8080808080808d800200c0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00080ff0000ff80c080c080c08ec0038000c0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00080ff0000ff80c080c080c08ec0038000c0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00080ff0080ff80ff80ff8cff0200c0ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 1250 CB
save 215 1250 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc00080800080008000890001c0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc001800080c080c080c089c000ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc001800080c080c080c089c000ffffc0018000
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01c0ffffc00580008000c0fffbc00000fcc0038000c0fff5c07f8000ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc07fffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc07fffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc036ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc000fffdc00000fac0018000f0c002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00580008000c0fff5c0038000c0fff5c07f8000c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff7fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff7fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff39c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0fff5c0018000f0c002ffc0ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 1151 CB
save 215 1151 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc00580008000c0fff5c0038000c0fff5c07f8000ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc07fffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc07fffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc036ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc000fff5c0018000f0c002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00480008000c0f4ff028000c0f4ff7f8000c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff7fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff7fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff38c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0f4ff018000f0c002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000f2c00000f2c07f00ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff7fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff7fc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ff35c0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0fff1c00000f0c002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000f0c0890080c080c0a6c0f10003c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc08b80000080c080c0a5c0f3800400c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ff8dc001800080c080c0a5c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ff8dc001800080c080c0a5c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc091ffffc001800080c080c0a5c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0008093c000ffffc001800080c080c0a5c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc001800080c080c0a5c000fffcc00000fbc0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000f5fffd00a5ff01c0ffffc001800080c080c0a5c000fffdc0fe00fcc0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000f1ff0000a6ff01c0ffffc001800080c080c0a5c000fffec0fc00fdc0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000f1ff0000a6ff01c0ffffc001800083c000f880c0a3c000ffffc0fa00fec0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000fdfffd0001ff00fffffe0001ff00fefffd00adff01c0ffffc001800080c080c0a5c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feff0000fdff0000ffff0000feffff00ffff0000fdff0000aeff01c0ffffc001800080c080c0a5c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feff0000fdff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000a9ff01c0ffffc001800080c080c0a5c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feff0000fdff0000ffff0000fdff0000fffffb00aeff01c0ffffc001800080c080c0a5c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000fdfffc00ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000fdff0000aeff01c0ffffc001800080c080c0a5c0f4ff058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 1052 CB
save 215 1052 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feff0000fdff0000ffff0000feffff00ffff0000fdff0000aeff01c0ffffc001800080c080c097c00400c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000fdfffd00fdfffe0001ff00fefffd00adff01c0ffffc001800080c080c0a5c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc001800080c080c0a6c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc001800080c080c0a5c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e6c0890080c0b8c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c08b800000c7c08900e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ff8dc0018000c6c08b800000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ff8dc0018000c6c000ff8dc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc091ffffc0018000c6c000ff8dc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0008093c000ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc091ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0008093c000ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000e4fffd00b6ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000e0ff0000b7ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000e0ff0000b7ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feff0000fdfffd0001ff00ffff0200ff00ffff0000feff0000fefffe0001ff00b7ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000fdfffb00fffffa0000ffff0000fffc00b1ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feff0000feff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000feffff00b7ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000feffff00fffffe0000ffff00feffff0000ffff0000ffff00feffff00b2ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000fdfffd00fefffd00feff0000fefffd00feff0000b3ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feff0000feff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000b7ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000feffff00feffff0000ffff00feffff0000ffff0000ffff00adff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000feff0000fdff0200ff00fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000b3ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feff0000feff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000b7ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000feffff00feffff0000ffff00feffff0000ffff0000fffa00b2ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000feff0000fbff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000b3ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 953 CB
save 215 953 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feff0000fdfffc00ffff0000ffff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000b7ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000feffff00feffff00fffffb0000ffff0000ffff00feffff00b2ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000feff0000fbff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000b3ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feffff00ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000ffffff00ffff0000ffff0000feffff00b7ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000feffff00fffffe0000ffff00feffff0000ffff0000ffff00feffff00b2ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000feff0000fbff0000fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000b3ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feff0200ff00fffffd00fffffe0001ff00ffff0100ffff00fdfffe0001ff00b7ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000fdfffb00fffffc0000fffd0000fffc00b1ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000feff0000fdff0200ff00fdff0000ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffffff00b4ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000f2ff0000a5ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000f9ffff00f8ffff00aaff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000fdfffd00fefffd00feff0000fefffd00feff0200ff00b5ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000f2ff0000a5ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000f9ffff00f8ffff00aaff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000efff0000a8ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000efff0000a8ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000f9ffff009fff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000efff0000a8ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000efff0000a8ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000fdfffe00feff0000feff0000fefffd0003ff00ff00feff0000feff0000fefffd00beff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000fefffb00ffffff00fffffb00aaff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feff0000feff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000bfff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000fefffe00ffffff0000ffff0000ffff00fffffe00aaff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000feff0100fffe00feff0000feff0000fefffd0003ff00ff00feff0000feff0000fefffd00bfff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000faff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000feff0000ffff0000baff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000feffff00feffff0000ffff0000ffff00feffff00aaff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000feffff00feff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000c0ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 854 CB
save 215 854 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000fdfffe00feff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000feff0000fffffb00bfff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000feffff00feffff0000ffff0000ffff00feffff00aaff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000feff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000feff0000ffff0000bbff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feff0000fbff0000feff0000fefffc00ffff0000feff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000bfff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000feffff00feffff0000ffff0000ffff00feffff00aaff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000feff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000feff0000fffffb00c0ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feff0000feff0000ffffff00ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffffff00ffffff00ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000bfff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000fefffe00ffffff0000ffff0000ffff00fffffe00aaff01c0ffffc00080fe00c8c000ffffc0018000feff0000fdff0000ffff0000feff0000fefffc00ffff0000feff0000feff0000ffff0000fdff0000c0ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000fdfffe00feff0100ffff00fdfffd00feff0100ffff00ffffff00fdfffd00beff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000fefffb00ffffff00fffffb00aaff01c0ffffc00080f000d6c000ffffc0018000feffff00feff0000ffffff00ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000ffffff00ffffff00ffff0000ffff0000fdff0000c0ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000feffff00f3ffff00aaff01c0ffffc00080fe00f3c0ff00d8c000ffffc0018000feff0100fffe00feff0100ffff00fdfffd00feff0100ffff00ffffff00fdfffd00bfff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000feffff00f3ffff00aaff01c0ffffc0018000efc00000d9c000ffffc0018000feff000099ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000feffff00fbffff00fbffff00aaff01c0ffffc0018000eec00000dac000ffffc0018000feff000099ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000edc0ff00dcc000ffffc0018000feff000099ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000ebc00000ddc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000eac0ff00dfc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c00000e0c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e7c00000e1c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e6c0ff00e3c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e4c00000e4c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e3c0ff00e6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e1c00000e7c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000fdfffd00ffffff00fffffb00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000fdfffd00ffffff00fffffb00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000e0c00000e8c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feffff00ffffff0000ffff0000ffff00fffffe00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000feffff00ffffff0000ffff0000ffff00fffffe00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000dfc0ff00eac000ffffc0018000fefffb00ffffff00fffffb00aaff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 755 CB
save 215 755 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000faffff0000ffff0000ffff00feffff00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000faffff0000ffff0000ffff00feffff00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000ddc00000ebc000ffffc0018000fefffe00ffffff0000ffff0000ffff00fffffe00aaff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000fdfffd00ffffff0000ffff00feffff00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000fdfffd00ffffff0000ffff00feffff00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000dcc0ff00edc000ffffc0018000feffff00feffff0000ffff0000ffff00feffff00aaff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feffff00fcffff0000ffff00feffff00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000feffff00fcffff0000ffff00feffff00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000dac00000eec000ffffc0018000feffff00feffff0000ffff0000ffff00feffff00aaff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000feffff00ffffff0000ffff0000ffff00fffffe00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000feffff00ffffff0000ffff0000ffff00fffffe00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000d9c00000efc000ffffc0018000feffff00feffff0000ffff0000ffff00feffff00aaff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000fdfffd00ffffff00fffffb00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000fdfffd00ffffff00fffffb00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000d8c0ff00f4c0ff0001c0ffffc0018000fefffe00ffffff0000ffff0000ffff00fffffe00aaff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000efffff00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000efffff00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000d6c0f20001c0ffffc0018000fefffb00ffffff00fffffb00aaff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000efffff00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000efffff00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000c9c0ff0001c0ffffc0018000feffff00f3ffff00aaff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000f7ffff00fbffff00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000f7ffff00fbffff00a9ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000feffff00f3ffff00aaff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0018000feffff00fbffff00fbffff00aaff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc06f8000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc00080ff00970e02f0c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0028000f0970e0200c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 656 CB
save 215 656 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc00080ff00970e02f0c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0028000f0970e0200c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc00080ff00970e02f0c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0028000f0970e0200c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc00080ff00970e02f0c0ffffc0018000e9c00effc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000ffffff0000ffff009cff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000ffffff0000ffff009cff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0028000f0970e0200c0ffffc0018000e8c012ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000fefffe009bff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000fefffe009bff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc00080ff00000effff000effff9d0e02f0c0ffffc0018000e9c0f10003c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000ffff0400ff00ff009cff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000ffff0400ff00ff009cff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0028000f0ff0efeff9c0e0200c0ffffc0018000e8c0f3800400c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0018000fdff00009aff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0018000fdff00009aff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc00080ff00050eff0eff0eff9d0e02f0c0ffffc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0028000f0fe0e00ff9b0e0200c0ffffc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc00080ff00970e02f0c0ffffc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0028000f0970e0200c0ffffc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc00080ff00970e02f0c0ffffc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc0028000f0970e0200c0ffffc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc001800095ff01c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc00080ff00970e02f0c0ffffc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc00080940001c0ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc00080940001c0ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc06f8000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000f000c0ffffc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ffffc0928000ffffc0018000e5c000ffffc0928000ffffc0018000c6c000ffffc00080940001c0ffffc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ff8dc0018000e5c000ff8dc0018000c6c000ffffc0928000ffffc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 99 215 557 CB
save 215 557 translate 2852 99 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ff8dc0018000e5c000ff8dc0018000c6c000ff8dc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ff8dc0018000e5c000ff8dc0018000c6c000ff8dc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ff8dc0018000e5c000ff8dc0018000c6c000ff8dc0018000e8c0f4ff058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ff8dc0018000e5c000ff8dc0018000c6c000ff8dc0018000dac00400c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000fffbc0fc00fdc0fd0003c000c000ffc00000fec0fd00fec00000fdc0fe00b9c0018000e5c000fffcc00000fac00000ffc0fd00fdc0fe00fdc0fd00fec00000fcc00000fcc0fd00fdc0fe00cac0018000c6c000ff8dc0018000e9c0f10003c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000fffcc00000fcc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000fec00000bac0018000e5c000fffcc00000fbc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00200c000fec00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000cbc0018000c6c000fffcc0fb00fdc0fd00fdc0fd0001c000ffc00000ffc0fe00b2c0018000e8c0f3800400c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000fffcc00000fcc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fac00000bac0018000e5c000fffcc00000fbc00000ffc00000f6c00000ffc00000fac00000fdc00200c000fec00000f6c00000cbc0018000c6c000fffcc00000fcc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000fec00000b3c0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000fff6c00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc0fe00b9c0018000e5c000fffcc00000fbc00000ffc0fb00fec0fe00fec0fb00ffc00000fec00000fec00000ffc0fb00fec0fe00cac0018000c6c000fffcc00000fcc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fbc00000b3c0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000fff8c0ff00fdc0fc00ffc00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000b6c0018000e5c000fffcc0fa00fec00000fdc00000ffc00000fbc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000c7c0018000c6c000fffcc00000fcc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec0fe00b2c0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000fffbc0fe00fcc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc0ff00ffc00000fec00000bac0018000e5c000fffcc00000fcc00000fec00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc0ff0001c000fcc00200c000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000cbc0018000c6c000fffcc00000fcc00000ffc00000fdc00000fec0fc00ffc00000ffc00000afc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000fffcc00000f8c0fd00fec00000ffc00000fec0fd00fec00200c000ffc0fe00b9c0018000e5c000fffcc00000fbc00000fec0fd00fdc0fe00fdc0fd00fec00100c0ff00fcc00000ffc0fd00fdc0fe00cac0018000c6c000fffcc0fb00fec00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000fec00000b3c0018000e8c000ffffc0fa00fec0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000fffcc00000fcc00000f4c00000a7c0018000e5c000fffcc00000fbc000009ac0018000c6c000fffcc00000fcc00000fec0fd00fdc0fd00ffc0fe00ffc0fe00b2c0018000e8c000fffec0fc00fdc0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000fffcc00000fcc00000f4c00000a7c0018000e5c000fffcc00000fcc0000099c0018000c6c000fffcc00000fcc00000efc00000acc0018000e8c000fffdc0fe00fcc0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000fffbc0fc00f6c00000ffc00000a7c0018000e5c000fffcc0fb0098c0018000c6c000fffcc00000fcc00000efc00000acc0018000e8c000fffcc00000fbc0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ff8dc0018000e5c000ff8dc0018000c6c000fffcc0fb0098c0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ff8dc0018000e5c000ff8dc0018000c6c000ff8dc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ff8dc0018000e5c000ff8dc0018000c6c000ff8dc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ff8dc0018000e5c000ff8dc0018000c6c000ff8dc0018000e8c000fff5c0058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 100 215 457 CB
save 215 457 translate 2852 100 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ff8dc0018000e5c000ff8dc0018000c6c000ff8dc0018000e8c0f4ff058000c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00380008000efc000ff8dc0018000e5c000ff8dc0018000c6c000ff8dc0018000dac00400c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0028000808000800080008d0003c0ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00180008080808080808b8002ffc0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc00080800080008000890001c0ffffc0018000
01c0ffffc0808080808080878000ffffc0018000
01c0ff80c080c080c082c0018000
01c0ff80c080c080c082c0018000
01c0ff80c080c080c082c0018000
01c0fffbc0f60080c0aec0ff0080c0e4c00000bbc0e100ffc0f100fdc0018000
01c0fffbc00000f8ff0000f4c0f900e3c0f800e3c0f800ddc0fe00d4c0f700ecc00000edc0f800d7c0f400cec0f700f5c00000bbc000fff3800100fff3800000ffc000fff3800000fdc0018000
01c0fffbc00a00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff0080c0abc0000080c0e6c00000bbc000fff4c0028000fff4c0018000ffc000fff4c0018000fdc0018000
01c0fffbc00000f8ff0000f3c00000fac00000ffc00000fec0fd00eec0fa00fec0fe0001c000ffc00000fec00000edc00000fcc00000fec0fd00fdc00000fec00000eec00000ffc00000fec00000fec0fe00fdc0fd00fec00000fdc00000eec0fd0001c000fec0ff0001c000fec0fd00fec00000fcc00000eac00000fbc0fd00fdc0fd00fec00000fec0fe00ecc00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000fec0fe0001c000fec0fd00fdc00000fec00000eec00000fbc00000fec0fd00fec00000ffc00100c0fe00c6c00060fbc000fffec0fb00fdc0028000ffffc0fb00fcc0018000ffc000fff4c0018000fdc0018000
01c0fffbc00300ff00fff600f7c00000fac00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000efc00000f9c00000fec0ff00ffc00000ffc00000ecc00000fcc00000ffc00000fdc00000fec00000fec00000eec00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000eec00000fdc00000fec00000ffc0ff00ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00200c000ebc00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000fec00000edc00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fec0ff00ffc00000fdc00000fec00000fec00000eec00000fbc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc0ff00fec00000c0c000fffec0fb00fdc0028000ffffc00000fdc00000fcc0018000ffc000fffec0ff00fdc0ff00ffc0018000fdc0018000
01c0fffbc00000feff0000fcff0000feff0000f7c00000fac00000ffc00000ffc00000eac00000f9c00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000edc00200c000fdc00000ffc00000fac00600c000c000c000efc00000ffc00000fec00000fbc00000ffc00000fac00000fec00000efc00000fdc00200c000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fac00000fdc00200c000ebc00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fbc00000eec00200c000fec00200c000fec00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00600c000c000c000efc00000fbc00000ffc00000fac00000ffc00000fdc00000c0c000fff4c0028000ffffc00000fdc00000fcc0018000ffc000fffdc0ff00ffc0ff00fec0018000fdc0018000
01c0fffbc00e00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00f7c00000fac00000ffc00000ffc0fb00efc00000f9c00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000edc00200c000fdc00000ffc0fb00ffc00600c000c000c000efc00000ffc00000fec00000fec0fe00fec0fb00ffc00000fec00000efc00000fbc00000ffc00000fec00000ffc0fb00ffc00000fec00000fec00000ecc00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec0fe00edc00200c000fec00200c000fec00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00600c000c000c000efc00000fbc00000ffc0fb00ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000c0c000fff4c0028000ffffc00000fdc0fe00fec0018000ffc000fffcc0fd00fdc0018000fdc0018000
01c0fffbc00000feff0000fcff0000feff0000f7c00000fac00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000efc00000f9c00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000eec00000fec00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00600c000c000c000efc00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fbc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000efc00000fbc00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fec00000fec00000ecc00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000eac00200c000fec00200c000fec00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00600c000c000c000efc00000fbc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000c0c000fff4c0028000ffffc0fb0001c000fec0018000ffc000fffbc0ff00fcc0018000fdc0018000
01c0fffbc0fd0e0000fb0e03ff00ff00f7c0fb00ffc00000ffc00000ffc00000fdc00000efc0fb00fec00000fec0ff00ffc00000ffc00000eec00000fec00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00200c000fec00000fec00000f0c00000ffc0ff00ffc00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc0ff00ffc00000efc00000fbc00000ffc00000fec00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc0ff0001c000fcc00000edc00000fcc00000fdc00000ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc00000fec00000efc00000fec00200c000fec00000ffc00000ffc0ff00ffc00000ffc00000fec0ff00ffc00000fdc00200c000fec00000fec00000f0c0f900ffc00000fdc00000ffc00000ffc0ff00fec00000c0c000fff4c0028000ffffc0fb0001c000fec0018000ffc000fffcc0fd00fdc0018000fdc0018000
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 100 215 357 CB
save 215 357 translate 2852 100 scale
518 18 8
[518 0 0 -18 0 18]
{unpack} bind
image
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
01c0fff7c00a00ff00ff00ff00ff00ff00f7c00000f7c00000e7c00000f4c00000fcc00000efc00000fcc00000dbc00000e5c00000efc00000fbc00000d2c00000ecc00000e9c00000fcc00000fcc00000f1c00000dec00000fbc00000f7c00000b8c000fff4c0028000fffdc0fb00fec0018000ffc000fffec0ff00fdc0ff00ffc0018000fdc0018000
01c0fff7c00000f8ff0000f7c00000f7c00000e7c00000f4c00000fcc00000f0c00000fac00000dcc00000e5c00000eec00000fdc00000d1c00000ecc00000e9c00000fcc00000fcc00000f1c00000dec00000fbc00000f7c00000b8c000fff4c0028000fffdc0fb00fec0018000ffc000fff4c0018000fdc0018000
01c0fff7c0f60ef7c0fa0001c000ffc00000e7c0fa00fac00000ffc00000edc00000fac00200c000dec00000d0c0fd00d4c0f800f0c00000e9c00000fcc00000fcc00200c000f3c00000dec00000fbc00000f7c00000b8c000fff4c0028000fff4c0018000ffc000fff4c0018000fdc0018000
01c0fff7c0f60e80c080c080c0cdc0f2ff0000f2ff0000ffc0f2ff0000fdc0018000
01c0ff80c080c080c082c0018000
01c0ff80c080c080c082c0018000
01c0ff80c080c080c082c0018000
01c0ffffc0a100e501e502e103e504e105e506e507e108e509e10ae10be50cfd0dcb0effc0018000
01c0ffffc0a100e501e502e103e504eb05fefffa05e506e507e108fe09feffeb09e10ae10be50cfd0dcb0effc0018000
01c0ffffc0a100e501e502e103e504e905fffffb05e506e507e108fc09ffffec09e10ae10be50cfd0dff0ee100ff0ef100ff0effc0018000
01c0ffffc0f3000171c0b100e501e502e103e504e805fffffc05e506e507e108fb09ffffed09e10ae10be50cfd0dff0e00fff3800100fff3800000ff0e00fff3800000ff0effc0018000
01c0ffffc0f40003e2c000e2fd0001f8ffff00ffff008cff0006f8ff6800f8ff68ff0008e1fff8d06800f8ff68fe0000d0ffff04e98c007ce1ffff01e17cff0000d0ffff01e98cff00ffffff0000c7fffffc00fffffb00ffffff00fcfffe01fcfffe01fcfffd01fdfffd02fdfff002fbfffd03faff0003ffffff03fffffe03fcffff030004fffffd04fdfff804faff0004ff05fcfffe05fcfffe05fffffc05fffffc05fe06fffffa06fbfffd06fcff0006ff07fffffe07fcfffd07fcfffe07ffffff07fc08fafffe08fcfffe08fcfffe08fffffc09ffffed09e10ae10be50cfd0dff0e00fff4c0028000fff4c0018000ff0e00fff4c0018000ff0effc0018000
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
01c0ffffc0fe00ff71fce201c000ffe2f90012fff08cffe168ffbd8cffe9007cffe900d9ff8cfd000268fff8ff0002e9ff8cff00ffff0000ffff01c77cff0002e9ff8cff00ffff0700a7ffd0009affd9fa00ffffff00fffffe00fffffb01fffffb01fffffe01ffffff01ffffff01fd02fffff802fcfff9020003fefffd03fbffff03ffffff03ffffff03fffffe03ffff010304fffffe04fffff704fffffc04ffff010405ffffff05ffffff05fffffe05ffffff05fffffe05ffffff05fffffe05f206fefffe06fffffe06ffffff07ffffff07fffffe07ffffff07fffffb07fffffe07fe08fffffc08ffffff08ffffff08ffffff08fffffe08ffffff08fffffe09ffffff09ffffef09e10ae10be50cfd0dff0e00fff4c0028000ffffc00000fac00000ffc0018000ff0e00fffcc0fd00fdc0018000ff0effc0018000
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
restore
gr
/bytestr 518 string def
gs 2852 66 215 291 CB
save 215 291 translate 2852 66 scale
518 12 8
[518 0 0 -12 0 12]
{unpack} bind
image
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
01c0ffffc0ff00fe800000ffe20071ffe20071f70004bdfff8ffe1ff0004b2fff8ffa7da0006c7ffbd00d9ff8cfa00fdfffc00e501e802ffff0002fe03fffff203fffff703ef04fffffc04ffff0004e105f606fffffd06fffff806ff07ffffee07fffffe07fe08fffffc08ffffed08e509e10ae10be50cfd0dff0e00fff4c0028000ffffc00000fac00000ffc0018000ff0e00fffdc0ff00ffc0ff00fec0018000ff0effc0018000
01c0ffffc0fe0003e200c000ffe20071ffe2f700008cfeff00e1fe0000f0ffff04c700b2ffd0de0002a7ffc7ff0001c78cf900fffffb00e501e802ffff0002fe03fffff203fffff703ee04fffffe04ffffff04e105f606fffffd06fffff806ff07ffffee07fffffe07fd08fffffe08ffffec08e509e10ae10be50cfd0dff0e00fff4c0028000ffffc0f800ffc0018000ff0e00fffec0ff00fdc0ff00ffc0018000ff0effc0018000
01c0ffffc0fe000471e2008000ffe20171e2f600feff00e1fe0000a7ffff04e1008cffe1dd0002e1ffe1f600fffffb00e501e702fbfff503ffffff03fffff703ed04fcfffe04e105f506fbfff706ff07ffffe907fc08fcffeb08e509e10ae10be50cfd0dff0e00fff4c0028000ffffc0f800ffc0018000ff0e00fff4c0018000ff0effc0018000
01c0ffffc0fd000371e20080fee20071ad00e501e502e103e504e105e506e507e108e509e10ae10be50cfd0dff0e00fff4c0028000fff4c0018000ff0e00fff4c0018000ff0effc0018000
01c0ffffc0fc000271e280ffe20071ac00e501e502e103e504e105e506e507e108e509e10ae10be50cfd0dff0ef2ff0000f2ff0000ff0ef2ff0000ff0effc0018000
01c0ffffc0fa000080a900e501e502e103e504e105e506e507e108e509e10ae10be50cfd0dcb0effc0018000
01c0ffffc0a100e501e502e103e504e105e506e507e108e509e10ae10be50cfd0dcb0effc0018000
01c0ff80c080c080c082c0018000
01c0ff80c080c080c082c0018000
00c080ff80ff80ff81ff018000
80c080c080c080c001c000
restore
gr
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
795 122 1428 (A Peek at MS Access) 1428 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%Page: 21 21
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 304 186 (Su) 185 SB
605 304 399 (mmar) 398 SB
1003 304 84 (y) 84 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
295 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
408 673 2480 (QBE is an elegant, user-friendly query language) 2480 SB
-2 2 SJ
408 813 772 (based on DRC.) 772 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
295 1021 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
408 982 2349 (It is quite expressive \(relationally complete, if) 2349 SB
-6 6 SJ
408 1122 2239 (the update features are taken into account\).) 2239 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
295 1329 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
408 1290 2317 (Simple queries are especially easy to write in) 2317 SB
408 1430 2482 (QBE, and there is a minimum of syntax to learn.) 2482 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
295 1637 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
408 1598 2283 (Has influenced the graphical query facilities) 2283 SB
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1 F
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237 237 237 fC
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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258 1154 1141 (selection is inefficient.) 1141 SB
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1 F
n
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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2 5 SJ
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0 84 0 fC
3 6 SJ
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252 1 40 fC
4 5 SJ
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0 84 0 fC
2 3 SJ
1134 1920 784 (= 1000 + 1000*500) 784 SB
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8 5 SJ
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EJ RS
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/fm 256 def
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1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
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206 206 206 fC
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3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
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345 1252 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
7 5 SJ
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308 1681 2429 (tuples \(assuming Alt. \(2\) or \(3\) for data entries\)) 2429 SB
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308 1821 1175 (depends on clustering.) 1175 SB
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22 9 SJ
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2 2 SJ
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statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
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0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-8 4 SJ
420 304 2175 (Examples of Index Nested Loops) 2175 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 623 1179 (Hash-index \(Alt. 2\) on ) 1179 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1462 625 138 (sid) 138 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1600 623 1055 ( of Sailors \(as inner\):) 1055 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 787 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
12 7 SJ
414 787 2124 (Scan Reserves: 1000 page I/Os, 100*1000 tuples.) 2124 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 931 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 11 SJ
414 931 2329 (For each Reserves tuple: 1.2 I/Os to get data entry in) 2329 SB
22 10 SJ
414 1051 2530 (index, plus 1 I/O to get \(the exactly one\) matching Sailors) 2530 SB
6 5 SJ
414 1171 1192 (tuple. Total: 220,000 I/Os.) 1192 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1358 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 1319 1179 (Hash-index \(Alt. 2\) on ) 1179 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1462 1321 138 (sid) 138 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1600 1319 1165 ( of Reserves \(as inner\):) 1165 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1483 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 7 SJ
414 1483 1883 (Scan Sailors: 500 page I/Os, 80*500 tuples.) 1883 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1626 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 11 SJ
414 1626 2433 (For each Sailors tuple: 1.2 I/Os to find index page with) 2433 SB
23 7 SJ
414 1746 2366 (data entries, plus cost of retrieving matching Reserves) 2366 SB
20 6 SJ
414 1866 2459 (tuples. Assuming uniform distribution, 2.5 reservations) 2459 SB
17 13 SJ
414 1986 2619 (per sailor \(100,000 / 40,000\). Cost of retrieving them is 1 or) 2619 SB
23 8 SJ
414 2106 2366 (2.5 I/Os depending on whether the index is clustered.) 2366 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 8 8
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
420 304 1614 (Block Nested Loops Join) 1614 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 623 2504 (Use one page as an input buffer for scanning the) 2504 SB
283 763 2560 (inner S, one page as the output buffer, and use all) 2560 SB
283 904 2284 (remaining pages to hold ``block\222\222 of outer R.) 2284 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1067 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
188 55 0 fC
18 10 SJ
414 1067 2346 (For each matching tuple r in R-block, s in S-page, add) 2346 SB
19 11 SJ
414 1187 2224 ( to result. Then read next R-block, scan S, etc) 2224 SB
0 84 0 fC
2657 1187 25 (.) 25 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
137 25 853 1489 E
S
n
gs 3231 604 0 1488 CB
715 888 M 0 1800 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 604 0 1488 CB
990 888 M 0 1800 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 1 0 -139 -1 139 137 39 851 2092 A
S
n
0 lc
0 lj
1124 724 1067 1415 B
S
n
255 246 233 fC
0 0 0 hC
/fm 1280 def
<3f3ff3f33f3ff3f3> p
99 99 792 1565 B
1 F
S
n
/fm 1280 def
99 99 792 1715 B
1 F
S
n
/fm 1280 def
99 99 792 1965 B
1 F
S
n
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 123 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
2 2 SJ
764 1790 165 (. . .) 165 SB
724 174 1267 1590 B
S
n
192 254 249 fC
/fm 256 def
99 99 1292 1615 B
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
99 99 1442 1615 B
1 F
S
n
0 0 0 fC
2 2 SJ
1614 1565 165 (. . .) 165 SB
192 254 249 fC
/fm 256 def
99 99 1817 1615 B
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
99 99 1267 1915 B
1 F
S
n
/fm 256 def
99 99 1892 1915 B
1 F
S
n
1 lc
1 lj
gs 244 2427 990 0 CB
715 1663 M 825 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1265 1663 M 62 -18 0 37 -62 -19 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 244 2427 990 0 CB
715 1963 M 825 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
1265 1963 M 62 -18 0 37 -62 -19 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 294 2427 1990 0 CB
1665 1963 M 975 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
2315 1963 M 62 -18 0 37 -62 -19 3 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
739 1360 206 (R & S) 206 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 61 /Times-Bold /font29 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
1315 1427 723 (Hash table for block of R) 723 SB
1459 1507 430 (\(k < B-1 pages\)) 430 SB
-3 3 SJ
1140 2028 514 (Input buffer for S) 514 SB
-2 1 SJ
1765 2027 404 (Output buffer) 404 SB
6 4 SP
1315 1913 M 55 -48 1 -14 -75 25 50 -100 4 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
1390 1737 M 35 -55 24 26 -59 29 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
137 25 2453 1489 E
S
n
gs 3231 604 0 1488 CB
2315 888 M 0 1800 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 604 0 1488 CB
2590 888 M 0 1800 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 1 0 -139 -1 139 137 39 2451 2092 A
S
n
0 lc
0 lj
255 246 233 fC
0 0 0 hC
/fm 1280 def
<3f3ff3f33f3ff3f3> p
99 99 2417 1565 B
1 F
S
n
/fm 1280 def
99 99 2417 1715 B
1 F
S
n
/fm 1280 def
99 99 2417 1965 B
1 F
S
n
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 123 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
2 2 SJ
2389 1790 165 (. . .) 165 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2239 1360 397 (Join Result) 397 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Times-Bold
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 9 9
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
420 304 2157 (Examples of Block Nested Loops) 2157 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 612 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
258 573 2627 (Cost: Scan of outer + #outer blocks * scan of inner) 2627 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 737 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 2 SJ
389 737 681 (#outer blocks =) 681 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 924 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 885 2430 (With Reserves \(R\) as outer, and 100 pages of R:) 2430 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1049 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 12 SJ
389 1049 1988 (Cost of scanning R is 1000 I/Os; a total of 10 ) 1988 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2390 1051 242 (blocks) 242 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2632 1049 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1193 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 10 SJ
389 1193 2100 (Per block of R, we scan Sailors \(S\); 10*500 I/Os.) 2100 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1337 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 13 SJ
389 1337 2473 (If space for just 90 pages of R, we would scan S 12 times.) 2473 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1524 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
258 1485 2041 (With 100-page block of Sailors as outer:) 2041 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1649 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
14 11 SJ
389 1649 2153 (Cost of scanning S is 500 I/Os; a total of 5 blocks.) 2153 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1792 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 10 SJ
389 1792 2059 (Per block of S, we scan Reserves; 5*1000 I/Os.) 2059 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1980 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 1 SJ
258 1941 286 (With ) 286 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-2 1 SJ
542 1943 757 (sequential reads) 757 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-2 1 SJ
1297 1943 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
1324 1941 1521 (considered, analysis changes:) 1521 SB
258 2081 2795 (may be best to divide buffers evenly between R and S.) 2795 SB
32 0 0 153 132 0 0 0 133 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 1929 205 1140 723 CB
1161 734 59 (\351) 59 SB
gr
gs 1929 205 1140 723 CB
2738 734 59 (\371) 59 SB
gr
32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
gs 1929 205 1140 723 CB
1212 735 60 (#) 62 SB
gr
gs 1929 205 1140 723 CB
2216 735 33 (/) 34 SB
gr
32 0 0 119 119 0 0 0 107 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 1929 205 1140 723 CB
1304 735 60 (o) 62 SB
1366 735 33 (f) 34 SB
gr
gs 1929 205 1140 723 CB
1461 735 60 (p) 62 SB
1523 735 60 (a) 61 SB
1584 735 60 (g) 62 SB
1646 735 53 (e) 54 SB
1700 735 46 (s) 48 SB
gr
gs 1929 205 1140 723 CB
1776 735 60 (o) 62 SB
1838 735 33 (f) 34 SB
gr
gs 1929 205 1140 723 CB
1920 735 60 (o) 62 SB
1982 735 60 (u) 61 SB
2043 735 33 (t) 35 SB
2078 735 53 (e) 54 SB
2132 735 46 (r) 48 SB
gr
gs 1929 205 1140 723 CB
2285 735 60 (b) 62 SB
2347 735 33 (l) 34 SB
2381 735 60 (o) 62 SB
2443 735 53 (c) 54 SB
2497 735 53 (k) 54 SB
2551 735 46 (s) 47 SB
2598 735 33 (i) 35 SB
2633 735 46 (z) 48 SB
2681 735 53 (e) 54 SB
gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Symbol
%%+ font Times-Italic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 10 10
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-8 8 SJ
420 304 1702 (Sort-Merge Join \(R S\)) 1702 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 637 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 598 2763 (Sort R and S on the join column, then scan them to do) 2763 SB
258 738 2565 (a ``merge\222\222 \(on join col.\), and output result tuples.) 2565 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 902 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
188 55 0 fC
21 10 SJ
389 902 2587 (Advance scan of R until current R-tuple >= current S tuple,) 2587 SB
20 10 SJ
389 1022 2488 (then advance scan of S until current S-tuple >= current R) 2488 SB
19 10 SJ
389 1142 2283 (tuple; do this until current R tuple = current S tuple.) 2283 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 1286 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
188 55 0 fC
13 11 SJ
389 1286 2132 (At this point, all R tuples with same value in Ri \() 2132 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2534 1288 395 (current R) 395 SB
389 1408 239 (group) 239 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 10 SJ
628 1406 1746 (\) and all S tuples with same value in Sj \() 1746 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2384 1408 384 (current S) 384 SB
389 1527 239 (group) 239 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
628 1525 58 (\) ) 58 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
687 1527 246 (match) 246 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
188 55 0 fC
12 10 SJ
933 1525 1839 (; output for all pairs of such tuples.) 1839 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 1669 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
188 55 0 fC
10 5 SJ
389 1669 1376 (Then resume scanning R and S.) 1376 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 1856 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1817 2677 (R is scanned once; each S group is scanned once per) 2677 SB
258 1957 2687 (matching R tuple. \(Multiple scans of an S group are) 2687 SB
258 2097 1940 (likely to find needed pages in buffer.\)) 1940 SB
32 0 0 180 180 0 0 0 144 /MSTT31c347 font
0 0 0 fC
gs 193 118 1770 338 CB
1770 301 115 (>) 116 SB
gr
gs 193 118 1770 338 CB
1845 301 115 (<) 116 SB
gr
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1815 444 112 (i=j) 112 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font MSTT31c347
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 11 11
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 229 1881 (Example of Sort-Merge Join) 1881 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 1612 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
258 1573 1795 (Cost: M log M + N log N + \(M+N\)) 1795 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 1737 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 9 SJ
389 1737 2547 (The cost of scanning, M+N, could be M*N \(very unlikely!\)) 2547 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1924 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-9 9 SJ
258 1885 2665 (With 35, 100 or 300 buffer pages, both Reserves and) 2665 SB
258 2025 2712 (Sailors can be sorted in 2 passes; total join cost: 7500.) 2712 SB
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
241 2 145 671 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 387 671 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
401 2 390 671 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 792 671 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
375 2 795 671 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1170 671 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
310 2 1173 671 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 1484 671 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 136 145 674 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 136 387 674 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 136 792 674 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 136 1170 674 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 136 1484 674 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
235 136 151 674 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 104 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 236 140 151 671 CB
170 679 138 (sid) 138 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
137 5 170 796 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
401 136 390 674 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 402 140 390 671 CB
412 679 299 (sname) 299 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
375 136 795 674 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 375 140 795 671 CB
817 679 275 (rating) 275 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
310 136 1173 674 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 311 140 1173 671 CB
1194 679 163 (age) 163 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 145 811 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
235 2 151 811 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 387 811 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
401 2 390 811 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 792 811 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
375 2 795 811 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 1170 811 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
310 2 1173 811 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 1484 811 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 136 145 814 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 136 387 814 B
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18 9 SJ
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3000 2250 115 88 B
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6 3 SJ
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1900 1209 M -32 0 0 -8 32 0 0 8 4 PP
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1939 1498 514 (Ri \(k < B-1 pages\)) 514 SB
1 lc
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6 4 SP
246 191 105 fC
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1448 1903 M 6 -9 7 9 -7 9 -6 -9 4 PP
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246 191 105 fC
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1361 1829 M -74 0 0 80 74 0 0 -80 4 PP
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192 254 249 fC
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67 142 0 fC
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237 237 237 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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252 1 40 fC
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283 1854 2655 (apply hash-join technique recursively to do the join) 2655 SB
283 1994 2578 (of this R-partition with corresponding S-partition.) 2578 SB
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389 1578 2475 (this count if relation sizes differ greatly. Also, Hash Join) 2475 SB
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389 1698 1485 (shown to be highly parallelizable.) 1485 SB
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389 1141 2111 (For Sort-Merge and Hash Join, sort/partition on) 2111 SB
13 5 SJ
389 1261 1631 (combination of the two join columns.) 1631 SB
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520 1713 2471 (Range probes on inner; # matches likely to be much higher than for) 2471 SB
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520 1813 512 (equality joins.) 512 SB
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13 6 SJ
389 1936 1836 (Hash Join, Sort Merge Join not applicable.) 1836 SB
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295 2080 49 (\226) 49 SB
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25 10 SJ
389 2080 2320 (Block NL quite likely to be the best join method here.) 2320 SB
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def/sc{scignore{pop pop pop}{0 index 2 index eq 2 index 4 index eq
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/SVDoc save def
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Win35Dict begin
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/oldDictCnt countdictstack def {letter
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{ countdictstack oldDictCnt lt { Win35Dict begin }
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389 2099 1254 (higher than with clustering\).) 1254 SB
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693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
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n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (4) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
420 304 1961 (General Selection Conditions) 1961 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
195 887 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
308 848 2408 (Such selection conditions are first converted to) 2408 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
188 55 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
308 990 1201 (conjunctive normal form ) 1201 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1503 988 323 (\(CNF\)) 323 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1826 988 29 (:) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-2 1 SJ
308 1131 615 (\(day<8/9/94 ) 615 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
921 1146 145 (OR) 145 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-4 2 SJ
1066 1131 334 ( bid=5 ) 334 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1396 1146 145 (OR) 145 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-6 3 SJ
1541 1131 394 ( sid=3 \) ) 394 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
188 55 0 fC
1929 1146 228 (AND) 228 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-2 1 SJ
308 1271 726 (\(rname=\221Paul\222 ) 726 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1032 1286 145 (OR) 145 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-4 2 SJ
1177 1271 334 ( bid=5 ) 334 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1507 1286 145 (OR) 145 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-2 1 SJ
1652 1271 336 ( sid=3\)) 336 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
195 1476 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
308 1437 1734 (We only discuss the case with no ) 1734 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2042 1452 144 (OR) 144 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2186 1437 812 (s \(a conjunction) 812 SB
308 1577 132 (of ) 132 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
440 1579 268 (terms) 268 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
708 1577 633 ( of the form ) 633 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1341 1579 205 (attr ) 205 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 109 /Palatino-BoldItalic /font25 ANSIFont font
1546 1578 130 (op) 130 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1676 1579 284 ( value) 284 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1960 1577 68 (\).) 68 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
195 1784 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
308 1745 120 (A ) 120 SB
252 1 40 fC
428 1745 196 (tree) 196 SB
0 84 0 fC
624 1745 347 ( index ) 347 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
971 1747 381 (matches) 381 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1352 1745 1487 ( \(a conjunction of\) terms that) 1487 SB
308 1885 1420 (involve only attributes in a ) 1420 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1728 1887 276 (prefix) 276 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2004 1885 927 ( of the search key.) 927 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 2049 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
439 2049 411 (Index on ) 411 SB
252 1 40 fC
851 2049 60 (<) 60 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
911 2051 231 (a, b, c) 231 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
1144 2049 495 (> matches ) 495 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1642 2051 180 (a=5 ) 180 SB
32 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1823 2067 191 (AND) 191 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
2014 2051 207 ( b= 3) 207 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1 2 SJ
2222 2049 366 (, but not) 366 SB
252 1 40 fC
1 1 SJ
2590 2049 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2616 2051 157 (b=3) 157 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2773 2049 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
365 693 84 (*) 84 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-2 1 SJ
449 656 29 ( ) 29 SB
252 1 40 fC
-2 1 SJ
476 656 615 (\(day<8/9/94 ) 615 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1089 671 228 (AND) 228 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-4 2 SJ
1317 656 755 ( rname=\221Paul\222\) ) 755 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2068 671 145 (OR) 145 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-4 2 SJ
2213 656 334 ( bid=5 ) 334 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2543 671 145 (OR) 145 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-2 1 SJ
2688 656 297 ( sid=3) 297 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-BoldItalic
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (5) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-8 4 SJ
420 304 2579 (Two Approaches to General Selections) 2579 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
188 55 0 fC
-1 1 SJ
283 623 779 (First approach:) 779 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
1061 623 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
1089 623 458 (Find the ) 458 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-3 3 SJ
1545 625 1206 (most selective access path) 1206 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2748 623 29 (,) 29 SB
283 763 2530 (retrieve tuples using it, and apply any remaining) 2530 SB
283 904 857 (terms that don\222t ) 857 SB
252 1 40 fC
1140 904 320 (match) 320 SB
0 84 0 fC
1460 904 538 ( the index:) 538 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
320 1069 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
4 4 SJ
414 1069 1091 (Most selective access path: ) 1091 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
7 6 SJ
1510 1067 1257 (An index or file scan that we) 1257 SB
19 6 SJ
414 1187 1873 (estimate will require the fewest page I/Os.) 1873 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1331 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
24 9 SJ
414 1331 2487 (Terms that match this index reduce the number of tuples) 2487 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
414 1453 356 (retrieved) 356 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
24 8 SJ
770 1451 2083 (; other terms are used to discard some retrieved) 2083 SB
23 8 SJ
414 1571 2502 (tuples, but do not affect number of tuples/pages fetched.) 2502 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1714 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
414 1714 424 (Consider ) 424 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
4 4 SJ
839 1716 1484 (day<8/9/94 AND bid=5 AND sid=3) 1484 SB
0 84 0 fC
2327 1716 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
2352 1714 437 ( A B+ tree) 437 SB
2 2 SJ
414 1834 407 (index on ) 407 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
824 1836 194 ( day ) 194 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 4 SJ
1020 1834 808 (can be used; then, ) 808 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1833 1836 235 (bid=5) 235 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
2068 1834 218 ( and ) 218 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2289 1836 253 (sid=3 ) 253 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2543 1834 348 (must be) 348 SB
23 10 SJ
414 1954 2618 (checked for each retrieved tuple. Similarly, a hash index on) 2618 SB
414 2074 60 (<) 60 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
474 2076 291 (bid, sid) 291 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 4 SJ
767 2074 743 (> could be used; ) 743 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1517 2076 465 (day<8/9/94) 465 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 4 SJ
1982 2074 998 ( must then be checked.) 998 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 6 6
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
420 304 1312 (Intersection of Rids) 1312 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 637 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
188 55 0 fC
258 598 889 (Second approach) 889 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1147 598 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
1176 598 1614 (\(if we have 2 or more matching) 1614 SB
258 738 2403 (indexes that use Alternatives \(2\) or \(3\) for data) 2403 SB
258 879 348 (entries) 347 SB
605 879 68 (\):) 68 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1042 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
24 10 SJ
389 1042 2555 (Get sets of rids of data records using each matching index.) 2555 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1186 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
389 1186 249 (Then ) 249 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
641 1188 347 (intersect) 347 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
5 2 SJ
988 1186 276 ( these ) 276 SB
252 1 40 fC
7 3 SJ
1269 1186 495 (sets of rids ) 495 SB
0 84 0 fC
5 2 SJ
1771 1186 1129 (\(we\222ll discuss intersection) 1129 SB
389 1306 269 (soon!\)) 269 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1450 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 7 SJ
389 1450 2309 (Retrieve the records and apply any remaining terms.) 2309 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1594 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
389 1594 424 (Consider ) 424 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2 4 SJ
813 1596 1484 (day<8/9/94 AND bid=5 AND sid=3) 1484 SB
0 84 0 fC
2300 1596 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 4 SJ
2325 1594 557 ( If we have a) 557 SB
6 4 SJ
389 1713 742 (B+ tree index on ) 742 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1137 1715 144 (day) 144 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 5 SJ
1281 1713 758 ( and an index on ) 758 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2047 1715 117 (sid) 117 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
2164 1713 518 (, both using) 518 SB
23 8 SJ
389 1833 2462 (Alternative \(2\), we can retrieve rids of records satisfying) 2462 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
389 1955 490 (day<8/9/94 ) 490 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 7 SJ
881 1953 1610 (using the first, rids of recs satisfying ) 1610 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2501 1955 228 (sid=3) 228 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2729 1953 269 ( using) 269 SB
23 7 SJ
389 2073 2114 (the second, intersect, retrieve records and check ) 2114 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2526 2075 260 (bid=5.) 260 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
370 304 1711 (The Projection Operation) 1711 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
283 648 1590 (An approach based on sorting:) 1590 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 812 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
23 9 SJ
414 812 2608 (Modify Pass 0 of external sort to eliminate unwanted fields.) 2608 SB
0 84 0 fC
19 10 SJ
414 932 2486 (Thus, runs of about 2B pages are produced, but tuples in) 2486 SB
20 10 SJ
414 1052 2541 (runs are smaller than input tuples. \(Size ratio depends on) 2541 SB
14 7 SJ
414 1172 1644 (# and size of fields that are dropped.\)) 1644 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1315 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
21 7 SJ
414 1315 2125 (Modify merging passes to eliminate duplicates. ) 2125 SB
0 84 0 fC
2560 1315 246 (Thus,) 246 SB
20 8 SJ
414 1435 2424 (number of result tuples smaller than input. \(Difference) 2424 SB
11 4 SJ
414 1555 1244 (depends on # of duplicates.\)) 1244 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1699 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 2 SJ
414 1699 273 (Cost: ) 273 SB
0 84 0 fC
16 9 SJ
691 1699 2191 (In Pass 0, read original relation \(size M\), write out) 2191 SB
23 9 SJ
414 1819 2520 (same number of smaller tuples. In merging passes, fewer) 2520 SB
21 9 SJ
414 1938 2509 (tuples written out in each pass. Using Reserves example,) 2509 SB
16 13 SJ
414 2058 2622 (1000 input pages reduced to 250 in Pass 0 if size ratio is 0.25) 2622 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
989 399 2107 280 B
S
n
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2140 310 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
2447 294 75 ( ) 75 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2523 310 394 (DISTINCT) 394 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
4 16 SJ
2140 413 882 ( R.sid, R.bid) 882 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2140 549 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 6 SJ
2385 533 602 ( Reserves R) 602 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
420 254 1948 (Projection Based on Hashing) 1948 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 562 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
258 525 878 (Partitioning phase) 878 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-7 7 SJ
1135 523 1676 (: Read R using one input buffer.) 1676 SB
258 663 2679 (For each tuple, discard unwanted fields, apply hash) 2679 SB
-1 1 SJ
258 804 463 (function ) 463 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
720 806 118 (h1) 118 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-7 7 SJ
838 804 1866 ( to choose one of B-1 output buffers.) 1866 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 967 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 9 SJ
389 967 2590 (Result is B-1 partitions \(of tuples with no unwanted fields\).) 2590 SB
24 8 SJ
389 1087 2573 (2 tuples from different partitions guaranteed to be distinct.) 2573 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1274 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-2 2 SJ
258 1237 1328 (Duplicate elimination phase) 1328 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-6 6 SJ
1584 1235 1397 (: For each partition, read it) 1397 SB
258 1375 2605 (and build an in-memory hash table, using hash fn ) 2605 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2863 1377 118 (h2) 118 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
258 1516 210 (\(<> ) 210 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
467 1518 118 (h1) 118 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
585 1516 2189 (\) on all fields, while discarding duplicates.) 2189 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1679 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 9 SJ
389 1679 2497 (If partition does not fit in memory, can apply hash-based) 2497 SB
19 5 SJ
389 1799 2140 (projection algorithm recursively to this partition.) 2140 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1986 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
258 1947 322 (Cost: ) 322 SB
0 84 0 fC
580 1947 2342 (For partitioning, read R, write out each tuple,) 2342 SB
258 2087 2506 (but with fewer fields. This is read in next phase.) 2506 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
420 304 1638 (Discussion of Projection) 1638 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
258 648 2714 (Sort-based approach is the standard; better handling) 2714 SB
258 788 1448 (of skew and result is sorted.) 1448 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 996 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 957 2369 (If an index on the relation contains all wanted) 2369 SB
-7 7 SJ
258 1097 1782 (attributes in its search key, can do ) 1782 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2033 1099 510 (index-only) 510 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-1 1 SJ
2543 1097 287 ( scan.) 287 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1261 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
24 7 SJ
389 1261 2606 (Apply projection techniques to data entries \(much smaller!\)) 2606 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1448 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1409 2537 (If an ordered \(i.e., tree\) index contains all wanted) 2537 SB
-2 2 SJ
258 1549 662 (attributes as ) 662 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
918 1551 305 (prefix ) 305 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
1222 1549 1711 (of search key, can do even better:) 1711 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1713 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
24 7 SJ
389 1713 2433 (Retrieve data entries in order \(index-only scan\), discard) 2433 SB
21 7 SJ
389 1833 2363 (unwanted fields, compare adjacent tuples to check for) 2363 SB
389 1952 478 (duplicates.) 478 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 10 10
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
420 304 1008 (Set Operations) 1008 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 637 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
258 598 2641 (Intersection and cross-product special cases of join.) 2641 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 806 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 767 2669 (Union \(Distinct\) and Except similar; we\222ll do union.) 2669 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 974 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
258 935 1717 (Sorting based approach to union:) 1717 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1099 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 7 SJ
389 1099 2297 (Sort both relations \(on combination of all attributes\).) 2297 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1242 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 5 SJ
389 1242 1675 (Scan sorted relations and merge them.) 1675 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 1388 50 (\226) 50 SB
389 1388 461 (Alternative) 461 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
12 8 SJ
850 1386 1289 (: Merge runs from Pass 0 for ) 1289 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2152 1388 173 (both) 173 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2325 1386 430 ( relations.) 430 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1573 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
258 1534 1615 (Hash based approach to union:) 1615 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1698 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 7 SJ
389 1698 1664 (Partition R and S using hash function ) 1664 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2064 1700 50 (h) 50 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2114 1698 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1842 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 8 SJ
389 1842 2460 (For each S-partition, build in-memory hash table \(using ) 2460 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2869 1844 100 (h2) 100 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2969 1842 58 (\),) 58 SB
17 8 SJ
389 1962 2230 (scan corr. R-partition and add tuples to table while) 2230 SB
9 1 SJ
389 2082 969 (discarding duplicates.) 969 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 2 SJ
320 254 1590 (Aggregate Operations \() 1590 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-3 1 SJ
1904 267 713 (AVG, MIN) 713 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-3 1 SJ
2614 254 371 (, etc.\)) 371 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 537 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 1 SJ
258 498 971 (Without grouping:) 971 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 662 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 5 SJ
389 662 1818 (In general, requires scanning the relation.) 1818 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 806 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 9 SJ
389 806 2576 (Given index whose search key includes all attributes in the) 2576 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
389 942 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
696 926 143 ( or ) 143 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
843 942 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 5 SJ
1152 926 1423 ( clauses, can do index-only scan.) 1423 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1113 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
258 1074 798 (With grouping:) 798 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1238 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 8 SJ
389 1238 2622 (Sort on group-by attributes, then scan relation and compute) 2622 SB
19 9 SJ
389 1358 2359 (aggregate for each group. \(Can improve upon this by) 2359 SB
18 4 SJ
389 1477 2094 (combining sorting and aggregate computation.\)) 2094 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1621 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 7 SJ
389 1621 2587 (Similar approach based on hashing on group-by attributes.) 2587 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1765 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
23 9 SJ
389 1765 2604 (Given tree index whose search key includes all attributes in) 2604 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
389 1901 679 (SELECT, WHERE ) 679 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1071 1885 193 (and ) 193 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1265 1901 446 (GROUP BY ) 446 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
1714 1885 1154 (clauses, can do index-only) 1154 SB
20 10 SJ
389 2004 2533 (scan; if group-by attributes form prefix of search key, can) 2533 SB
20 5 SJ
389 2124 2039 (retrieve data entries/tuples in group-by order.) 2039 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 12 12
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
420 304 1312 (Impact of Buffering) 1312 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
220 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
333 648 2489 (If several operations are executing concurrently,) 2489 SB
-7 7 SJ
333 788 2588 (estimating the number of available buffer pages is) 2588 SB
333 929 136 (gu) 135 SB
468 929 156 (ess) 155 SB
623 929 162 (wo) 161 SB
784 929 140 (rk.) 140 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
220 1136 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
333 1097 2318 (Repeated access patterns interact with buffer) 2318 SB
-1 1 SJ
333 1237 1015 (replacement policy.) 1015 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
370 1401 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 7 SJ
464 1401 2212 (e.g., Inner relation is scanned repeatedly in Simple) 2212 SB
21 9 SJ
464 1521 2320 (Nested Loop Join. With enough buffer pages to hold) 2320 SB
23 7 SJ
464 1640 2381 (inner, replacement policy does not matter. Otherwise,) 2381 SB
9 6 SJ
464 1760 1216 (MRU is best, LRU is worst \() 1216 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1688 1762 761 (sequential flooding) 761 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2450 1760 58 (\).) 58 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
370 1904 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
26 7 SJ
464 1904 2485 (Does replacement policy matter for Block Nested Loops?) 2485 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
370 2048 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
23 6 SJ
464 2048 2223 (What about Index Nested Loops? Sort-Merge Join?) 2223 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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255 246 233 fC
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
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492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
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693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
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291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
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420 304 186 (Su) 185 SB
605 304 399 (mmar) 398 SB
1003 304 84 (y) 84 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 612 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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258 573 1555 (A virtue of relational DBMSs: ) 1555 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-4 4 SJ
1808 575 1186 (queries are composed of a) 1186 SB
-2 2 SJ
258 715 892 (few basic operators) 892 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
1148 713 1503 (; the implementation of these) 1503 SB
258 854 2698 (operators can be carefully tuned \(and it is important) 2698 SB
258 994 586 (to do this!\).) 586 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1201 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
258 1162 2770 (Many alternative implementation techniques for each) 2770 SB
-6 6 SJ
258 1302 2711 (operator; no universally superior technique for most) 2711 SB
258 1442 295 (opera) 294 SB
552 1442 198 (tors) 197 SB
749 1442 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1649 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
258 1610 2310 (Must consider available alternatives for each) 2310 SB
258 1750 2607 (operation in a query and choose best one based on) 2607 SB
258 1891 2704 (system statistics, etc. This is part of the broader task) 2704 SB
258 2031 2451 (of optimizing a query composed of several ops.) 2451 SB
1 #C
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420 304 1433 (Schema for Examples) 1433 SB
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0 84 0 fC
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258 1048 1175 (Similar to old schema; ) 1175 SB
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1433 1050 300 (rname) 300 SB
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1733 1048 1111 ( added for variations.) 1111 SB
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441 1217 274 (erves) 273 SB
714 1217 29 (:) 29 SB
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295 1381 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 12 SJ
389 1381 2645 (Each tuple is 40 bytes long, 100 tuples per page, 1000 pages.) 2645 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1568 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1529 252 (Sailo) 251 SB
509 1529 125 (rs:) 125 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1692 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 12 SJ
389 1692 2545 (Each tuple is 50 bytes long, 80 tuples per page, 500 pages.) 2545 SB
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390 694 353 (Sailors \() 353 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
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32 0 0 99 99 1 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
862 694 357 (: integer) 357 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1221 694 50 (, ) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1272 696 256 (sname) 256 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1528 694 355 (: string, ) 355 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1887 696 250 (rating) 250 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
2137 694 407 (: integer, ) 407 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2548 696 133 (age) 133 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2681 694 248 (: real\)) 248 SB
2 1 SJ
390 813 444 (Reserves \() 444 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
836 815 117 (sid) 117 SB
32 0 0 99 99 1 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 2 SJ
953 813 407 (: integer, ) 407 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1364 815 124 (bid) 124 SB
32 0 0 99 99 1 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
1488 813 407 (: integer, ) 407 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1900 815 144 (day) 144 SB
32 0 0 99 99 1 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2044 813 281 (: dates) 281 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
2328 813 50 (, ) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2380 815 256 (rname) 256 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2636 813 338 (: string\)) 338 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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255 246 233 fC
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (5) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-5 1 SJ
420 254 1398 (Motivating Example) 1398 SB
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195 1083 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
5 3 SJ
308 1048 1110 (Cost: 500+500*1000 I/Os) 1110 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
195 1227 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 5 SJ
308 1192 1248 (By no means the worst plan!) 1248 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
195 1371 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 2 SJ
308 1336 1277 (Misses several opportunities:) 1277 SB
11 3 SJ
308 1456 1164 (selections could have been) 1164 SB
12 5 SJ
308 1575 1394 (`pushed\222 earlier, no use is made) 1394 SB
10 4 SJ
308 1695 1252 (of any available indexes, etc.) 1252 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
195 1874 59 (v) 59 SB
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5 4 SJ
308 1841 895 (Goal of optimization: ) 895 SB
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2 2 SJ
1207 1839 572 (To find more) 572 SB
12 4 SJ
308 1959 1384 (efficient plans that compute the) 1384 SB
5 1 SJ
308 2078 595 (same answer.) 595 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
1319 519 832 480 B
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n
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32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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1173 494 411 ( S.sname) 411 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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10 5 SJ
1111 613 949 ( Reserves R, Sailors S) 949 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
866 749 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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1745 749 198 (AND) 198 SB
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2 1 SJ
1943 733 25 ( ) 25 SB
5 5 SJ
866 853 570 ( R.bid=100 ) 570 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1441 869 198 (AND) 198 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1639 853 475 ( S.rating>5) 475 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
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2381 405 M -32 0 32 0 2 PP
S
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2562 135 M 0 -50 0 50 2 PP
S
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2589 135 M 0 -50 0 50 2 PP
S
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2549 131 M -53 0 53 0 2 PP
S
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2598 715 M 0 -35 0 35 2 PP
S
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2706 715 M 0 -35 0 35 2 PP
S
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2598 715 M -108 -35 108 35 2 PP
S
n
2598 750 M -108 35 108 -35 2 PP
S
n
2413 966 M -207 104 207 -104 2 PP
S
n
2697 862 M -212 -104 212 104 2 PP
S
n
2653 508 M 0 -162 0 162 2 PP
S
n
2653 239 M 0 -148 0 148 2 PP
S
n
2643 465 M -23 48 23 -48 2 PP
S
n
2666 421 M -21 -44 21 44 2 PP
S
n
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0 0 0 fC
2269 1019 313 (Reserves) 313 SB
2823 1015 236 (Sailors) 236 SB
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 53 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
2570 802 200 (sid=sid) 200 SB
3 1 SJ
2422 446 232 (bid=100 ) 232 SB
3 2 SJ
2720 438 258 (rating > 5) 258 SB
2607 181 183 (sname) 183 SB
1855 1514 M 5 -18 13 -8 14 8 5 18 -5 18 -14 8 -13 -8 -5 -18 8 PP
S
n
1837 1494 M -33 0 33 0 2 PP
S
n
2027 1189 M 0 -56 0 56 2 PP
S
n
2056 1189 M 0 -56 0 56 2 PP
S
n
2013 1183 M -57 0 57 0 2 PP
S
n
2066 1844 M 0 -40 0 40 2 PP
S
n
2180 1844 M 0 -40 0 40 2 PP
S
n
2066 1844 M -114 -40 114 40 2 PP
S
n
2066 1884 M -114 40 114 -40 2 PP
S
n
1870 2128 M -219 117 219 -117 2 PP
S
n
2171 2011 M -224 -117 224 117 2 PP
S
n
2123 1610 M 0 -183 0 183 2 PP
S
n
2123 1306 M 0 -167 0 167 2 PP
S
n
2109 1567 M -28 51 28 -51 2 PP
S
n
2137 1520 M -24 -47 24 47 2 PP
S
n
32 0 0 71 71 0 0 0 65 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
1718 2169 313 (Reserves) 313 SB
2304 2164 236 (Sailors) 236 SB
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 53 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
2037 1927 200 (sid=sid) 200 SB
3 1 SJ
1880 1526 232 (bid=100 ) 232 SB
3 2 SJ
2194 1515 258 (rating > 5) 258 SB
2075 1226 183 (sname) 183 SB
32 0 0 71 71 0 0 0 65 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
2280 1823 766 (\(Simple Nested Loops\)) 766 SB
2543 1503 382 (\(On-the-fly\)) 382 SB
2533 1173 382 (\(On-the-fly\)) 382 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
4 1 SJ
2040 143 387 (RA Tree:) 387 SB
1715 1198 222 (Plan:) 222 SB
0 84 0 pC
gs 1054 2427 2040 0 CB
990 1138 M 3150 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Helvetica-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 6 6
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
370 204 1319 (Alternative Plans 1) 1319 SB
-4 1 SJ
370 404 870 (\(No Indexes\)) 870 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 908 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-BoldItalic /font25 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1 3 SJ
258 875 765 (Main difference: ) 765 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1023 875 503 (push selects.) 503 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 1052 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
258 1017 677 (With 5 buffers, ) 677 SB
252 1 40 fC
3 2 SJ
940 1017 531 (cost of plan:) 531 SB
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0 84 0 fC
295 1157 41 (\226) 41 SB
389 1157 2545 (Scan Reserves \(1000\) + write temp T1 \(10 pages, if we have 100 boats,) 2545 SB
4 1 SJ
389 1257 805 (uniform distribution\).) 805 SB
295 1377 41 (\226) 41 SB
389 1377 2513 (Scan Sailors \(500\) + write temp T2 \(250 pages, if we have 10 ratings\).) 2513 SB
295 1497 41 (\226) 41 SB
389 1497 1830 (Sort T1 \(2*2*10\), sort T2 \(2*3*250\), merge \(10+250\)) 1830 SB
295 1617 41 (\226) 41 SB
252 1 40 fC
389 1617 839 (Total: 3560 page I/Os.) 839 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 1775 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
6 4 SJ
258 1740 896 (If we used BNL join,) 896 SB
0 84 0 fC
8 5 SJ
1161 1740 945 ( join cost = 10+4*250, ) 945 SB
252 1 40 fC
5 3 SJ
2114 1740 729 (total cost = 2770.) 729 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 1919 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 3 SJ
258 1884 1034 (If we `push\222 projections) 1034 SB
0 84 0 fC
5 4 SJ
1295 1884 582 (, T1 has only ) 582 SB
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1881 1886 117 (sid) 117 SB
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2408 1886 117 (sid) 117 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
2525 1884 218 ( and ) 218 SB
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32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 2024 41 (\226) 41 SB
389 2024 2084 (T1 fits in 3 pages, cost of BNL drops to under 250 pages, ) 2084 SB
252 1 40 fC
2473 2024 446 (total < 2000.) 446 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
2022 764 M 5 -14 11 -5 11 5 5 14 -5 14 -11 6 -11 -6 -5 -14 8 PP
S
n
2006 747 M -28 0 28 0 2 PP
S
n
2245 181 M 0 -43 0 43 2 PP
S
n
2270 181 M 0 -43 0 43 2 PP
S
n
2233 177 M -49 0 49 0 2 PP
S
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2286 482 M 0 -32 0 32 2 PP
S
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2383 482 M 0 -32 0 32 2 PP
S
n
2286 482 M -97 -32 97 32 2 PP
S
n
2286 514 M -97 32 97 -32 2 PP
S
n
2119 700 M -187 89 187 -89 2 PP
S
n
2374 611 M -190 -89 190 89 2 PP
S
n
2581 818 M 0 -141 0 141 2 PP
S
n
2330 303 M 0 -128 0 128 2 PP
S
n
2488 755 M 5 -14 11 -6 11 6 5 14 -5 14 -11 5 -11 -5 -5 -14 8 PP
S
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2472 740 M -28 0 28 0 2 PP
S
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2107 822 M 0 -140 0 140 2 PP
S
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2505 965 236 (Sailors) 236 SB
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3 1 SJ
2042 767 232 (bid=100 ) 232 SB
2286 207 183 (sname) 183 SB
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2500 759 258 (rating > 5) 258 SB
32 0 0 71 71 0 0 0 65 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
1694 702 216 (\(Scan;) 216 SB
-2 2 SJ
1694 758 273 (write to ) 273 SB
-1 1 SJ
1694 812 296 (temp T1\)) 296 SB
2780 699 216 (\(Scan;) 216 SB
-1 1 SJ
2780 753 253 (write to) 253 SB
-1 1 SJ
2780 807 296 (temp T2\)) 296 SB
-1 1 SJ
2472 464 587 (\(Sort-Merge Join\)) 587 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Helvetica-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-BoldItalic
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
420 204 1319 (Alternative Plans 2) 1319 SB
-4 1 SJ
420 404 898 (With Indexes) 898 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 658 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 4 SJ
258 623 1075 (With clustered index on ) 1075 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1342 625 149 (bid ) 149 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1493 623 87 (of) 87 SB
10 4 SJ
258 743 1370 (Reserves, we get 100,000/100 =) 1370 SB
7 6 SJ
258 863 1581 (1000 tuples on 1000/100 = 10 pages.) 1581 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1042 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
258 1007 427 (INL with ) 427 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-BoldItalic /font25 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
688 1009 450 (pipelining) 450 SB
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5 3 SJ
1138 1007 555 ( \(outer is not) 555 SB
258 1126 582 (materialized\)) 582 SB
0 84 0 fC
840 1126 25 (.) 25 SB
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166 1653 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 6 SJ
225 1618 980 ( Decision not to push ) 980 SB
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2 1 SJ
1213 1620 386 (rating>5 ) 386 SB
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7 6 SJ
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6 7 SJ
166 1762 755 ( availability of ) 755 SB
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928 1764 117 (sid) 117 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
1045 1762 752 ( index on Sailors.) 752 SB
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166 1941 59 (v) 59 SB
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3 2 SJ
225 1906 50 ( ) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
4 2 SJ
279 1906 273 (Cost: ) 273 SB
0 84 0 fC
14 8 SJ
555 1906 2089 (Selection of Reserves tuples \(10 I/Os\); for each, ) 2089 SB
16 12 SJ
166 2049 2243 ( must get matching Sailors tuple \(1000*1.2\); total ) 2243 SB
252 1 40 fC
1 1 SJ
2424 2049 463 (1210 I/Os.) 463 SB
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0 84 0 fC
166 1403 59 (v) 59 SB
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4 4 SJ
225 1368 606 ( Join column ) 606 SB
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836 1370 117 (sid) 117 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 5 SJ
953 1368 849 ( is a key for Sailors.) 849 SB
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316 1508 41 (\226) 41 SB
6 8 SJ
358 1508 1864 (At most one matching tuple, unclustered index on ) 1864 SB
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2228 1510 98 (sid) 98 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2326 1508 167 ( OK.) 167 SB
440 1249 41 (\226) 41 SB
8 7 SJ
482 1249 2120 (Projecting out unnecessary fields from outer doesn\222t help.) 2120 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
2406 675 M 0 -29 0 29 2 PP
S
n
2466 675 M 0 -29 0 29 2 PP
S
n
2406 675 M -60 -29 60 29 2 PP
S
n
2406 704 M -60 29 60 -29 2 PP
S
n
2303 874 M -115 82 115 -82 2 PP
S
n
2461 792 M -118 -82 118 82 2 PP
S
n
2435 253 M 0 -127 0 127 2 PP
S
n
2433 511 M 0 -118 0 118 2 PP
S
n
2360 156 M 0 -39 0 39 2 PP
S
n
2375 156 M 0 -39 0 39 2 PP
S
n
2353 153 M -30 0 30 0 2 PP
S
n
2378 420 M 3 -12 7 -5 7 5 3 12 -3 13 -7 5 -7 -5 -3 -13 8 PP
S
n
2368 405 M -18 0 18 0 2 PP
S
n
2298 998 M 0 -127 0 127 2 PP
S
n
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 47 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
2226 1151 222 (Reserves) 222 SB
2531 931 167 (Sailors) 167 SB
2341 709 73 (sid) 72 SB
2413 709 29 (=) 30 SB
2443 709 28 (s) 27 SB
2470 709 45 (id) 44 SB
-1 1 SJ
2256 935 203 (bid=100 ) 203 SB
2386 183 158 (sname) 158 SB
2580 146 120 (\(On-t) 119 SB
2699 146 30 (h) 31 SB
2730 146 45 (e-) 44 SB
2774 146 58 (fly) 59 SB
2833 146 17 (\)) 16 SB
2386 424 224 (rating > 5) 224 SB
1941 888 239 (\(Use hash) 239 SB
-2 1 SJ
1966 938 224 (index; do) 224 SB
2242 931 M 3 -13 7 -5 8 5 3 13 -3 13 -8 5 -7 -5 -3 -13 8 PP
S
n
2231 917 M -19 0 19 0 2 PP
S
n
-1 1 SJ
1972 988 209 (not write) 209 SB
1972 1037 212 (result to ) 212 SB
1972 1087 45 (te) 44 SB
2016 1087 44 (m) 45 SB
2061 1087 31 (p) 30 SB
2091 1087 17 (\)) 17 SB
-2 2 SJ
2566 653 509 (\(Index Nested Loops,) 509 SB
2566 704 382 (with pipelining \)) 382 SB
2657 400 120 (\(On-t) 119 SB
2776 400 30 (h) 31 SB
2807 400 45 (e-) 44 SB
2851 400 58 (fly) 59 SB
2910 400 17 (\)) 16 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Helvetica-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-BoldItalic
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
420 304 2495 (Query Blocks: Units of Optimization) 2495 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 658 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 6 SJ
258 623 1323 (An SQL query is parsed into a) 1323 SB
4 2 SJ
258 743 557 (collection of ) 557 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
819 745 230 (query) 230 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1049 743 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1076 745 242 (blocks) 242 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
4 2 SJ
1318 743 469 (, and these) 469 SB
13 6 SJ
258 863 1482 (are optimized one block at a time.) 1482 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1042 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 5 SJ
258 1007 1574 (Nested blocks are usually treated as) 1574 SB
14 6 SJ
258 1126 1574 (calls to a subroutine, made once per) 1574 SB
10 6 SJ
258 1246 1266 (outer tuple. \(This is an over-) 1266 SB
12 4 SJ
258 1366 1529 (simplification, but serves for now.\)) 1529 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
1124 758 1932 530 B
S
n
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1965 560 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
2272 544 411 ( S.sname) 411 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1965 679 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
2210 663 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1965 799 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
2274 783 304 ( S.age ) 304 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2581 799 97 (IN) 97 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2678 783 25 ( ) 25 SB
1965 903 158 ( \() 158 SB
32 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2123 921 567 (SELECT MAX ) 567 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2690 905 330 (\(S2.age\)) 330 SB
1965 1025 175 ( ) 175 SB
32 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2140 1041 247 (FROM) 247 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2387 1025 459 ( Sailors S2) 459 SB
1965 1144 175 ( ) 175 SB
32 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2140 1160 468 (GROUP BY ) 468 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2608 1144 381 (S2.rating) 381 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2989 1142 33 (\)) 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2565 1345 506 (Nested block) 506 SB
1940 1345 473 (Outer block) 473 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
165 1528 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 7 SJ
224 1493 1801 ( For each block, the plans considered are:) 1801 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
315 1637 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 10 SJ
365 1637 2039 ( All available access methods, for each reln in ) 2039 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2421 1653 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2666 1637 322 ( clause.) 322 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
315 1781 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
365 1781 210 ( All ) 210 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2 2 SJ
578 1783 734 (left-deep join trees) 734 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1314 1781 25 ( ) 25 SB
0 84 0 fC
7 7 SJ
1340 1781 1656 (\(i.e., all ways to join the relations one-) 1656 SB
17 7 SJ
315 1900 1560 (at-a-time, with the inner reln in the ) 1560 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1892 1916 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 2 SJ
2137 1900 862 ( clause, considering) 862 SB
15 5 SJ
315 2020 1766 (all reln permutations and join methods.\)) 1766 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 1 -776 1 1 -51 50 775 1941 1389 A
S
n
0 0 1 1 53 -301 1 50 300 2991 1339 A
S
n
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
420 304 1090 (Cost Estimation) 1090 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
195 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
308 673 2341 (For each plan considered, must estimate cost:) 2341 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 837 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
439 837 253 (Must ) 253 SB
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
694 837 391 (estimate ) 391 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1087 839 157 (cost) 157 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1244 837 25 ( ) 25 SB
0 84 0 fC
11 5 SJ
1271 837 1308 (of each operation in plan tree.) 1308 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
495 1014 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
570 978 1155 (Depends on input cardinalities.) 1155 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
495 1134 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 9 SJ
570 1098 2321 (We\222ve already discussed how to estimate the cost of operations) 2321 SB
4 5 SJ
570 1198 1426 (\(sequential scan, index scan, joins, etc.\)) 1426 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 1321 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
439 1321 253 (Must ) 253 SB
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
694 1321 391 (estimate ) 391 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
1086 1323 531 (size of result ) 531 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
7 4 SJ
1622 1321 1128 (for each operation in tree!) 1128 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
495 1497 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 5 SJ
570 1461 1545 (Use information about the input relations.) 1545 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
495 1617 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 7 SJ
570 1581 2224 (For selections and joins, assume independence of predicates.) 2224 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
195 1747 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
308 1708 901 (We\222ll discuss the ) 901 SB
252 1 40 fC
-2 2 SJ
1206 1708 509 (System R ) 509 SB
0 84 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
1713 1708 1323 (cost estimation approach.) 1323 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 1872 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
14 6 SJ
439 1872 1684 (Very inexact, but works ok in practice.) 1684 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 2016 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 4 SJ
439 2016 1913 (More sophisticated techniques known now.) 1913 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageTrailer
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%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
420 304 1544 (Statistics and Catalogs) 1544 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
195 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
308 648 2572 (Need information about the relations and indexes) 2572 SB
-2 2 SJ
308 788 546 (involved. ) 546 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 109 /Palatino-BoldItalic /font25 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
852 789 471 (Catalogs) 471 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 107 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-1 1 SJ
1323 791 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
1351 788 1284 (typically contain at least:) 1284 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 952 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
7 3 SJ
439 952 852 (# tuples \(NTuples\) ) 852 SB
0 84 0 fC
2 1 SJ
1297 952 193 (and ) 193 SB
252 1 40 fC
7 3 SJ
1492 952 791 (# pages \(NPages\) ) 791 SB
0 84 0 fC
4 2 SJ
2289 952 738 (for each relation.) 738 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 1096 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
13 5 SJ
439 1096 1316 (# distinct key values \(NKeys\) ) 1316 SB
0 84 0 fC
10 4 SJ
1768 1096 1199 (and NPages for each index.) 1199 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 1240 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
19 6 SJ
439 1240 2117 (Index height, low/high key values \(Low/High\) ) 2117 SB
0 84 0 fC
3 1 SJ
2575 1240 350 (for each) 350 SB
6 1 SJ
439 1360 460 (tree index.) 460 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
195 1547 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 2 SJ
308 1508 1594 (Catalogs updated periodically.) 1594 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 1672 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 8 SJ
439 1672 2519 (Updating whenever data changes is too expensive; lots of) 2519 SB
16 5 SJ
439 1791 2221 (approximation anyway, so slight inconsistency ok.) 2221 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
195 1978 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
308 1939 2576 (More detailed information \(e.g., histograms of the) 2576 SB
308 2080 2227 (values in some field\) are sometimes stored.) 2227 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-BoldItalic
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
370 254 2624 (Size Estimation and Reduction Factors) 2624 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 762 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
283 723 1231 (Consider a query block:) 1231 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 931 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 892 2512 (Maximum # tuples in result is the product of the) 2512 SB
283 1032 1596 (cardinalities of relations in the ) 1596 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1879 1047 293 (FROM) 293 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2172 1032 380 ( clause.) 380 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1239 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-3 3 SJ
283 1202 1063 (Reduction factor \(RF\) ) 1063 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
1343 1200 1064 (associated with each) 1064 SB
51 101 251 fC
-1 1 SJ
2405 1200 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2433 1202 222 (term) 222 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
2655 1200 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
2683 1200 371 (reflects) 371 SB
283 1340 899 (the impact of the ) 899 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1182 1342 222 (term) 222 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1404 1340 1262 ( in reducing result size. ) 1262 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2666 1342 307 (Result) 307 SB
283 1482 519 (cardinality) 519 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
802 1480 1953 ( = Max # tuples * product of all RF\222s.) 1953 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
320 1644 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
414 1644 368 (Implicit ) 368 SB
252 1 40 fC
785 1644 514 (assumption) 514 SB
0 84 0 fC
7 2 SJ
1299 1644 222 ( that ) 222 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1527 1646 228 (terms) 228 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 2 SJ
1755 1644 770 ( are independent!) 770 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
320 1788 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
414 1788 259 (Term ) 259 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
674 1790 416 (col=value ) 416 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1091 1788 321 (has RF ) 321 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1415 1790 502 (1/NKeys\(I\), ) 502 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 4 SJ
1918 1788 735 (given index I on ) 735 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2657 1790 113 (col) 113 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1932 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
414 1932 259 (Term ) 259 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
673 1934 412 (col1=col2 ) 412 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1086 1932 321 (has RF ) 321 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1409 1934 80 (1/) 80 SB
32 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1489 1950 201 (MAX) 201 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1690 1934 960 (\(NKeys\(I1\), NKeys\(I2\)\)) 960 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 2075 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
414 2075 234 (Term) 234 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
648 2077 441 ( col>value ) 441 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
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1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (4) 29 SB
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-6 3 SJ
420 304 2288 (Enumeration of Alternative Plans) 2288 SB
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0 84 0 fC
195 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
308 623 1335 (There are two main cases:) 1335 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 787 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
6 1 SJ
439 787 905 (Single-relation plans) 905 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
345 931 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
7 1 SJ
439 931 1015 (Multiple-relation plans) 1015 SB
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0 84 0 fC
195 1118 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-9 9 SJ
308 1079 2738 (For queries over a single relation, queries consist of a) 2738 SB
-6 6 SJ
308 1219 2643 (combination of selects, projects, and aggregate ops:) 2643 SB
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345 1383 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 9 SJ
439 1383 2580 (Each available access path \(file scan / index\) is considered,) 2580 SB
21 9 SJ
439 1503 2225 (and the one with the least estimated cost is chosen.) 2225 SB
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345 1647 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 6 SJ
439 1647 2209 (The different operations are essentially carried out) 2209 SB
24 10 SJ
439 1766 2542 (together \(e.g., if an index is used for a selection, projection) 2542 SB
23 9 SJ
439 1886 2455 (is done for each retrieved tuple, and the resulting tuples) 2455 SB
3 1 SJ
439 2006 161 (are ) 161 SB
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252 1 40 fC
603 2008 368 (pipelined) 368 SB
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0 84 0 fC
11 4 SJ
971 2006 1458 ( into the aggregate computation\).) 1458 SB
1 #C
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EJ RS
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255 246 233 fC
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (5) 29 SB
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395 312 2485 (Cost Estimates for Single-Relation Plans) 2485 SB
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170 687 69 (v) 69 SB
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283 648 2155 (Index I on primary key matches selection:) 2155 SB
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320 814 50 (\226) 50 SB
414 814 300 (Cost is ) 300 SB
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1 4 SJ
714 814 1015 (Height\(I\)+1 for a B+ tree) 1015 SB
0 84 0 fC
1729 814 298 (, about ) 298 SB
252 1 40 fC
2027 814 494 (1.2 for hash ) 494 SB
0 84 0 fC
2521 814 248 (index.) 248 SB
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170 999 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 960 2455 (Clustered index I matching one or more selects:) 2455 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
320 1126 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
414 1126 2480 (\(NPages\(I\)+NPages\(R\)\) * product of RF\222s of matching selects) 2480 SB
0 84 0 fC
2894 1126 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1311 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 1272 2692 (Non-clustered index I matching one or more selects:) 2692 SB
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320 1438 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
414 1438 2520 (\(NPages\(I\)+NTuples\(R\)\) * product of RF\222s of matching selects) 2520 SB
0 84 0 fC
2934 1438 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1623 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
283 1584 1154 (Sequential scan of file:) 1154 SB
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320 1750 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
414 1750 444 (NPages\(R\)) 444 SB
0 84 0 fC
858 1750 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1935 83 (+) 83 SB
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252 1 40 fC
283 1897 283 (Note:) 283 SB
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-3 1 SJ
566 1897 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
592 1898 505 (Typically, ) 505 SB
252 1 40 fC
-9 3 SJ
1094 1898 1180 (no duplicate elimination ) 1180 SB
0 84 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
2265 1898 704 (on projections!) 704 SB
-8 8 SJ
283 2038 2000 (\(Exception: Done on answers if user says ) 2000 SB
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2275 2053 467 (DISTINCT) 467 SB
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2742 2038 68 (.\)) 68 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
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0 0 0 fC
420 304 186 (Ex) 185 SB
605 304 288 (amp) 287 SB
892 304 111 (le) 111 SB
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0 84 0 fC
145 687 69 (v) 69 SB
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258 648 724 (If we have an ) 724 SB
252 1 40 fC
982 648 479 (index on ) 479 SB
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1461 650 294 (rating) 294 SB
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0 84 0 fC
1755 648 29 (:) 29 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 812 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 8 SJ
389 812 2641 (\(1/NKeys\(I\)\) * NTuples\(R\) = \(1/10\) * 40000 tuples retrieved.) 2641 SB
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295 956 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
10 2 SJ
389 956 746 (Clustered index: ) 746 SB
0 84 0 fC
16 3 SJ
1146 956 1776 (\(1/NKeys\(I\)\) * \(NPages\(I\)+NPages\(R\)\) =) 1776 SB
252 1 40 fC
11 6 SJ
389 1076 1652 (\(1/10\) * \(50+500\) pages are retrieved. ) 1652 SB
0 84 0 fC
5 3 SJ
2051 1076 506 (\(This is the ) 506 SB
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252 1 40 fC
2562 1078 183 (cost) 183 SB
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2745 1076 25 (.) 25 SB
0 84 0 fC
2770 1076 33 (\)) 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1220 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
13 2 SJ
389 1220 855 (Unclustered index: ) 855 SB
0 84 0 fC
13 2 SJ
1257 1220 1736 (\(1/NKeys\(I\)\) * \(NPages\(I\)+NTuples\(R\)\)) 1736 SB
2 1 SJ
389 1339 85 (= ) 85 SB
252 1 40 fC
10 5 SJ
476 1339 1727 (\(1/10\) * \(50+40000\) pages are retrieved.) 1727 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 1526 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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252 1 40 fC
982 1487 479 (index on ) 479 SB
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1461 1489 138 (sid) 138 SB
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0 84 0 fC
1599 1487 29 (:) 29 SB
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295 1651 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
23 9 SJ
389 1651 2145 (Would have to retrieve all tuples/pages. With a ) 2145 SB
252 1 40 fC
2557 1651 400 (clustered) 400 SB
0 84 0 fC
4 2 SJ
389 1771 457 (index, the ) 457 SB
252 1 40 fC
5 2 SJ
851 1771 603 (cost is 50+500) 603 SB
0 84 0 fC
4 2 SJ
1458 1771 277 (, with ) 277 SB
252 1 40 fC
1740 1771 518 (unclustered) 518 SB
0 84 0 fC
5 2 SJ
2258 1771 320 ( index, ) 320 SB
252 1 40 fC
2582 1771 410 (50+40000) 410 SB
0 84 0 fC
2992 1771 25 (.) 25 SB
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145 1958 69 (v) 69 SB
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-2 2 SJ
258 1919 439 (Doing a ) 439 SB
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
695 1919 421 (file scan) 421 SB
0 84 0 fC
1115 1919 29 (:) 29 SB
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295 2083 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 4 SJ
389 2083 1082 (We retrieve all file pages) 1082 SB
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
1480 2083 241 ( \(500\)) 241 SB
0 84 0 fC
1723 2083 25 (.) 25 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
882 399 1982 280 B
S
n
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2015 310 328 (SELECT ) 328 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2344 294 233 ( S.sid) 233 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2015 429 266 (FROM ) 266 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
2283 413 397 ( Sailors S) 397 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2015 549 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
2324 533 500 ( S.rating=8) 500 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
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0 0 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
420 304 2223 (Queries Over Multiple Relations) 2223 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 637 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
283 598 1877 (Fundamental decision in System R: ) 1877 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-2 2 SJ
2154 600 850 (only left-deep join) 850 SB
283 740 223 (trees) 223 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
506 740 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 1 SJ
533 738 787 (are considered.) 787 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 902 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
23 9 SJ
414 902 2582 (As the number of joins increases, the number of alternative) 2582 SB
2 3 SJ
414 1022 934 (plans grows rapidly; ) 934 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
4 6 SJ
1350 1024 1425 (we need to restrict the search space.) 1425 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1166 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
12 7 SJ
414 1166 1717 (Left-deep trees allow us to generate all ) 1717 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
4 2 SJ
2144 1168 608 (fully pipelined ) 608 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2756 1166 239 (plans) 239 SB
0 84 0 fC
2995 1166 25 (.) 25 SB
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470 1351 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
24 6 SJ
545 1310 2220 (Intermediate results not written to temporary files.) 2220 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
470 1494 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 9 SJ
545 1453 2435 (Not all left-deep trees are fully pipelined \(e.g., SM join\).) 2435 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
1731 1974 M 0 -34 0 34 2 PP
S
n
1817 1974 M 0 -34 0 34 2 PP
S
n
1731 1974 M -86 -34 86 34 2 PP
S
n
1731 2008 M -86 34 86 -34 2 PP
S
n
1891 1807 M 0 -34 0 34 2 PP
S
n
1976 1807 M 0 -34 0 34 2 PP
S
n
1891 1807 M -85 -34 85 34 2 PP
S
n
1891 1841 M -85 34 85 -34 2 PP
S
n
2057 1619 M 0 -34 0 34 2 PP
S
n
2142 1619 M 0 -34 0 34 2 PP
S
n
2057 1619 M -85 -34 85 34 2 PP
S
n
2057 1653 M -85 34 85 -34 2 PP
S
n
1937 1794 M -158 130 158 -130 2 PP
S
n
2097 1667 M -132 -109 132 109 2 PP
S
n
1774 1971 M -159 130 159 -130 2 PP
S
n
1935 1844 M -132 -109 132 109 2 PP
S
n
1615 2144 M -158 129 158 -129 2 PP
S
n
1776 2018 M -132 -109 132 109 2 PP
S
n
2701 1979 M 0 -35 0 35 2 PP
S
n
2787 1979 M 0 -35 0 35 2 PP
S
n
2701 1979 M -86 -35 86 35 2 PP
S
n
2701 2014 M -86 35 86 -35 2 PP
S
n
2560 1802 M 0 -33 0 33 2 PP
S
n
2646 1802 M 0 -33 0 33 2 PP
S
n
2560 1802 M -86 -33 86 33 2 PP
S
n
2560 1835 M -86 33 86 -33 2 PP
S
n
2726 1613 M 0 -34 0 34 2 PP
S
n
2812 1613 M 0 -34 0 34 2 PP
S
n
2726 1613 M -86 -34 86 34 2 PP
S
n
2726 1647 M -86 34 86 -34 2 PP
S
n
2606 1788 M -158 130 158 -130 2 PP
S
n
2767 1661 M -131 -109 131 109 2 PP
S
n
2447 1972 M -158 130 158 -130 2 PP
S
n
2608 1846 M -131 -109 131 109 2 PP
S
n
2586 2149 M -158 130 158 -130 2 PP
S
n
2747 2022 M -131 -110 131 110 2 PP
S
n
32 0 0 71 71 0 0 0 65 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
1899 2148 51 (B) 51 SB
1581 2151 49 (A) 49 SB
2062 1965 51 (C) 51 SB
2244 1792 51 (D) 51 SB
2870 2153 51 (B) 51 SB
2552 2156 49 (A) 49 SB
2424 1984 51 (C) 51 SB
2913 1787 51 (D) 51 SB
1181 1879 M 0 -45 0 45 2 PP
S
n
1324 1879 M 0 -45 0 45 2 PP
S
n
1181 1879 M -143 -45 143 45 2 PP
S
n
1181 1924 M -143 45 143 -45 2 PP
S
n
829 1613 M 0 -46 0 46 2 PP
S
n
973 1613 M 0 -46 0 46 2 PP
S
n
829 1613 M -144 -46 144 46 2 PP
S
n
829 1659 M -144 46 144 -46 2 PP
S
n
986 2094 M -264 174 264 -174 2 PP
S
n
1256 1924 M -219 -146 219 146 2 PP
S
n
444 1873 M 0 -45 0 45 2 PP
S
n
588 1873 M 0 -45 0 45 2 PP
S
n
444 1873 M -144 -45 144 45 2 PP
S
n
444 1918 M -144 45 144 -45 2 PP
S
n
250 2100 M -265 173 265 -173 2 PP
S
n
520 1931 M -219 -146 219 146 2 PP
S
n
521 1851 M -379 171 379 -171 2 PP
S
n
905 1680 M -340 -171 340 171 2 PP
S
n
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 62 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
949 2136 48 (C) 48 SB
1448 2125 48 (D) 48 SB
726 2127 48 (B) 48 SB
194 2131 45 (A) 45 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 254 2177 (Enumeration of Left-Deep Plans) 2177 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 537 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 498 2653 (Left-deep plans differ only in the order of relations,) 2653 SB
258 638 2478 (the access method for each relation, and the join) 2478 SB
258 779 1093 (method for each join.) 1093 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 986 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 947 2608 (Enumerated using N passes \(if N relations joined\):) 2608 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1111 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
5 3 SJ
389 1111 344 (Pass 1: ) 344 SB
0 84 0 fC
10 6 SJ
738 1111 1834 (Find best 1-relation plan for each relation.) 1834 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1254 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
4 3 SJ
389 1254 344 (Pass 2: ) 344 SB
0 84 0 fC
14 9 SJ
738 1254 2194 (Find best way to join result of each 1-relation plan) 2194 SB
9 6 SJ
389 1374 1327 (\(as outer\) to another relation. ) 1327 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 2 SJ
1725 1376 880 (\(All 2-relation plans.\)) 880 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 1518 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
5 3 SJ
389 1518 376 (Pass N: ) 376 SB
0 84 0 fC
14 9 SJ
769 1518 2226 (Find best way to join result of a \(N-1\)-relation plan) 2226 SB
9 7 SJ
389 1638 1351 (\(as outer\) to the N\222th relation. ) 1351 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 2 SJ
1750 1640 908 (\(All N-relation plans.\)) 908 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 1825 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
258 1786 2056 (For each subset of relations, retain only:) 2056 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1950 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 3 SJ
389 1950 1198 (Cheapest plan overall, plus) 1198 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 2094 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 4 SJ
389 2094 1028 (Cheapest plan for each ) 1028 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 2 SJ
1423 2096 701 (interesting order ) 701 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
3 2 SJ
2127 2094 569 (of the tuples.) 569 SB
1 #C
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1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 254 2089 (Enumeration of Plans \(Contd.\)) 2089 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
220 673 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 3 SJ
333 638 1056 (ORDER BY, GROUP BY) 1056 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1391 623 646 (, aggregates ) 646 SB
0 84 0 fC
3 3 SJ
2039 623 857 (etc. handled as a) 857 SB
333 763 2498 (final step, using either an `interestingly ordered\222) 2498 SB
333 904 1910 (plan or an addional sorting operator.) 1910 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
220 1111 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
333 1072 2171 (An N-1 way plan is not combined with an) 2171 SB
333 1212 2556 (additional relation unless there is a join condition) 2556 SB
333 1352 1995 (between them, unless all predicates in ) 1995 SB
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2328 1367 392 (WHERE ) 392 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2720 1352 249 (have) 249 SB
-2 2 SJ
333 1492 721 (been used up.) 721 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
370 1656 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
464 1656 176 (i.e., ) 176 SB
252 1 40 fC
11 4 SJ
643 1656 1602 (avoid Cartesian products if possible.) 1602 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
220 1843 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
333 1804 2450 (In spite of pruning plan space, this approach is ) 2450 SB
252 1 40 fC
2783 1804 190 (still) 190 SB
333 1944 607 (exponential) 607 SB
0 84 0 fC
940 1944 914 ( in the # of tables.) 914 SB
1 #C
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255 246 233 fC
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
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605 304 288 (amp) 287 SB
892 304 111 (le) 111 SB
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0 84 0 fC
145 608 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
258 573 269 (Pass1:) 269 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 719 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
389 719 278 (Sailors) 278 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
667 717 75 (: ) 75 SB
0 84 0 fC
4 3 SJ
745 717 720 (B+ tree matches ) 720 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1469 719 361 (rating>5) 361 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1830 717 25 (,) 25 SB
13 5 SJ
389 837 1599 (and is probably cheapest. However,) 1599 SB
13 5 SJ
389 957 1275 (if this selection is expected to) 1275 SB
14 7 SJ
389 1076 1542 (retrieve a lot of tuples, and index is) 1542 SB
14 5 SJ
389 1196 1664 (unclustered, file scan may be cheaper.) 1664 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
445 1373 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
520 1337 1652 (Still, B+ tree plan kept \(because tuples are in ) 1652 SB
32 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2172 1339 231 (rating ) 231 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2403 1337 251 (order\).) 251 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 1462 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
389 1462 351 (Reserves) 351 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
740 1460 75 (: ) 75 SB
0 84 0 fC
4 3 SJ
817 1460 472 (B+ tree on ) 472 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1293 1462 124 (bid) 124 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1417 1460 410 ( matches ) 410 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1829 1462 335 (bid=500) 335 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2164 1460 455 (; cheapest.) 455 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
984 540 1157 130 B
S
n
32 0 0 83 83 1 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1191 144 268 (Sailors:) 268 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1191 244 439 ( B+ tree on ) 439 SB
32 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1630 246 210 (rating) 210 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 4 SJ
1191 344 371 ( Hash on ) 371 SB
32 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1563 346 98 (sid) 98 SB
32 0 0 83 83 1 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1191 444 346 (Reserves:) 346 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1191 544 439 ( B+ tree on ) 439 SB
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1630 546 104 (bid) 104 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
165 1603 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
224 1568 25 ( ) 25 SB
252 1 40 fC
1 1 SJ
250 1568 294 (Pass 2:) 294 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
315 1728 41 (\226) 41 SB
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
357 1728 21 ( ) 21 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
19 10 SJ
380 1712 2470 (We consider each plan retained from Pass 1 as the outer,) 2470 SB
21 10 SJ
315 1832 2491 (and consider how to join it with the \(only\) other relation.) 2491 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
465 2016 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
518 1975 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
543 1991 170 (e.g., ) 170 SB
32 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
713 1993 586 (Reserves as outer) 586 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1299 1991 63 (: ) 63 SB
0 84 0 fC
1362 1991 1615 (Hash index can be used to get Sailors tuples) 1615 SB
465 2116 486 ( that satisfy ) 486 SB
32 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
952 2118 98 (sid) 98 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 4 SJ
1050 2116 578 ( = outer tuple\222s ) 578 SB
32 0 0 84 84 0 0 0 77 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1628 2118 98 (sid) 98 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1726 2116 245 ( value.) 245 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
2283 904 M 4 -19 8 -8 8 8 4 19 -4 19 -8 8 -8 -8 -4 -19 8 PP
S
n
2271 878 M -21 0 21 0 2 PP
S
n
2443 170 M 0 -59 0 59 2 PP
S
n
2461 170 M 0 -59 0 59 2 PP
S
n
2434 165 M -35 0 35 0 2 PP
S
n
2464 545 M 0 -44 0 44 2 PP
S
n
2536 545 M 0 -44 0 44 2 PP
S
n
2464 545 M -72 -44 72 44 2 PP
S
n
2464 589 M -72 44 72 -44 2 PP
S
n
2342 846 M -138 124 138 -124 2 PP
S
n
2530 722 M -140 -124 140 124 2 PP
S
n
2500 298 M 0 -194 0 194 2 PP
S
n
2687 989 M 0 -177 0 177 2 PP
S
n
2618 906 M 4 -19 7 -8 9 8 3 19 -3 19 -9 7 -7 -7 -4 -19 8 PP
S
n
2606 884 M -22 0 22 0 2 PP
S
n
2327 999 M 0 -178 0 178 2 PP
S
n
32 0 0 71 71 0 0 0 65 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
2243 1214 313 (Reserves) 313 SB
2626 1214 236 (Sailors) 236 SB
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 53 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
2446 645 200 (sid=sid) 200 SB
32 0 0 71 71 0 0 0 65 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2293 915 284 (bid=100 ) 284 SB
2627 913 317 (rating > 5) 317 SB
32 0 0 58 58 0 0 0 53 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
2473 221 183 (sname) 183 SB
1 #C
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
420 304 1036 (Nested Queries) 1036 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 708 59 (v) 59 SB
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12 3 SJ
258 673 1141 (Nested block is optimized) 1141 SB
13 3 SJ
258 793 1311 (independently, with the outer) 1311 SB
13 4 SJ
258 913 1390 (tuple considered as providing a) 1390 SB
8 1 SJ
258 1033 850 (selection condition.) 850 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1211 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
12 4 SJ
258 1176 1314 (Outer block is optimized with) 1314 SB
12 5 SJ
258 1296 1399 (the cost of `calling\222 nested block) 1399 SB
11 3 SJ
258 1416 1417 (computation taken into account.) 1417 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1595 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
14 4 SJ
258 1560 1416 (Implicit ordering of these blocks) 1416 SB
15 4 SJ
258 1679 1424 (means that some good strategies) 1424 SB
7 4 SJ
258 1799 885 (are not considered. ) 885 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
1150 1801 364 (The non-) 364 SB
258 1921 1167 (nested version of the query is) 1167 SB
1 2 SJ
258 2041 1050 (typically optimized better.) 1050 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
959 858 2132 105 B
S
n
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4 3 SJ
2410 238 422 ( Sailors S) 422 SB
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1 1 SJ
2165 358 603 (WHERE EXISTS) 603 SB
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2165 458 75 ( ) 75 SB
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2165 579 100 ( ) 100 SB
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2165 699 100 ( ) 100 SB
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2265 715 302 (WHERE) 302 SB
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2165 835 296 ( AND) 296 SB
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2461 819 551 ( R.sid=S.sid\)) 551 SB
1179 618 1912 1005 B
S
n
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1945 1019 21 ( ) 21 SB
32 0 0 83 83 1 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
1966 1019 941 (Nested block to optimize:) 941 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1945 1134 370 ( SELECT ) 370 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2315 1118 39 (*) 39 SB
2 1 SJ
1945 1238 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1971 1254 266 (FROM ) 266 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
2239 1238 502 ( Reserves R) 502 SB
1 1 SJ
1945 1358 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1972 1374 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
2281 1358 495 ( R.bid=103) 495 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 5 SJ
1945 1493 303 ( AND) 303 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
2249 1477 343 ( S.sid= ) 343 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2592 1479 453 (outer value) 453 SB
32 0 0 83 83 1 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
1890 1659 1087 (Equivalent non-nested query:) 1087 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1890 1774 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
2197 1758 411 ( S.sname) 411 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1890 1894 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 4 SJ
2135 1878 924 ( Sailors S, Reserves R) 924 SB
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1890 2014 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 3 SJ
2199 1998 565 ( S.sid=R.sid ) 565 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
1890 2133 261 ( AND) 261 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2153 2117 470 ( R.bid=103) 470 SB
1 #C
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 304 186 (Su) 185 SB
605 304 399 (mmar) 398 SB
1003 304 84 (y) 84 SB
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0 84 0 fC
145 637 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 598 2302 (Query optimization is an important task in a) 2302 SB
-2 1 SJ
258 738 884 (relational DBMS.) 884 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 946 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
258 907 2792 (Must understand optimization in order to understand) 2792 SB
258 1047 2632 (the performance impact of a given database design) 2632 SB
-7 7 SJ
258 1187 2579 (\(relations, indexes\) on a workload \(set of queries\).) 2579 SB
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145 1394 69 (v) 69 SB
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-5 5 SJ
258 1355 1705 (Two parts to optimizing a query:) 1705 SB
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295 1519 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 5 SJ
389 1519 1515 (Consider a set of alternative plans.) 1515 SB
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445 1696 43 (u) 43 SB
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3 7 SJ
520 1660 2071 (Must prune search space; typically, left-deep plans only.) 2071 SB
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295 1783 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 8 SJ
389 1783 2197 (Must estimate cost of each plan that is considered.) 2197 SB
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445 1959 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 10 SJ
520 1923 2059 (Must estimate size of result and cost for each plan node.) 2059 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
445 2079 43 (u) 43 SB
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520 2045 354 (Key issues) 354 SB
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874 2043 1706 (: Statistics, indexes, operator implementations.) 1706 SB
1 #C
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185 185 185 fC
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258 448 1193 (Single-relation queries:) 1193 SB
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295 612 49 (\226) 49 SB
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17 6 SJ
389 612 2080 (All access paths considered, cheapest is chosen.) 2080 SB
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295 758 50 (\226) 50 SB
389 758 245 (Issues) 245 SB
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11 5 SJ
1620 756 1311 ( index, whether index key has) 1311 SB
26 9 SJ
389 876 2595 (all needed fields and/or provides tuples in a desired order.) 2595 SB
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295 1188 49 (\226) 49 SB
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389 1188 1993 (All single-relation plans are first enumerated.) 1993 SB
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2885 1348 21 (.) 21 SB
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18 9 SJ
389 1475 2499 (Next, for each 1-relation plan, all ways of joining another) 2499 SB
13 4 SJ
389 1595 1468 (relation \(as inner\) are considered.) 1468 SB
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389 1739 2546 (Next, for each 2-relation plan that is `retained\222, all ways of) 2546 SB
21 7 SJ
389 1859 2335 (joining another relation \(as inner\) are considered, etc.) 2335 SB
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389 2002 2606 (At each level, for each subset of relations, only best plan for) 2606 SB
19 6 SJ
389 2122 1932 (each interesting order of tuples is `retained\222.) 1932 SB
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1 lj
0 0 0 pC
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n
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-1 6 -2 5 -3 5 -5 5 -7 5 -7 5 -9 4 -11 4 -11 4 -13 3 -14 4 -14 3 12 PP
S
n
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14 -2 14 -2 14 -2 15 -1 15 0 15 -1 16 1 14 0 14 1 15 2 14 2 13 2 14 3 12 3 11 4 10 4 9 4 8 4 7 5 6 5 20 PP
1 -5 2 -6 3 -5 4 -5 6 -5 7 -5 8 -4 10 -4 10 -4 10 -4 13 -3 12 -3 12 PP
S
n
1146 1418 M -16 1 -14 0 -16 0 -15 -1 -15 -1 -13 -2 -14 -1 -14 -3 -13 -3 -12 -3 -11 -4 -10 -3 -10 -5 -8 -4 -6 -4 -6 -6 -4 -5 -4 -5 -2 -5 -1 -6 20 PP
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14 -2 14 -2 13 -2 15 -1 15 -1 16 0 14 0 16 1 14 1 15 2 14 2 14 2 12 3 12 3 11 4 10 4 10 4 7 4 8 5 6 5 20 PP
1 -5 2 -5 4 -5 4 -5 6 -5 6 -5 8 -4 10 -4 10 -4 11 -4 12 -3 13 -3 12 PP
S
n
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-4 -5 -3 -5 -3 -5 0 -6 0 -5 3 -5 3 -5 4 -5 6 -5 7 -5 8 -4 9 -5 10 -3 11 -4 12 -3 13 -3 14 -2 14 -2 14 -2 14 -1 20 PP
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-1 6 -1 5 -4 5 -4 5 -6 5 -7 5 -8 4 -9 4 -10 4 -11 4 -12 3 -13 3 12 PP
S
n
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-1 5 -1 6 -4 5 -4 5 -6 5 -7 4 -8 5 -9 4 -10 4 -11 3 -12 4 -13 3 12 PP
S
n
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S
n
1474 1695 M -190 -100 -196 97 196 103 190 -100 4 PP
S
n
1209 1750 M 410 0 0 108 -410 0 0 -108 4 PP
S
n
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1 -6 2 -5 3 -5 4 -5 7 -5 6 -5 8 -4 10 -4 10 -4 11 -4 12 -3 13 -3 12 PP
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1259 1459 60 (lo) 59 SB
1318 1459 22 (t) 22 SB
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n
1474 1962 M -227 -99 -234 96 234 103 227 -100 4 PP
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n
908 1362 138 (nam) 137 SB
1045 1362 37 (e) 37 SB
2280 1366 82 (dn) 81 SB
2361 1366 37 (a) 38 SB
2399 1366 60 (m) 59 SB
2458 1366 37 (e) 37 SB
2613 1458 82 (bu) 81 SB
2694 1458 141 (dget) 141 SB
1998 1458 60 (di) 59 SB
2057 1458 41 (d) 41 SB
1604 1302 97 (sin) 96 SB
1700 1302 74 (ce) 74 SB
908 1362 138 (nam) 137 SB
1045 1362 37 (e) 37 SB
2280 1366 82 (dn) 81 SB
2361 1366 37 (a) 38 SB
2399 1366 60 (m) 59 SB
2458 1366 37 (e) 37 SB
2613 1458 82 (bu) 81 SB
2694 1458 141 (dget) 141 SB
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2057 1458 41 (d) 41 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 62 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
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1652 1660 152 (ages) 152 SB
1605 2192 97 (sin) 96 SB
1701 2192 74 (ce) 74 SB
2232 1654 271 (Departm) 270 SB
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1637 1918 197 (orks_I) 196 SB
1833 1918 41 (n) 41 SB
gs 220 2427 658 0 CB
442 1499 M 648 219 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 169 0 1480 CB
970 1315 M 0 495 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 219 2427 1074 0 CB
1504 1499 M -645 219 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 195 0 1401 CB
1664 1783 M 0 -573 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 283 2427 2039 0 CB
1760 1499 M 837 219 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 169 0 1480 CB
2358 1315 M 0 495 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 180 2427 2509 0 CB
2861 1493 M -528 237 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 129 0 2059 CB
1744 1934 M -120 375 1 PP
S
n
gr
6 17 SP
gs 273 2427 1905 0 CB
1536 1697 M 957 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1856 1697 M -101 29 0 -58 101 29 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
gs 251 2427 1217 0 CB
1711 1697 M -741 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
6 17 SP
gs 259 241 1209 1723 CB
1719 2197 M -765 -711 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 371 201 1927 1770 CB
1560 2164 M 1101 -591 1 PP
S
n
gr
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statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
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291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
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420 304 2263 (Participation Constraints in SQL) 2263 SB
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0 84 0 fC
145 612 69 (v) 69 SB
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258 573 2621 (We can capture participation constraints involving) 2621 SB
258 713 2644 (one entity set in a binary relationship, but little else) 2644 SB
258 854 1106 (\(without resorting to ) 1106 SB
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1718 854 664 ( constraints\).) 664 SB
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0 84 0 pC
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n
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591 1084 664 (CREATE TABLE ) 664 SB
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1259 1068 487 (Dept_Mgr\() 487 SB
2 3 SJ
591 1188 75 ( ) 75 SB
67 79 214 fC
1 2 SJ
668 1188 199 (did ) 199 SB
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188 55 0 fC
3 3 SJ
669 1803 616 (PRIMARY KEY ) 616 SB
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EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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%%Page: 10 10
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
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2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
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252 1 40 fC
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2 1 SJ
862 1311 698 (relationship set.) 698 SB
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1 lj
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16 -3 16 -3 17 -2 18 -2 18 0 18 -1 17 1 18 0 17 2 18 2 16 3 16 3 15 5 14 4 14 6 12 5 10 6 10 6 8 7 7 7 20 PP
1 -8 2 -7 4 -8 6 -7 6 -7 9 -7 9 -6 11 -6 12 -5 13 -6 15 -4 15 -5 12 PP
S
n
2536 1730 M 18 0 18 -1 17 1 18 0 17 2 18 2 16 3 16 3 15 5 15 4 13 5 12 6 10 6 10 6 8 7 7 7 6 7 4 7 2 8 1 7 20 PP
-6 -7 -3 -7 -3 -8 -1 -8 1 -7 3 -7 3 -8 6 -7 6 -7 9 -7 10 -6 10 -6 12 -6 13 -5 15 -4 15 -5 16 -3 16 -3 17 -2 18 -2 20 PP
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-1 8 -2 7 -4 8 -6 7 -7 7 -8 7 -10 6 -10 6 -12 5 -13 5 -15 5 -15 4 12 PP
S
n
689 1735 M -18 1 -18 1 -17 -1 -18 -1 -18 -1 -17 -2 -16 -3 -16 -4 -15 -4 -15 -4 -13 -5 -12 -6 -10 -6 -10 -6 -9 -7 -6 -7 -6 -7 -4 -7 -2 -8 -1 -8 20 PP
6 7 3 8 3 7 1 7 -1 8 -3 8 -3 7 -6 7 -7 7 -8 7 -10 6 -10 6 -12 6 -14 5 -14 4 -15 4 -16 4 -16 3 -18 2 -17 1 20 PP
16 -3 16 -3 17 -2 18 -1 18 -1 17 -1 18 1 18 1 17 1 18 2 16 3 16 3 15 5 14 4 14 5 12 6 10 6 10 6 8 7 7 7 20 PP
1 -7 2 -7 4 -8 6 -7 6 -7 9 -7 10 -6 10 -6 12 -6 13 -5 15 -4 15 -5 12 PP
S
n
1033 1735 M 17 -1 18 -1 18 1 17 1 18 1 17 2 17 3 15 3 16 5 14 4 13 5 12 6 11 6 9 6 9 7 7 7 5 7 4 8 2 7 1 7 20 PP
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S
n
1541 1694 M 18 -1 18 0 18 0 18 1 17 2 17 2 16 3 16 3 15 5 15 4 13 5 12 6 11 5 9 7 8 7 8 7 5 7 4 7 2 8 1 7 20 PP
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-1 8 -2 7 -4 8 -5 7 -8 7 -8 7 -9 6 -11 6 -12 5 -13 6 -15 4 -15 5 12 PP
S
n
6 17 SP
2764 2111 M 475 0 0 178 -475 0 0 -178 4 PP
S
n
6 4 SP
1058 2106 M 410 0 0 178 -410 0 0 -178 4 PP
S
n
1058 1608 M -18 2 -18 0 -18 0 -18 -2 -17 -1 -17 -2 -17 -3 -16 -3 -15 -5 -14 -4 -13 -6 -12 -5 -11 -5 -9 -7 -9 -7 -7 -7 -5 -7 -4 -7 -2 -8 -1 -8 20 PP
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16 -3 17 -3 17 -2 17 -2 18 0 18 -1 18 1 18 0 17 2 17 2 16 3 16 3 16 5 14 4 13 5 12 6 11 6 9 6 9 7 7 7 20 PP
1 -7 2 -8 4 -7 5 -7 7 -7 9 -7 9 -6 11 -6 12 -6 13 -5 14 -4 15 -5 12 PP
S
n
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 62 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
1208 1698 60 (lo) 59 SB
1267 1698 22 (t) 22 SB
6 17 SP
1546 2010 M -205 -101 -205 101 205 102 205 -102 4 PP
S
n
792 1560 138 (nam) 137 SB
929 1560 37 (e) 37 SB
2705 1683 115 (age) 115 SB
2161 1678 82 (pn) 81 SB
2242 1678 37 (a) 38 SB
2280 1678 60 (m) 59 SB
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0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
2163 1762 M -16 0 0 -4 16 0 0 4 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2195 1762 M -16 0 0 -4 16 0 0 4 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2228 1762 M -16 0 0 -4 16 0 0 4 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2260 1762 M -16 0 0 -4 16 0 0 4 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
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6 4 SP
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gs 130 122 2240 1818 CB
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gs 169 122 2569 1818 CB
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gs 465 2427 1062 0 CB
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6 17 SP
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
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145 145 145 fC
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237 237 237 fC
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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1 F
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185 185 185 fC
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693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
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0 6 -2 7 -5 6 -6 7 -8 6 -9 6 -12 6 -11 5 -14 5 -16 5 -15 4 -18 3 12 PP
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1421 656 382 (hourly_wages) 382 SB
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3075 1122 M 474 0 0 135 -474 0 0 -135 4 PP
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6 8 SP
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5 3 SJ
1048 783 481 ( B, every A) 481 SB
14 7 SJ
145 902 1452 (entity is also considered to be a B) 1452 SB
12 4 SJ
145 1022 1354 (entity. \(Query answers should) 1354 SB
6 2 SJ
145 1142 507 (reflect this: ) 507 SB
252 1 40 fC
3 1 SJ
658 1142 521 (unlike C++!) 521 SB
0 84 0 fC
1182 1142 33 (\)) 33 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1337 59 (v) 59 SB
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252 1 40 fC
1 1 SJ
258 1304 805 (Overlap constraints) 805 SB
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12 10 SJ
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252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
258 1567 850 (Covering constraints) 850 SB
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16 8 SJ
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258 1685 2096 (be an Hourly_Emps or a Contract_Emps entity?) 2096 SB
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3 1 SJ
2370 1687 366 ( \(Yes/no\)) 366 SB
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1660 1989 21 ( ) 21 SB
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8 3 SJ
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2725 2132 21 (.) 21 SB
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
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258 599 956 (General approach:) 956 SB
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23 5 SJ
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2378 1146 50 (, ) 50 SB
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26 5 SJ
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520 1385 729 (tuple is deleted\).) 729 SB
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24 8 SJ
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
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440 304 168 (gg) 167 SB
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7 2 SJ
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32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1 1 SJ
258 1701 442 (NOT NULL) 442 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
258 1800 505 (constraints.) 505 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1979 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
258 1944 781 (What if Policies is) 781 SB
7 3 SJ
258 2064 778 (a weak entity set?) 778 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
1065 510 664 (CREATE TABLE ) 664 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1731 494 392 (Policies \() 392 SB
2 3 SJ
1065 613 75 ( ) 75 SB
67 79 214 fC
2 2 SJ
1143 613 410 (policyid ) 410 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1555 629 368 (INTEGER) 368 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1923 613 25 (,) 25 SB
2 5 SJ
1065 733 297 ( cost ) 297 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1364 749 222 (REAL) 222 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1586 733 25 (,) 25 SB
1 5 SJ
1065 853 267 ( ssn ) 267 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1332 869 430 (CHAR\(11\) ) 430 SB
252 1 40 fC
1762 869 442 (NOT NULL) 442 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
67 79 214 fC
2204 853 25 (,) 25 SB
4 3 SJ
1065 973 75 ( ) 75 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
188 55 0 fC
2 2 SJ
1143 989 595 (PRIMARY KEY ) 595 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1740 973 451 (\(policyid\).) 451 SB
5 3 SJ
1065 1092 75 ( ) 75 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
1145 1108 585 (FOREIGN KEY ) 585 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1733 1092 233 (\(ssn\) ) 233 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1968 1108 532 (REFERENCES) 532 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2500 1092 531 ( Employees,) 531 SB
1 6 SJ
1065 1212 150 ( ) 150 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1215 1228 902 (ON DELETE CASCADE) 902 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2117 1212 33 (\)) 33 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
1065 1384 643 (CREATE TABLE ) 643 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1712 1368 528 (Dependents) 528 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2240 1384 21 ( ) 21 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2263 1368 33 (\() 33 SB
1 3 SJ
1065 1488 75 ( ) 75 SB
67 79 214 fC
1 2 SJ
1141 1488 352 (pname ) 352 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1494 1504 388 (CHAR\(20\)) 388 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1882 1488 25 (,) 25 SB
3 5 SJ
1065 1608 277 ( age ) 277 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1345 1624 368 (INTEGER) 368 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1713 1608 25 (,) 25 SB
4 5 SJ
1065 1727 485 ( policyid ) 485 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1554 1743 368 (INTEGER) 368 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1922 1727 25 (,) 25 SB
4 3 SJ
1065 1847 75 ( ) 75 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
188 55 0 fC
3 2 SJ
1145 1863 595 (PRIMARY KEY ) 595 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1743 1847 803 (\(pname, policyid\).) 803 SB
5 3 SJ
1065 1967 75 ( ) 75 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1144 1983 585 (FOREIGN KEY ) 585 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1732 1967 451 (\(policyid\) ) 451 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2185 1983 532 (REFERENCES) 532 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2717 1967 384 ( Policies,) 384 SB
1 6 SJ
1065 2087 150 ( ) 150 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1215 2103 902 (ON DELETE CASCADE) 902 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2117 2087 33 (\)) 33 SB
1 #C
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 151 151 0 0 0 140 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-20 4 SJ
420 312 2581 (Binary vs. Ternary Relationships \(Contd.\)) 2581 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
195 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-7 7 SJ
308 648 2592 (Previous example illustrated a case when 2 binary) 2592 SB
-6 6 SJ
308 788 2720 (relationships were better than a ternary relationship.) 2720 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
195 996 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
308 957 2722 (An example in the other direction: a ternary relation) 2722 SB
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
308 1097 527 (Contracts ) 527 SB
0 84 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
834 1097 919 (relates entity sets ) 919 SB
252 1 40 fC
-2 2 SJ
1750 1097 1026 (Parts, Departments ) 1026 SB
0 84 0 fC
2774 1097 198 (and) 198 SB
252 1 40 fC
308 1237 492 (Suppliers) 492 SB
0 84 0 fC
800 1237 1567 (, and has descriptive attribute ) 1567 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2367 1239 152 (qty) 152 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2519 1237 248 (. No) 248 SB
-6 6 SJ
308 1377 2621 (combination of binary relationships is an adequate) 2621 SB
308 1517 50 (s) 49 SB
357 1517 136 (ub) 135 SB
492 1517 231 (stitu) 230 SB
722 1517 123 (te:) 124 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 1681 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
14 12 SJ
439 1681 2470 (S ``can-supply\222\222 P, D ``needs\222\222 P, and D ``deals-with\222\222 S) 2470 SB
19 11 SJ
439 1801 2185 (does not imply that D has agreed to buy P from S.) 2185 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
345 1945 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 4 SJ
439 1945 846 (How do we record ) 846 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1295 1947 129 (qty) 129 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1424 1945 44 (?) 44 SB
1 #C
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
420 304 2313 (Constraints Beyond the ER Model) 2313 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 537 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-3 1 SJ
258 498 1319 (Functional dependencies:) 1319 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 664 50 (\226) 50 SB
389 664 2598 (e.g., A dept can\222t order two distinct parts from the same supplier) 2598 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2987 662 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
445 847 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 6 SJ
520 806 2324 (Can\222t express this wrt ternary Contracts relationship.) 2324 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 950 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 6 SJ
389 950 2329 (Normalization refines ER design by considering FDs.) 2329 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1137 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-2 1 SJ
258 1098 1246 (Inclusion dependencies:) 1246 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 1262 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
24 9 SJ
389 1262 2480 (Special case: Foreign keys \(ER model can express these\).) 2480 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 1408 50 (\226) 50 SB
3 10 SJ
389 1408 2095 (e.g., At least 1 person must report to each manager. ) 2095 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
2488 1406 301 (\(Set of ) 301 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2790 1408 134 (ssn) 134 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 7 SJ
389 1525 1630 (values in Manages must be subset of ) 1630 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2031 1527 632 (supervisor_ssn ) 632 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2665 1525 284 (values) 284 SB
23 8 SJ
389 1645 2423 (in Reports_To.\) Foreign key? Expressible in ER model?) 2423 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1832 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-3 1 SJ
258 1793 1033 (General constraints:) 1033 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 1959 50 (\226) 50 SB
389 1959 2312 (e.g., Manager\222s discretionary budget less than 10% of the) 2312 SB
389 2079 2178 (combined budget of all departments he or she manages) 2178 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2567 2077 25 (.) 25 SB
1 #C
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 304 2162 (Summary of Conceptual Design) 2162 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 637 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-8 2 SJ
283 600 903 (Conceptual design ) 903 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 1 SJ
1178 598 412 (follows ) 412 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-4 1 SJ
1586 600 1038 (requirements analysis) 1038 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2620 598 29 (,) 29 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 762 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 8 SJ
414 762 2199 (Yields a high-level description of data to be stored) 2199 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 949 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 910 2093 (ER model popular for conceptual design) 2093 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1074 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 8 SJ
414 1074 2450 (Constructs are expressive, close to the way people think) 2450 SB
7 2 SJ
414 1194 1068 (about their applications.) 1068 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1381 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 2 SJ
283 1342 882 (Basic constructs: ) 882 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1159 1344 347 (entities) 347 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 1 SJ
1506 1342 58 (, ) 58 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1561 1344 609 (relationships) 609 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 2 SJ
2170 1342 285 (, and ) 285 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2449 1344 459 (attributes) 459 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
283 1482 1540 (\(of entities and relationships\).) 1540 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1689 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
283 1650 1461 (Some additional constructs: ) 1461 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
1741 1652 610 (weak entities) 610 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
2350 1650 58 (, ) 58 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2407 1652 188 (ISA) 188 SB
283 1793 514 (hierarchies) 514 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-10 2 SJ
797 1791 285 (, and ) 285 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1072 1793 562 (aggregation) 562 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1634 1791 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1998 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 1959 2397 (Note: There are many variations on ER model.) 2397 SB
1 #C
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (4) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 304 1700 (Summary of ER \(Contd.\)) 1700 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 648 2798 (Several kinds of integrity constraints can be expressed) 2798 SB
-5 5 SJ
258 788 915 (in the ER model: ) 915 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
1168 790 717 (key constraints) 717 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
1884 788 58 (, ) 58 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1941 790 610 (participation) 610 SB
258 931 531 (constraints) 531 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 2 SJ
789 929 285 (, and ) 285 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-3 1 SJ
1068 931 1350 (overlap/covering constraints) 1350 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 2 SJ
2415 929 398 ( for ISA) 398 SB
-3 3 SJ
258 1069 969 (hierarchies. Some ) 969 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
1224 1071 1109 (foreign key constraints ) 1109 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
2330 1069 397 (are also) 397 SB
258 1209 2328 (implicit in the definition of a relationship set.) 2328 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1373 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
23 10 SJ
389 1373 2507 (Some of these constraints can be expressed in SQL only if) 2507 SB
8 3 SJ
389 1492 679 (we use general ) 679 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1076 1508 298 (CHECK) 298 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 3 SJ
1374 1492 1108 ( constraints or assertions.) 1108 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1636 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
389 1636 1186 (Some constraints \(notably, ) 1186 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1581 1638 965 (functional dependencies) 965 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
2548 1636 481 (\) cannot be) 481 SB
14 4 SJ
389 1756 1187 (expressed in the ER model.) 1187 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1900 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 8 SJ
389 1900 2559 (Constraints play an important role in determining the best) 2559 SB
13 4 SJ
389 2020 1476 (database design for an enterprise.) 1476 SB
1 #C
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
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420 304 2143 (Functional Dependencies \(FDs\)) 2143 SB
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252 1 40 fC
1596 648 359 (X Y ) 359 SB
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1443 1098 39 (r) 39 SB
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1866 1672 1006 ( of R, we can check if it) 1006 SB
5 3 SJ
389 1791 776 (violates some FD ) 776 SB
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2154 1793 28 (f) 28 SB
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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185 185 185 fC
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145 145 145 fC
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0 84 0 fC
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24 8 SJ
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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185 185 185 fC
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145 145 145 fC
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295 794 50 (\226) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1 1 SJ
389 794 663 (Update anomaly) 663 SB
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1 2 SJ
1052 792 75 (: ) 75 SB
0 84 0 fC
1128 792 178 (Can) 178 SB
7 4 SJ
389 912 885 (we change W in just) 885 SB
12 5 SJ
389 1032 1186 (the 1st tuple of SNLRWH?) 1186 SB
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1 1 SJ
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1125 1175 75 (: ) 75 SB
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1 2 SJ
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10 4 SJ
389 1415 1182 (and don\222t know the hourly) 1182 SB
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2 1 SJ
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1 1 SJ
1104 1678 50 (: ) 50 SB
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10 4 SJ
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11 4 SJ
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236 236 236 fC
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236 236 236 fC
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2380 1089 41 (n) 41 SB
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gs 104 79 1915 988 CB
2115 913 M -300 225 1 PP
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gs 3231 204 0 813 CB
2265 613 M 0 600 1 PP
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gs 129 79 2515 988 CB
2390 913 M 375 225 1 PP
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gs 3231 179 0 888 CB
2740 713 M 0 525 1 PP
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gs 79 79 2865 988 CB
3015 913 M -225 225 1 PP
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gs 104 2427 2465 0 CB
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gs 94 2427 1965 0 CB
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0 84 0 fC
/fm 256 def
2090 1113 M 62 -18 0 37 -62 -19 3 PP
1 F
n
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
1835 1734 M -11 1 -9 0 -11 0 -10 -1 -10 -1 -9 -2 -10 -3 -10 -2 -8 -3 -8 -4 -8 -4 -6 -4 -7 -5 -5 -5 -5 -6 -4 -5 -3 -6 -2 -5 -2 -6 0 -7 20 PP
3 6 1 6 2 6 0 5 0 7 -2 6 -1 5 -3 6 -4 5 -6 6 -4 5 -7 5 -7 4 -8 4 -8 4 -8 3 -9 2 -10 3 -10 2 -9 1 20 PP
10 -3 10 -2 9 -2 10 -1 10 -1 11 -1 9 1 11 1 9 1 10 2 10 2 9 3 8 3 8 4 8 4 7 4 7 5 4 5 6 6 4 5 20 PP
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n
2561 1839 M -10 1 -11 0 -9 0 -10 -1 -11 -2 -9 -1 -10 -3 -8 -2 -9 -3 -9 -4 -7 -4 -7 -4 -7 -5 -5 -5 -5 -6 -4 -5 -2 -6 -3 -5 -1 -6 -1 -7 20 PP
4 6 1 5 1 6 1 6 -1 7 -1 6 -1 5 -4 6 -3 5 -6 6 -5 5 -6 5 -7 4 -8 4 -8 4 -8 3 -9 2 -10 3 -10 1 -10 2 20 PP
8 -3 10 -3 9 -1 11 -1 10 -2 9 0 11 0 10 2 10 1 10 1 10 3 9 3 8 3 8 4 8 4 7 4 6 5 5 5 6 5 3 6 20 PP
1 -6 1 -6 3 -5 2 -6 4 -6 5 -5 5 -5 7 -5 7 -4 7 -4 9 -4 9 -3 12 PP
S
n
2069 1657 M 10 -1 10 -1 10 1 11 0 9 2 10 1 10 2 9 4 8 2 8 5 8 3 7 5 6 5 5 5 6 5 4 5 2 7 2 5 2 6 0 6 20 PP
-3 -6 -2 -5 -2 -6 0 -7 0 -6 2 -5 2 -6 3 -7 4 -5 5 -5 5 -5 7 -5 6 -4 8 -4 8 -5 8 -2 10 -3 9 -3 10 -1 10 -1 20 PP
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9 -3 10 -3 9 -1 11 -1 10 -2 10 0 10 0 10 2 10 1 10 1 9 3 9 3 9 2 7 5 8 4 7 4 6 5 6 4 5 5 4 6 20 PP
1 -5 1 -6 2 -6 3 -6 4 -6 5 -5 5 -4 7 -5 6 -4 8 -4 8 -5 8 -2 12 PP
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2016 2050 M -184 -113 -191 109 191 118 184 -114 4 PP
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2941 2135 M 450 0 0 142 -450 0 0 -142 4 PP
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1891 2131 M 400 0 0 142 -400 0 0 -142 4 PP
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10 -3 9 -3 10 -1 10 -1 10 -1 10 -1 10 1 11 1 9 1 10 1 10 3 9 3 8 3 8 4 8 4 7 4 6 5 5 5 6 6 3 5 20 PP
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n
0 84 0 pC
200 254 200 fC
/fm 256 def
2820 1853 M 10 -1 9 0 10 0 9 1 10 2 9 1 9 2 8 3 8 2 8 4 7 2 7 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 4 5 2 5 3 5 1 5 0 5 20 PP
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2938 1821 22 (t) 22 SB
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2668 1694 60 (m) 59 SB
2727 1694 37 (e) 37 SB
0 0 0 pC
2766 1614 M 11 -2 11 0 10 0 11 2 10 1 11 1 10 3 10 3 9 3 8 4 9 4 7 4 7 5 6 4 5 6 4 6 3 6 2 5 2 6 0 6 20 PP
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0 7 -2 6 -2 5 -3 6 -4 5 -5 6 -6 5 -7 5 -7 4 -8 4 -9 4 -9 3 12 PP
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n
2774 1575 82 (bu) 81 SB
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32 0 0 67 67 1 0 0 62 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
2383 1800 60 (di) 59 SB
2442 1800 41 (d) 41 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 62 /Helvetica-Bold /font13 ANSIFont font
2117 1621 97 (sin) 96 SB
2213 1621 74 (ce) 74 SB
1647 1690 138 (nam) 137 SB
1784 1690 37 (e) 37 SB
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2110 2014 197 (orks_I) 196 SB
2306 2014 41 (n) 41 SB
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2767 2022 137 (ents) 137 SB
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0 84 0 pC
gs 79 79 1516 1913 CB
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S
n
gr
gs 3231 179 0 1813 CB
1716 1638 M 0 525 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 178 304 2691 1688 CB
3039 1388 M -522 900 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 204 0 1738 CB
2191 1538 M 0 600 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 129 79 2441 1913 CB
2316 1838 M 375 225 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 179 0 1813 CB
2666 1638 M 0 525 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 79 79 2791 1913 CB
2941 1838 M -225 225 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 104 2427 2391 0 CB
2291 2063 M 300 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 94 2427 1891 0 CB
1766 2038 M 375 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 84 0 fC
/fm 256 def
2016 2038 M 62 -18 0 37 -62 -19 3 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 99 99 1 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
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3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
420 304 1498 (Reasoning About FDs) 1498 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 612 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-8 8 SJ
258 573 2780 (Given some FDs, we can usually infer additional FDs:) 2780 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 739 50 (\226) 50 SB
1 7 SJ
389 739 437 (ssn did) 437 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
826 737 75 (, ) 75 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 12 SJ
901 739 533 (did lot ) 533 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1435 737 423 (implies ) 423 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 8 SJ
1859 739 439 (ssn lot) 439 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 924 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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631 887 33 (f) 33 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
664 885 142 ( is ) 142 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
806 887 496 (implied by) 496 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1302 887 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1331 885 628 (a set of FDs ) 628 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1959 887 65 (F) 65 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2024 885 131 ( if ) 131 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2155 887 33 (f) 33 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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258 1025 1065 (whenever all FDs in ) 1065 SB
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1323 1027 65 (F) 65 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1388 1025 295 ( hold.) 295 SB
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295 1189 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 7 SJ
389 1189 235 ( = ) 235 SB
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252 1 40 fC
1 3 SJ
628 1191 489 (closure of F ) 489 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
7 10 SJ
1119 1189 1707 (is the set of all FDs that are implied by ) 1707 SB
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2832 1191 56 (F) 56 SB
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829 1501 75 (: ) 75 SB
0 84 0 fC
5 22 SJ
905 1501 1100 (If X Y, then X Y) 1100 SB
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295 1647 50 (\226) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
67 142 0 fC
389 1647 589 (Augmentation) 589 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
978 1645 75 (: ) 75 SB
0 84 0 fC
9 28 SJ
1053 1645 1737 (If X Y, then XZ YZ for any Z) 1737 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 1791 50 (\226) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
67 142 0 fC
389 1791 489 (Transitivity) 489 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
878 1789 75 (: ) 75 SB
0 84 0 fC
8 34 SJ
954 1789 1700 (If X Y and Y Z, then X Z) 1700 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1976 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
258 1937 521 (These are ) 521 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
777 1939 287 (sound) 287 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
1064 1937 256 ( and ) 256 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1318 1939 414 (complete) 414 SB
0 84 0 fC
-1 1 SJ
1732 1939 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
1760 1937 1207 (inference rules for FDs!) 1207 SB
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 522 239 515 753 CB
531 719 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
gs 522 239 1040 753 CB
1056 719 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
gs 522 239 1990 753 CB
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gr
32 0 0 112 112 0 0 0 100 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 279 231 365 1171 CB
386 1192 68 (F) 69 SB
gr
32 0 0 65 65 0 0 0 66 /Symbol font
gs 279 231 365 1171 CB
469 1176 36 (+) 36 SB
gr
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gs 487 246 1115 1496 CB
1131 1454 88 (\315) 89 SB
gr
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gs 522 239 1765 1503 CB
1781 1469 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
gs 522 239 1240 1653 CB
1256 1619 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
gs 522 239 1990 1653 CB
2006 1619 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
gs 522 239 1140 1803 CB
1156 1769 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
gs 522 239 1740 1803 CB
1756 1769 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
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gr
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statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
420 304 2154 (Reasoning About FDs \(Contd.\)) 2154 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 623 2550 (Couple of additional rules \(that follow from AA\):) 2550 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 789 50 (\226) 50 SB
67 142 0 fC
389 789 262 (Union) 262 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
651 787 100 (: ) 100 SB
0 84 0 fC
7 35 SJ
751 787 1791 (If X Y and X Z, then X YZ) 1791 SB
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295 933 50 (\226) 50 SB
67 142 0 fC
389 933 602 (Decomposition) 602 SB
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1 3 SJ
991 931 100 (: ) 100 SB
0 84 0 fC
8 35 SJ
1091 931 1791 (If X YZ, then X Y and X Z) 1791 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1118 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-8 4 SJ
258 1079 598 (Example: ) 598 SB
252 1 40 fC
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0 84 0 fC
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32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1243 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 6 SJ
389 1243 610 (C is the key: ) 610 SB
252 1 40 fC
6 9 SJ
1003 1243 736 (C CSJDPQV) 736 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 1387 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 6 SJ
389 1387 2153 (Project purchases each part using single contract:) 2153 SB
252 1 40 fC
11 10 SJ
2548 1387 413 ( JP C) 413 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 1531 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 8 SJ
389 1531 2149 (Dept purchases at most one part from a supplier:) 2149 SB
252 1 40 fC
10 10 SJ
2546 1531 439 ( SD P) 439 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 1718 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1679 2575 (JP C, C CSJDPQV imply JP CSJDPQV) 2575 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1886 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1847 1427 (SD P implies SDJ JP) 1427 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 2054 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 2015 2791 (SDJ JP, JP CSJDPQV imply SDJ CSJDPQV) 2791 SB
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 522 239 915 778 CB
931 744 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
gs 522 239 1490 778 CB
1506 744 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
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2206 744 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
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1306 894 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
gs 522 239 2040 928 CB
2056 894 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
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2658 896 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
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1106 1219 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
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gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
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2765 1501 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
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390 1651 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 813 1703 CB
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gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 2138 1703 CB
2140 1651 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 438 1878 CB
440 1826 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 1413 1878 CB
1415 1826 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 463 2053 CB
465 2001 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 963 2053 CB
965 2001 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 2338 2053 CB
2340 2001 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
1 #C
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EJ RS
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
420 304 2154 (Reasoning About FDs \(Contd.\)) 2154 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 623 2307 (Computing the closure of a set of FDs can be) 2307 SB
258 763 2698 (expensive. \(Size of closure is exponential in # attrs!\)) 2698 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 971 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 932 2379 (Typically, we just want to check if a given FD ) 2379 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2637 934 336 (X Y ) 336 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2973 932 84 (is) 84 SB
258 1072 1484 (in the closure of a set of FDs ) 1484 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1742 1074 65 (F) 65 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1807 1072 1042 (. An efficient check:) 1042 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1236 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
389 1236 435 (Compute ) 435 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1 1 SJ
825 1238 662 (attribute closure) 662 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1488 1238 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
10 12 SJ
1513 1236 1031 (of X \(denoted \) wrt ) 1031 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2554 1238 81 (F:) 81 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
445 1420 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 16 SJ
520 1379 1898 (Set of all attributes A such that X A is in) 1898 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
445 1564 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 8 SJ
520 1523 2109 (There is a linear time algorithm to compute this.) 2109 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1667 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 4 SJ
389 1667 660 (Check if Y is in) 660 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1854 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 37 SJ
258 1815 2687 (Does F = {A B, B C, C D E } imply A E?) 2687 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1979 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
389 1979 176 (i.e, ) 176 SB
252 1 40 fC
16 31 SJ
566 1979 2413 (is A E in the closure ? Equivalently, is E in ?) 2413 SB
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 184 89 2713 953 CB
2715 901 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 104 104 0 0 0 93 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 554 207 2140 1196 CB
2162 1241 64 (X) 65 SB
gr
32 0 0 104 104 0 0 0 105 /Symbol font
gs 554 207 2140 1196 CB
2238 1183 57 (+) 58 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 1988 1403 CB
1990 1351 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 111 111 0 0 0 99 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 591 221 1065 1621 CB
1089 1670 68 (X) 69 SB
gr
32 0 0 111 111 0 0 0 112 /Symbol font
gs 591 221 1065 1621 CB
1169 1607 61 (+) 62 SB
gr
32 0 0 108 108 0 0 0 97 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 504 245 2440 1346 CB
2460 1375 66 (F) 67 SB
gr
32 0 0 108 108 0 0 0 109 /Symbol font
gs 504 245 2440 1346 CB
2536 1315 59 (+) 60 SB
gr
32 0 0 108 108 0 0 0 97 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 229 120 2790 1973 CB
2803 1971 66 (A) 63 SB
gr
32 0 0 108 108 0 0 0 109 /Symbol font
gs 229 120 2790 1973 CB
2865 1934 59 (+) 56 SB
gr
32 0 0 108 108 0 0 0 97 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
gs 504 245 1640 1946 CB
1660 1975 66 (F) 67 SB
gr
32 0 0 108 108 0 0 0 109 /Symbol font
gs 504 245 1640 1946 CB
1736 1915 59 (+) 60 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 888 1853 CB
890 1801 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 1288 1853 CB
1290 1801 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 1838 1853 CB
1840 1801 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 2663 1853 CB
2665 1801 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 763 2003 CB
765 1951 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
420 304 988 (Normal Forms) 988 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 623 2734 (Returning to the issue of schema refinement, the first) 2734 SB
258 763 2720 (question to ask is whether any refinement is needed!) 2720 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 971 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 932 1337 (If a relation is in a certain ) 1337 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1595 934 590 (normal form) 590 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2185 932 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
2214 932 39 (\() 39 SB
67 142 0 fC
2253 932 595 (BCNF, 3NF) 595 SB
0 84 0 fC
258 1072 2619 (etc.\), it is known that certain kinds of problems are) 2619 SB
258 1212 2538 (avoided/minimized. This can be used to help us) 2538 SB
258 1352 2659 (decide whether decomposing the relation will help.) 2659 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1559 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1520 1922 (Role of FDs in detecting redundancy:) 1922 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1684 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 7 SJ
389 1684 1955 (Consider a relation R with 3 attributes, ABC.) 1955 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
445 1869 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
9 5 SJ
520 1828 661 (No FDs hold: ) 661 SB
0 84 0 fC
8 4 SJ
1191 1828 1282 (There is no redundancy here.) 1282 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
445 2013 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
12 11 SJ
520 1972 703 (Given A B: ) 703 SB
0 84 0 fC
7 6 SJ
1236 1972 1638 (Several tuples could have the same A) 1638 SB
15 10 SJ
520 2091 2158 (value, and if so, they\222ll all have the same B value!) 2158 SB
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 184 89 913 1978 CB
915 1926 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
420 304 2399 (Boyce-Codd Normal Form \(BCNF\)) 2399 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 623 874 (Reln R with FDs ) 874 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1132 625 65 (F) 65 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1197 623 273 ( is in ) 273 SB
252 1 40 fC
1470 623 316 (BCNF) 316 SB
0 84 0 fC
1786 623 997 ( if, for all X A in) 997 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 787 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 11 SJ
389 787 760 (A X \(called a ) 760 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1155 789 250 (trivial) 250 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1 2 SJ
1405 787 333 ( FD\), or) 333 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 931 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 5 SJ
389 931 982 (X contains a key for R.) 982 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1118 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1079 2623 (In other words, R is in BCNF if the only non-trivial) 2623 SB
258 1219 2102 (FDs that hold over R are key constraints.) 2102 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1383 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
23 10 SJ
389 1383 2600 (No dependency in R that can be predicted using FDs alone.) 2600 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1527 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 8 SJ
389 1527 1908 (If we are shown two tuples that agree upon) 1908 SB
14 9 SJ
389 1647 1870 (the X value, we cannot infer the A value in) 1870 SB
16 8 SJ
389 1766 1735 (one tuple from the A value in the other.) 1735 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1910 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 8 SJ
389 1910 1882 (If example relation is in BCNF, the 2 tuples) 1882 SB
13 8 SJ
389 2030 1556 (must be identical \(since X is a key\).) 1556 SB
32 0 0 122 122 0 0 0 109 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
gs 294 158 2815 635 CB
2825 621 75 (F) 75 SB
gr
32 0 0 122 122 0 0 0 123 /Symbol font
gs 294 158 2815 635 CB
2905 587 67 (+) 67 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 2363 653 CB
2365 601 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 112 112 0 0 0 113 /Symbol font
gs 129 98 490 821 CB
492 768 80 (\316) 80 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
187 2 2395 1571 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2583 1571 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
217 2 2586 1571 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2805 1571 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
179 2 2808 1571 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2988 1571 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 187 2395 1574 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 187 2583 1574 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 187 2805 1574 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 187 2988 1574 B
1 F
n
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
181 136 2401 1574 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 104 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
gs 182 140 2401 1571 CB
2420 1579 84 (X) 84 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
181 50 2401 1711 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
217 136 2586 1574 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 219 140 2586 1571 CB
2607 1579 84 (Y) 84 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
217 50 2586 1711 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
179 136 2808 1574 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 180 140 2808 1571 CB
2829 1579 84 (A) 84 SB
gr
236 236 236 fC
/fm 256 def
179 50 2808 1711 B
1 F
n
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 2 2395 1762 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
181 2 2401 1762 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2583 1762 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
217 2 2586 1762 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2805 1762 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
179 2 2808 1762 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2988 1762 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 165 2395 1765 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 165 2583 1765 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 165 2805 1765 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 165 2988 1765 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 182 139 2401 1762 CB
2420 1770 59 (x) 59 SB
gr
gs 219 139 2586 1762 CB
2607 1770 117 (y1) 117 SB
gr
gs 180 139 2808 1762 CB
2829 1770 52 (a) 52 SB
gr
188 55 0 fC
/fm 256 def
5 202 2395 1930 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
187 2 2395 2133 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 202 2583 1930 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2583 2133 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
217 2 2586 2133 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 202 2805 1930 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2 2 2805 2133 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
179 2 2808 2133 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 202 2988 1930 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
5 2 2988 2133 B
1 F
n
0 84 0 fC
gs 182 137 2401 1930 CB
2420 1935 59 (x) 59 SB
gr
gs 219 137 2586 1930 CB
2607 1935 117 (y2) 117 SB
gr
gs 180 137 2808 1930 CB
2829 1935 53 (?) 53 SB
gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
420 304 1849 (Third Normal Form \(3NF\)) 1849 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 623 874 (Reln R with FDs ) 874 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1132 625 65 (F) 65 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1197 623 273 ( is in ) 273 SB
252 1 40 fC
1470 623 221 (3NF) 221 SB
0 84 0 fC
1691 623 997 ( if, for all X A in) 997 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 787 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 11 SJ
389 787 760 (A X \(called a ) 760 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1155 789 250 (trivial) 250 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
1405 787 333 ( FD\), or) 333 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 931 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 6 SJ
389 931 1100 (X contains a key for R, or) 1100 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1075 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 7 SJ
389 1075 1195 (A is part of some key for R.) 1195 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1262 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
258 1225 548 (Minimality) 548 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-9 9 SJ
806 1223 2236 ( of a key is crucial in third condition above!) 2236 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1430 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1391 1755 (If R is in BCNF, obviously in 3NF.) 1755 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1598 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1559 2596 (If R is in 3NF, some redundancy is possible. It is a) 2596 SB
258 1699 2665 (compromise, used when BCNF not achievable \(e.g.,) 2665 SB
-5 5 SJ
258 1839 2721 (no ``good\222\222 decomp, or performance considerations\).) 2721 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 2005 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
389 2005 2537 (Lossless-join, dependency-preserving decomposition of R into a) 2537 SB
389 2125 1728 (collection of 3NF relations always possible.) 1728 SB
32 0 0 122 122 0 0 0 109 /Times-Italic /font31 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
gs 294 158 2740 635 CB
2750 621 75 (F) 75 SB
gr
32 0 0 122 122 0 0 0 123 /Symbol font
gs 294 158 2740 635 CB
2830 587 67 (+) 67 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 2263 653 CB
2265 601 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 112 112 0 0 0 113 /Symbol font
gs 129 98 490 821 CB
492 768 80 (\316) 80 SB
gr
1 #C
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420 304 1756 (What Does 3NF Achieve?) 1756 SB
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295 787 49 (\226) 49 SB
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389 787 1186 (X is a subset of some key K) 1186 SB
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520 931 1512 (We store \(X, A\) pairs redundantly.) 1512 SB
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295 1075 49 (\226) 49 SB
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389 1075 1540 (X is not a proper subset of any key.) 1540 SB
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520 1219 2491 (There is a chain of FDs K X A, which means that) 2491 SB
17 11 SJ
520 1338 2481 (we cannot associate an X value with a K value unless we) 2481 SB
11 8 SJ
520 1458 1835 (also associate an A value with an X value.) 1835 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
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258 1606 238 (But: ) 238 SB
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496 1606 2542 (even if reln is in 3NF, these problems could arise.) 2542 SB
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295 1770 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 30 SJ
389 1770 2509 (e.g., Reserves SBDC, S C, C S is in 3NF, but for) 2509 SB
20 11 SJ
389 1890 2361 (each reservation of sailor S, same \(S, C\) pair is stored.) 2361 SB
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252 1 40 fC
377 765 675 (decomposition) 675 SB
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1052 765 29 ( ) 29 SB
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1080 763 1924 (of R consists of replacing R by two or) 1924 SB
-3 3 SJ
258 904 1278 (more relations such that:) 1278 SB
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22 9 SJ
389 1067 2625 (Each new relation scheme contains a subset of the attributes) 2625 SB
17 11 SJ
389 1187 2274 (of R \(and no attributes that do not appear in R\), and) 2274 SB
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32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 11 SJ
389 1331 2455 (Every attribute of R appears as an attribute of one of the) 2455 SB
5 1 SJ
389 1451 618 (new relations.) 618 SB
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145 1638 69 (v) 69 SB
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258 1599 2465 (Intuitively, decomposing R means we will store) 2465 SB
258 1739 2570 (instances of the relation schemes produced by the) 2570 SB
-5 5 SJ
258 1879 2106 (decomposition, instead of instances of R.) 2106 SB
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1393 2047 521 (SNLRWH) 521 SB
0 84 0 fC
1914 2047 262 ( into ) 262 SB
252 1 40 fC
2176 2047 404 (SNLRH) 404 SB
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258 648 2667 (Decompositions should be used only when needed.) 2667 SB
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22 12 SJ
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24 10 SJ
389 1196 2563 (a relation RW to store these associations, and to remove W) 2563 SB
9 3 SJ
389 1315 1002 (from the main schema:) 1002 SB
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258 1607 2594 (The information to be stored consists of SNLRWH) 2594 SB
258 1747 2731 (tuples. If we just store the projections of these tuples) 2731 SB
258 1887 2341 (onto SNLRH and RW, are there any potential) 2341 SB
-6 6 SJ
258 2027 1971 (problems that we should be aware of?) 1971 SB
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389 1100 2543 ( Given instances of the decomposed relations, we may not) 2543 SB
22 8 SJ
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389 1339 734 (original relation!) 734 SB
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520 1483 1866 (Fortunately, not in the SNLRWH example.) 1866 SB
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24 7 SJ
389 1627 2371 ( Checking some dependencies may require joining the) 2371 SB
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389 1747 1686 (instances of the decomposed relations.) 1686 SB
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414 1264 2568 (In general, the other direction does not hold! If it does, the) 2568 SB
12 2 SJ
414 1384 1320 (decomposition is lossless-join.) 1320 SB
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283 1672 1798 (relations in a straightforward way.) 1798 SB
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%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Symbol
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%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
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0 0 0 fC
-18 2 SJ
420 312 2400 (Dependency Preserving Decomposition) 2400 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 648 2772 (Consider CSJDPQV, C is key, JP C and SD P.) 2772 SB
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320 812 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 6 SJ
414 812 1830 (BCNF decomposition: CSJDQV and SDP) 1830 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 956 49 (\226) 49 SB
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15 16 SJ
414 956 1975 (Problem: Checking JP C requires a join!) 1975 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1143 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-3 3 SJ
283 1104 2065 (Dependency preserving decomposition ) 2065 SB
0 84 0 fC
2345 1104 551 (\(Intuitive\):) 551 SB
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320 1268 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
24 13 SJ
414 1268 2603 (If R is decomposed into X, Y and Z, and we enforce the FDs) 2603 SB
19 14 SJ
414 1388 2585 (that hold on X, on Y and on Z, then all FDs that were given) 2585 SB
10 8 SJ
414 1508 1287 (to hold on R must also hold. ) 1287 SB
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252 1 40 fC
2 2 SJ
1710 1510 875 (\(Avoids Problem \(3\).\)) 875 SB
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0 84 0 fC
170 1695 69 (v) 69 SB
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252 1 40 fC
283 1658 1198 (Projection of set of FDs F) 1198 SB
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1481 1656 116 (: ) 116 SB
0 84 0 fC
1597 1656 1469 (If R is decomposed into X, ...) 1469 SB
283 1796 1665 (projection of F onto X \(denoted ) 1665 SB
252 1 40 fC
1948 1796 65 (F) 65 SB
32 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 75 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2013 1860 53 (X) 53 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2066 1796 912 ( \) is the set of FDs) 912 SB
252 1 40 fC
283 1936 603 (U V in F) 603 SB
32 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 75 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
886 1936 48 (+) 48 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
934 1936 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
963 1936 39 (\() 39 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1002 1938 573 (closure of F ) 573 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1575 1936 39 (\)) 39 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1614 1938 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1643 1936 502 (such that ) 502 SB
252 1 40 fC
2145 1936 661 (U, V are in X) 661 SB
0 84 0 fC
2806 1936 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 184 89 2013 678 CB
2015 626 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 2788 678 CB
2790 626 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 184 89 1438 978 CB
1440 926 124 (\256) 125 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 388 1953 CB
390 1901 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 123 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
4 3 SJ
395 323 2653 (Dependency Preserving Decompositions \(Contd.\)) 2653 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 637 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-8 8 SJ
258 598 1843 (Decomposition of R into X and Y is ) 1843 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2093 600 552 (dependency) 552 SB
258 740 505 (preserving) 505 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
763 738 160 ( if ) 160 SB
252 1 40 fC
923 738 104 (\(F) 104 SB
32 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 75 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1027 802 53 (X) 53 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1080 738 515 ( union F) 515 SB
32 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 75 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1595 802 73 (Y ) 73 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1668 738 68 (\) ) 68 SB
32 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 75 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1736 738 88 (+ ) 88 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1824 738 194 (= F) 194 SB
32 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 75 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2018 738 68 ( +) 68 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 902 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 9 SJ
389 902 2330 (i.e., if we consider only dependencies in the closure F) 2330 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2737 903 58 ( +) 58 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2797 902 197 ( that) 197 SB
18 10 SJ
389 1022 2287 (can be checked in X without considering Y, and in Y) 2287 SB
19 9 SJ
389 1142 2514 (without considering X, these imply all dependencies in F) 2514 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2922 1143 58 ( +) 58 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2982 1142 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1329 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1290 1155 (Important to consider ) 1155 SB
252 1 40 fC
1413 1290 65 (F) 65 SB
32 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 75 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1478 1290 68 ( +) 68 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1546 1290 58 (, ) 58 SB
252 1 40 fC
1604 1290 264 (not F) 264 SB
0 84 0 fC
1868 1290 943 (, in this definition:) 943 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1454 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 29 SJ
389 1454 2634 (ABC, A B, B C, C A, decomposed into AB and BC.) 2634 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1598 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
24 16 SJ
389 1598 2567 (Is this dependency preserving? Is C A preserved?????) 2567 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1785 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1746 2711 (Dependency preserving does not imply lossless join:) 2711 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1910 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 15 SJ
389 1910 1957 (ABC, A B, decomposed into AB and BC.) 1957 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 2097 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
258 2058 1457 (And vice-versa! \(Example?\)) 1457 SB
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 206 89 763 1478 CB
765 1426 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 1113 1478 CB
1115 1426 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 1463 1478 CB
1465 1426 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 2038 1628 CB
2040 1576 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 763 1928 CB
765 1876 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
420 304 1794 (Decomposition into BCNF) 1794 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 623 1690 (Consider relation R with FDs F. ) 1690 SB
252 1 40 fC
1948 623 867 (If X Y violates) 867 SB
258 763 2052 (BCNF, decompose R into R - Y and XY.) 2052 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 927 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
4 2 SJ
389 927 954 (Repeated application ) 954 SB
0 84 0 fC
16 8 SJ
1347 927 1650 (of this idea will give us a collection of) 1650 SB
11 4 SJ
389 1047 875 (relations that are in ) 875 SB
252 1 40 fC
9 3 SJ
1276 1047 1508 (BCNF; lossless join decomposition) 1508 SB
0 84 0 fC
3 1 SJ
2793 1047 218 (, and) 218 SB
12 2 SJ
389 1167 1080 (guaranteed to terminate.) 1080 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1311 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 32 SJ
389 1311 2182 (e.g., CSJDPQV, key C, JP C, SD P, J S) 2182 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1454 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 14 SJ
389 1454 2355 (To deal with SD P, decompose into SDP, CSJDQV.) 2355 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1598 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 16 SJ
389 1598 2644 (To deal with J S, decompose CSJDQV into JS and CJDQV) 2644 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1785 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
258 1746 2745 (In general, several dependencies may cause violation) 2745 SB
258 1886 2660 (of BCNF. The order in which we ``deal with\222\222 them) 2660 SB
258 2026 2276 (could lead to very different sets of relations!) 2276 SB
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 206 89 2138 653 CB
2140 601 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 1563 1328 CB
1565 1276 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 1988 1328 CB
1990 1276 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 2363 1328 CB
2365 1276 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 1113 1478 CB
1115 1426 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 1013 1628 CB
1015 1576 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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%%Page: 22 22
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 304 2498 (BCNF and Dependency Preservation) 2498 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 648 549 (In general,) 549 SB
252 1 40 fC
832 648 1648 ( there may not be a dependency) 1648 SB
283 788 1932 (preserving decomposition into BCNF) 1932 SB
0 84 0 fC
2215 788 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 952 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 20 SJ
414 952 1239 (e.g., CSZ, CS Z, Z C) 1239 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1096 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 9 SJ
414 1096 2480 (Can\222t decompose while preserving 1st FD; not in BCNF.) 2480 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1283 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 1244 2579 (Similarly, decomposition of CSJDQV into SDP, JS) 2579 SB
283 1384 2733 (and CJDQV is not dependency preserving \(w.r.t. the) 2733 SB
1 29 SJ
283 1524 1858 (FDs JP C, SD P and J S\).) 1858 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1688 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 6 SJ
414 1688 1931 (However, it is a lossless join decomposition.) 1931 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1832 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 12 SJ
414 1832 2574 (In this case, adding JPC to the collection of relations gives) 2574 SB
19 4 SJ
414 1952 1935 (us a dependency preserving decomposition.) 1935 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
470 2137 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 8 SJ
545 2096 1779 (JPC tuples stored only for checking FD! ) 1779 SB
252 1 40 fC
2339 2096 33 (\() 33 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2372 2098 542 (Redundancy!) 542 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2914 2096 33 (\)) 33 SB
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 206 89 1038 953 CB
1040 901 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 1438 953 CB
1440 901 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 638 1553 CB
640 1501 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 1163 1553 CB
1165 1501 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 1813 1553 CB
1815 1501 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageTrailer
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%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
420 304 1665 (Decomposition into 3NF) 1665 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 623 2796 (Obviously, the algorithm for lossless join decomp into) 2796 SB
258 763 2611 (BCNF can be used to obtain a lossless join decomp) 2611 SB
258 904 1889 (into 3NF \(typically, can stop earlier\).) 1889 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1111 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
258 1072 2380 (To ensure dependency preservation, one idea:) 2380 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 1236 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
17 16 SJ
389 1236 1940 (If X Y is not preserved, add relation XY.) 1940 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 1379 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 11 SJ
389 1379 2412 (Problem is that XY may violate 3NF! e.g., consider the) 2412 SB
18 20 SJ
389 1499 2440 (addition of CJP to `preserve\222 JP C. What if we also) 2440 SB
3 12 SJ
389 1619 658 (have J C ?) 658 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1806 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
258 1767 683 (Refinement: ) 683 SB
0 84 0 fC
941 1767 1979 (Instead of the given set of FDs F, use a) 1979 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-6 3 SJ
258 1909 932 (minimal cover for F) 932 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1184 1907 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 206 89 1813 1528 CB
1815 1476 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 588 1253 CB
590 1201 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
32 0 0 126 126 0 0 0 127 /Symbol font
gs 206 89 713 1628 CB
715 1576 124 (\256) 139 SB
gr
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (4) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 304 2125 (Minimal Cover for a Set of FDs) 2125 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
283 625 697 (Minimal cover) 697 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
980 623 58 ( ) 58 SB
0 84 0 fC
1038 623 1018 (G for a set of FDs F:) 1018 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 787 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 8 SJ
414 787 1246 (Closure of F = closure of G.) 1246 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 931 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 11 SJ
414 931 2282 (Right hand side of each FD in G is a single attribute.) 2282 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1075 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
24 11 SJ
414 1075 2550 (If we modify G by deleting an FD or by deleting attributes) 2550 SB
12 7 SJ
414 1195 1647 (from an FD in G, the closure changes.) 1647 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1382 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 1343 2207 (Intuitively, every FD in G is needed, and ``) 2207 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2490 1345 509 (as small as) 509 SB
283 1485 369 (possible) 369 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
652 1483 1979 (\222\222 in order to get the same closure as F.) 1979 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1690 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 37 SJ
283 1651 2749 (e.g., A B, ABCD E, EF GH, ACDF EG) 2749 SB
-4 4 SJ
283 1791 1703 (has the following minimal cover:) 1703 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1955 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 39 SJ
414 1955 2002 (A B, ACD E, EF G and EF H) 2002 SB
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769 929 29 ( ) 29 SB
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796 929 1341 (schemas for our database.) 1341 SB
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383 1097 2625 (The next step is to choose indexes, make clustering) 2625 SB
383 1237 2651 (decisions, and to refine the conceptual and external) 2651 SB
-6 6 SJ
383 1377 2580 (schemas \(if necessary\) to meet performance goals.) 2580 SB
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383 1545 1954 (We must begin by understanding the ) 1954 SB
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420 1709 49 (\226) 49 SB
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21 8 SJ
514 1709 2352 (The most important queries and how often they arise.) 2352 SB
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420 1853 49 (\226) 49 SB
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21 8 SJ
514 1853 2384 (The most important updates and how often they arise.) 2384 SB
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420 1997 49 (\226) 49 SB
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25 7 SJ
514 1997 2438 (The desired performance for these queries and updates.) 2438 SB
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283 673 1653 (For each query in the workload:) 1653 SB
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320 837 49 (\226) 49 SB
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12 4 SJ
414 837 1345 (Which relations does it access?) 1345 SB
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320 981 49 (\226) 49 SB
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414 981 1357 (Which attributes are retrieved?) 1357 SB
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23 6 SJ
414 1125 2578 (Which attributes are involved in selection/join conditions?) 2578 SB
21 7 SJ
414 1245 2065 (How selective are these conditions likely to be?) 2065 SB
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320 1557 49 (\226) 49 SB
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23 6 SJ
414 1557 2578 (Which attributes are involved in selection/join conditions?) 2578 SB
21 7 SJ
414 1676 2065 (How selective are these conditions likely to be?) 2065 SB
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320 1820 49 (\226) 49 SB
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414 1820 889 (The type of update \() 889 SB
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1311 1836 1063 (INSERT/DELETE/UPDATE) 1063 SB
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4 2 SJ
2374 1820 413 (\), and the) 413 SB
12 3 SJ
414 1940 1172 (attributes that are affected.) 1172 SB
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420 304 1237 (Decisions to Make) 1237 SB
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283 648 1664 (What indexes should we create?) 1664 SB
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320 812 49 (\226) 49 SB
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22 8 SJ
414 812 2608 (Which relations should have indexes? What field\(s\) should) 2608 SB
22 9 SJ
414 932 2309 (be the search key? Should we build several indexes?) 2309 SB
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283 1080 2641 (For each index, what kind of an index should it be?) 2641 SB
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320 1244 49 (\226) 49 SB
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24 5 SJ
414 1244 2484 (Clustered? Hash/tree? Dynamic/static? Dense/sparse?) 2484 SB
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170 1431 69 (v) 69 SB
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-7 7 SJ
283 1392 2695 (Should we make changes to the conceptual schema?) 2695 SB
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320 1556 49 (\226) 49 SB
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25 5 SJ
414 1556 2443 (Consider alternative normalized schemas? \(Remember,) 2443 SB
23 8 SJ
414 1676 2450 (there are many choices in decomposing into BCNF, etc.\)) 2450 SB
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320 1820 49 (\226) 49 SB
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24 7 SJ
414 1820 2472 (Should we ``undo\222\222 some decomposition steps and settle) 2472 SB
7 4 SJ
414 1939 1102 (for a lower normal form?) 1102 SB
252 1 40 fC
3 2 SJ
1522 1939 83 ( \() 83 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1608 1941 708 (Denormalization.) 708 SB
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2316 1939 33 (\)) 33 SB
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0 84 0 fC
320 2083 49 (\226) 49 SB
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14 4 SJ
414 2083 1955 (Horizontal partitioning, replication, views ...) 1955 SB
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420 304 1164 (Choice of Indexes) 1164 SB
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258 648 2795 (One approach: consider the most important queries in) 2795 SB
258 788 2385 (turn. Consider the best plan using the current) 2385 SB
258 929 2608 (indexes, and see if a better plan is possible with an) 2608 SB
258 1069 1653 (additional index. If so, create it.) 1653 SB
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258 1237 2470 (Before creating an index, must also consider the) 2470 SB
258 1377 1846 (impact on updates in the workload!) 1846 SB
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295 1541 49 (\226) 49 SB
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23 7 SJ
389 1541 2382 (Trade-off: indexes can make queries go faster, updates) 2382 SB
13 5 SJ
389 1661 1406 (slower. Require disk space, too.) 1406 SB
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175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
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-5 5 SJ
420 304 2479 (Issues to Consider in Index Selection) 2479 SB
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258 648 1362 (Attributes mentioned in a ) 1362 SB
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1620 663 392 (WHERE ) 392 SB
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2012 648 512 (clause are) 512 SB
258 788 1708 (candidates for index search keys.) 1708 SB
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295 952 49 (\226) 49 SB
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17 5 SJ
389 952 1904 (Exact match condition suggests hash index.) 1904 SB
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295 1096 49 (\226) 49 SB
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16 4 SJ
389 1096 1442 (Range query suggests tree index.) 1442 SB
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445 1281 53 (u) 53 SB
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19 6 SJ
520 1240 2104 (Clustering is especially useful for range queries,) 2104 SB
18 10 SJ
520 1360 2345 (although it can help on equality queries as well in the) 2345 SB
9 2 SJ
520 1479 999 (presence of duplicates.) 999 SB
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145 1666 69 (v) 69 SB
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258 1627 2746 (Try to choose indexes that benefit as many queries as) 2746 SB
258 1768 2638 (possible. Since only one index can be clustered per) 2638 SB
-7 7 SJ
258 1908 2592 (relation, choose it based on important queries that) 2592 SB
-5 5 SJ
258 2048 2051 (would benefit the most from clustering.) 2051 SB
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175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
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420 304 2276 (Issues in Index Selection \(Contd.\)) 2276 SB
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258 548 2531 (Multi-attribute search keys should be considered) 2531 SB
258 688 407 (when a ) 407 SB
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665 703 392 (WHERE ) 392 SB
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1057 688 1781 (clause contains several conditions.) 1781 SB
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295 852 49 (\226) 49 SB
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24 8 SJ
389 852 2536 (If range selections are involved, order of attributes should) 2536 SB
19 7 SJ
389 972 2115 (be carefully chosen to match the range ordering.) 2115 SB
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295 1116 49 (\226) 49 SB
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25 6 SJ
389 1116 2492 (Such indexes can sometimes enable index-only strategies) 2492 SB
9 2 SJ
389 1236 961 (for important queries.) 961 SB
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445 1420 53 (u) 53 SB
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21 6 SJ
520 1379 2331 (For index-only strategies, clustering is not important!) 2331 SB
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145 1566 69 (v) 69 SB
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258 1527 1807 (When considering a join condition:) 1807 SB
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295 1691 49 (\226) 49 SB
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26 10 SJ
389 1691 2541 (Hash index on inner is very good for Index Nested Loops.) 2541 SB
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445 1876 53 (u) 53 SB
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21 10 SJ
520 1835 2377 (Should be clustered if join column is not key for inner,) 2377 SB
17 6 SJ
520 1955 1640 (and inner tuples need to be retrieved.) 1640 SB
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295 2101 50 (\226) 50 SB
389 2101 390 (Clustered) 390 SB
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20 8 SJ
779 2099 2067 ( B+ tree on join column\(s\) good for Sort-Merge.) 2067 SB
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175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
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370 304 711 (Example 1) 711 SB
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145 737 69 (v) 69 SB
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-3 3 SJ
258 698 782 (Hash index on ) 782 SB
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1037 700 433 (D.dname) 433 SB
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-3 3 SJ
1470 698 1294 ( supports \221Toy\222 selection.) 1294 SB
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295 862 49 (\226) 49 SB
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16 7 SJ
389 862 1817 (Given this, index on D.dno is not needed.) 1817 SB
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145 1049 69 (v) 69 SB
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258 1010 782 (Hash index on ) 782 SB
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1040 1012 276 (E.dno) 276 SB
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1316 1010 1732 ( allows us to get matching \(inner\)) 1732 SB
258 1150 2469 (Emp tuples for each selected \(outer\) Dept tuple.) 2469 SB
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145 1358 69 (v) 69 SB
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1 2 SJ
258 1319 413 (What if ) 413 SB
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671 1334 392 (WHERE ) 392 SB
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2 5 SJ
1063 1319 796 (included: `` ... ) 796 SB
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1860 1334 236 (AND) 236 SB
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1 4 SJ
2096 1319 703 ( E.age=25\222\222 ?) 703 SB
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295 1483 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 7 SJ
389 1483 1862 (Could retrieve Emp tuples using index on ) 1862 SB
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2268 1485 219 (E.age) 219 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 2 SJ
2487 1483 434 (, then join) 434 SB
9 4 SJ
389 1602 1213 (with Dept tuples satisfying ) 1213 SB
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3 1 SJ
1612 1604 292 (dname ) 292 SB
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7 3 SJ
1906 1602 1109 (selection. Comparable to) 1109 SB
8 3 SJ
389 1722 808 (strategy that used ) 808 SB
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1205 1724 236 (E.dno) 236 SB
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3 1 SJ
1441 1722 295 ( index.) 295 SB
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295 1866 49 (\226) 49 SB
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5 2 SJ
389 1866 243 (So, if ) 243 SB
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636 1868 219 (E.age) 219 SB
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16 7 SJ
855 1866 1969 ( index is already created, this query provides) 1969 SB
14 6 SJ
389 1986 1586 (much less motivation for adding an ) 1586 SB
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1988 1988 236 (E.dno) 236 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2224 1986 295 ( index.) 295 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
1970 399 1132 205 B
S
n
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1165 235 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 3 SJ
1472 219 757 ( E.ename, D.mgr) 757 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1165 354 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 5 SJ
1410 338 710 ( Emp E, Dept D) 710 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1165 474 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 3 SJ
1474 458 765 ( D.dname=\221Toy\222 ) 765 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2248 474 198 (AND) 198 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
2446 458 616 ( E.dno=D.dno) 616 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
370 304 711 (Example 2) 711 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 648 2168 (Clearly, Emp should be the outer relation.) 2168 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 812 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 8 SJ
389 812 1735 (Suggests that we build a hash index on ) 1735 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2137 814 278 (D.dno.) 278 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 999 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 960 1960 (What index should we build on Emp?) 1960 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1124 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
389 1124 472 (B+ tree on ) 472 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
866 1126 197 (E.sal) 197 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
14 8 SJ
1063 1124 1392 ( could be used, OR an index on ) 1392 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2469 1126 322 (E.hobby) 322 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 12 SJ
389 1244 2501 (could be used. Only one of these is needed, and which is) 2501 SB
24 7 SJ
389 1364 2321 (better depends upon the selectivity of the conditions.) 2321 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
445 1549 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
23 8 SJ
520 1508 2329 (As a rule of thumb, equality selections more selective) 2329 SB
8 2 SJ
520 1627 946 (than range selections.) 946 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1814 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1775 2626 (As both examples indicate, our choice of indexes is) 2626 SB
258 1916 2702 (guided by the plan\(s\) that we expect an optimizer to) 2702 SB
-5 5 SJ
258 2056 1127 (consider for a query. ) 1127 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
1380 2058 1504 (Have to understand optimizers!) 1504 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
1995 519 1107 130 B
S
n
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1140 160 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 3 SJ
1447 144 757 ( E.ename, D.mgr) 757 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1140 279 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 5 SJ
1385 263 710 ( Emp E, Dept D) 710 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1140 407 279 (WHERE) 279 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
1419 383 281 ( E.sal ) 281 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1702 399 407 (BETWEEN) 407 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
2109 383 300 ( 10000 ) 300 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2410 399 219 (AND ) 219 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2629 383 250 (20000) 250 SB
5 2 SJ
1140 503 50 ( ) 50 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1195 519 198 (AND) 198 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 2 SJ
1393 503 851 ( E.hobby=\221Stamps\222 ) 851 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2250 519 198 (AND) 198 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
2448 503 616 ( E.dno=D.dno) 616 SB
1 #C
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EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
420 304 1578 (Examples of Clustering) 1578 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 612 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 573 1513 (B+ tree index on E.age can be) 1513 SB
-4 4 SJ
258 713 1508 (used to get qualifying tuples.) 1508 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 877 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
14 4 SJ
389 877 1362 (How selective is the condition?) 1362 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1021 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
12 3 SJ
389 1021 976 (Is the index clustered?) 976 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1208 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
258 1169 692 (Consider the ) 692 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
951 1184 533 (GROUP BY ) 533 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1485 1169 333 (query.) 333 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1333 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 4 SJ
389 1333 897 (If many tuples have ) 897 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1291 1335 219 (E.age) 219 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
1510 1333 504 ( > 10, using) 504 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
389 1455 219 (E.age) 219 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 5 SJ
608 1453 1380 ( index and sorting the retrieved) 1380 SB
8 3 SJ
389 1573 920 (tuples may be costly.) 920 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1716 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
389 1716 451 (Clustered ) 451 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
843 1718 236 (E.dno) 236 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
12 4 SJ
1079 1716 919 ( index may be better!) 919 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1903 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 3 SJ
258 1864 1666 (Equality queries and duplicates:) 1666 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 2028 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 2 SJ
389 2028 623 (Clustering on ) 623 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1018 2030 322 (E.hobby) 322 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
1340 2028 289 ( helps!) 289 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
829 399 2257 355 B
S
n
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2290 385 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
2597 369 307 ( E.dno) 307 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2290 504 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
2535 488 342 ( Emp E) 342 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2290 624 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
2599 608 447 ( E.age>40) 447 SB
1198 519 1907 830 B
S
n
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1940 860 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
2247 844 357 ( E.dno, ) 357 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2607 860 330 ( COUNT) 330 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
2938 844 130 ( \(*\)) 130 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1940 979 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
2185 963 342 ( Emp E) 342 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1940 1099 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
2249 1083 447 ( E.age>10) 447 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 2 SJ
1940 1219 446 (GROUP BY ) 446 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2391 1203 257 (E.dno) 257 SB
1181 399 1932 1855 B
S
n
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1965 1884 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
2272 1868 307 ( E.dno) 307 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1965 2004 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
2210 1988 342 ( Emp E) 342 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1965 2124 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 2 SJ
2274 2108 795 ( E.hobby=Stamps) 795 SB
1 #C
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
420 304 1393 (Clustering and Joins) 1393 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 937 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
258 898 2580 (Clustering is especially important when accessing) 2580 SB
258 1038 1016 (inner tuples in INL.) 1016 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1202 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 4 SJ
389 1202 1009 (Should make index on ) 1009 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1409 1204 236 (E.dno) 236 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
1645 1202 450 ( clustered.) 450 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1389 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1350 894 (Suppose that the ) 894 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1153 1365 367 (WHERE) 367 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 3 SJ
1520 1350 898 ( clause is instead:) 898 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1530 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 4 SJ
604 1514 873 ( E.hobby=\221Stamps ) 873 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1485 1530 198 (AND) 198 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
1683 1514 641 ( E.dno=D.dno) 641 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1658 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
25 8 SJ
389 1658 2551 (If many employees collect stamps, Sort-Merge join may be) 2551 SB
8 4 SJ
389 1778 983 (worth considering. A ) 983 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1379 1780 364 (clustered) 364 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 5 SJ
1743 1778 1261 ( index on D.dno would help.) 1261 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1965 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
258 1928 469 (Summary) 469 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
727 1926 87 (: ) 87 SB
0 84 0 fC
-5 5 SJ
812 1926 2223 (Clustering is useful whenever many tuples) 2223 SB
258 2066 969 (are to be retrieved.) 969 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
1970 399 732 520 B
S
n
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
765 550 307 (SELECT) 307 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 3 SJ
1072 534 757 ( E.ename, D.mgr) 757 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
765 669 245 (FROM) 245 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 5 SJ
1010 653 710 ( Emp E, Dept D) 710 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
765 789 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 3 SJ
1074 773 765 ( D.dname=\221Toy\222 ) 765 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1848 789 198 (AND) 198 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
2046 773 616 ( E.dno=D.dno) 616 SB
1 #C
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-8 2 SJ
420 304 1881 (Multi-Attribute Index Keys) 1881 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 648 1546 (To retrieve Emp records with ) 1546 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1804 650 157 (age) 157 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1961 648 218 (=30 ) 218 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2179 663 236 (AND) 236 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2415 648 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2444 650 131 (sal) 131 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2575 648 336 (=4000,) 336 SB
258 788 706 (an index on <) 706 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
964 790 317 (age,sal) 317 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1281 788 1652 (> would be better than an index) 1652 SB
258 929 161 (on ) 161 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
419 931 157 (age) 157 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
576 929 803 ( or an index on ) 803 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1379 931 131 (sal) 131 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1510 929 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1092 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 4 SJ
389 1092 1082 (Such indexes also called ) 1082 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1479 1094 396 (composite) 396 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
4 2 SJ
1875 1092 143 ( or ) 143 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2022 1094 520 (concatenated) 520 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2 1 SJ
2542 1092 384 ( indexes.) 384 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1236 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 7 SJ
389 1236 2118 (Choice of index key orthogonal to clustering etc.) 2118 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1423 69 (v) 69 SB
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13 2 SJ
1429 1117 222 (, but ) 222 SB
252 1 40 fC
7 1 SJ
1664 1117 1210 (not dependency-preserving) 1210 SB
0 84 0 fC
2880 1117 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1261 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
23 6 SJ
389 1261 2340 (Adding CJP makes it dependency-preserving as well.) 2340 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1448 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1409 2179 (Suppose that this query is very important:) 2179 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 1575 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
389 1575 2423 (Find the number of copies Q of part P ordered in contract C.) 2423 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 1717 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
7 3 SJ
389 1717 674 (Requires a join ) 674 SB
0 84 0 fC
15 6 SJ
1071 1717 1708 (on the decomposed schema, but can be) 1708 SB
18 8 SJ
389 1837 2351 (answered by a scan of the original relation CSJDPQV.) 2351 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1981 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
23 9 SJ
389 1981 2345 (Could lead us to settle for the 3NF schema CSJDPQV.) 2345 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (5) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 304 195 (De) 194 SB
614 304 945 (normalization) 945 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 648 2418 (Suppose that the following query is important:) 2418 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 814 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
2 12 SJ
389 814 2504 (Is the value of a contract less than the budget of the departmen) 2504 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2895 812 76 (t?) 76 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 999 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 960 2349 (To speed up this query, we might add a field ) 2349 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2607 962 322 (budget) 322 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2929 960 100 ( B) 100 SB
-2 1 SJ
258 1100 658 (to Contracts.) 658 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1264 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 15 SJ
389 1264 2036 (This introduces the FD D B wrt Contracts.) 2036 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1408 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
12 6 SJ
389 1408 1581 (Thus, Contracts is no longer in 3NF.) 1581 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1595 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1556 2505 (We might choose to modify Contracts thus if the) 2505 SB
-7 7 SJ
258 1696 2749 (query is sufficiently important, and we cannot obtain) 2749 SB
-5 5 SJ
258 1836 2504 (adequate performance otherwise \(i.e., by adding) 2504 SB
-7 7 SJ
258 1976 2661 (indexes or by choosing an alternative 3NF schema.\)) 2661 SB
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 516 167 1540 1258 CB
1556 1225 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
1 #C
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
420 304 1722 (Choice of Decompositions) 1722 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 648 2780 (There are 2 ways to decompose CSJDPQV into BCNF:) 2780 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 812 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
7 2 SJ
389 812 788 (SDP and CSJDQV) 788 SB
0 84 0 fC
14 4 SJ
1184 812 1637 (; lossless-join but not dep-preserving.) 1637 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 956 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
8 3 SJ
389 956 1001 (SDP, CSJDQV and CJP) 1001 SB
0 84 0 fC
9 3 SJ
1399 956 1077 (; dep-preserving as well.) 1077 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1143 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1104 225 (The ) 225 SB
252 1 40 fC
483 1104 517 (difference) 517 SB
0 84 0 fC
1000 1104 1419 ( between these is really the ) 1419 SB
252 1 40 fC
2419 1104 336 (cost of) 336 SB
258 1244 1351 (enforcing the FD JP C.) 1351 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 1408 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 8 SJ
389 1408 2135 (2nd decomposition: Index on JP on relation CJP.) 2135 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1552 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
389 1552 149 (1st:) 149 SB
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 516 167 1290 1258 CB
1306 1225 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
3 4 SJ
1215 1534 888 (CREATE ASSERTION ) 888 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 3 SJ
2106 1518 533 (CheckDep ) 533 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1215 1639 1340 (CHECK \( NOT EXISTS \( SELECT *) 1340 SB
4 2 SJ
1215 1754 287 (FROM ) 287 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 3 SJ
1507 1738 1146 (PartInfo P, ContractInfo C) 1146 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1215 1874 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 3 SJ
1524 1858 577 ( P.sid=C.sid ) 577 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2110 1874 198 (AND) 198 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
2308 1858 563 ( P.did=C.did) 563 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1215 1993 425 (GROUP BY) 425 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 3 SJ
1642 1977 541 ( C.jid, P.pid) 541 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 3 SJ
1215 2113 726 (HAVING COUNT ) 726 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 4 SJ
1943 2097 570 (\(C.cid\) > 1 \)\)) 570 SB
1 #C
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 304 2336 (Choice of Decompositions \(Contd.\)) 2336 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 637 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 598 2187 (The following ICs were given to hold: ) 2187 SB
1 21 SJ
445 738 2050 (JP C, SD P, C is the primary key.) 2050 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 946 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 907 2591 (Suppose that, in addition, a given supplier always) 2591 SB
258 1047 2653 (charges the same price for a given part: SPQ V.) 2653 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1254 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1215 2633 (If we decide that we want to decompose CSJDPQV) 2633 SB
258 1355 2056 (into BCNF, we now have a third choice:) 2056 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1519 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 7 SJ
389 1519 2182 (Begin by decomposing it into SPQV and CSJDPQ.) 2182 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1663 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 9 SJ
389 1663 2545 (Then, decompose CSJDPQ \(not in 3NF\) into SDP, CSJDQ.) 2545 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1807 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
22 9 SJ
389 1807 2619 (This gives us the lossless-join decomp: SPQV, SDP, CSJDQ.) 2619 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1950 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 15 SJ
389 1950 2087 (To preserve JP C, we can add CJP, as before.) 2087 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 2137 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
258 2098 386 (Choice:) 386 SB
67 142 0 fC
644 2098 1236 ( { SPQV, SDP, CSJDQ } ) 1236 SB
252 1 40 fC
1880 2098 110 (or) 110 SB
67 142 0 fC
1990 2098 954 ( { SDP, CSJDQV } ) 954 SB
0 84 0 fC
2944 2098 52 (?) 52 SB
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
0 0 0 fC
gs 516 167 540 758 CB
556 725 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
gs 516 167 1065 758 CB
1081 725 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
gs 516 167 2590 1058 CB
2606 1025 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
32 0 0 131 131 0 0 0 132 /Symbol font
gs 516 167 1040 1958 CB
1056 1925 129 (\256) 131 SB
gr
1 #C
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
420 304 2368 (Decomposition of a BCNF Relation) 2368 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 623 1269 (Suppose that we choose ) 1269 SB
67 142 0 fC
1552 623 867 ({ SDP, CSJDQV }) 867 SB
0 84 0 fC
2419 623 555 (. This is in) 555 SB
283 763 2650 (BCNF, and there is no reason to decompose further) 2650 SB
-6 6 SJ
283 904 2013 (\(assuming that all known ICs are FDs\).) 2013 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1111 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
283 1072 2677 (However, suppose that these queries are important:) 2677 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
320 1238 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
414 1238 1505 (Find the contracts held by supplier S.) 1505 SB
0 84 0 fC
320 1381 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
414 1381 2077 (Find the contracts that department D is involved in) 2077 SB
0 84 0 fC
2491 1381 25 (.) 25 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1566 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 1527 2781 (Decomposing CSJDQV further into CS, CD and CJQV) 2781 SB
283 1668 1966 (could speed up these queries. \(Why?\)) 1966 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1875 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 1836 2548 (On the other hand, the following query is slower:) 2548 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
320 2002 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
414 2002 2176 (Find the total value of all contracts held by supplier S.) 2176 SB
1 #C
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
420 304 1844 (Horizontal Decompositions) 1844 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 648 2777 (Our definition of decomposition: Relation is replaced) 2777 SB
-7 7 SJ
258 788 1804 (by a collection of relations that are ) 1804 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2055 790 519 (projections) 519 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
2574 788 379 (. Most) 379 SB
-2 1 SJ
258 929 795 (important case.) 795 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1136 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1097 2431 (Sometimes, might want to replace relation by a) 2431 SB
-5 5 SJ
258 1237 1557 (collection of relations that are ) 1557 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1810 1239 483 (selections.) 483 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 1401 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 10 SJ
389 1401 2486 (Each new relation has same schema as the original, but a) 2486 SB
8 3 SJ
389 1521 820 (subset of the rows.) 820 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1664 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 8 SJ
389 1664 2557 (Collectively, new relations contain all rows of the original.) 2557 SB
14 5 SJ
389 1784 1755 (Typically, the new relations are disjoint.) 1755 SB
1 #C
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 2 SJ
420 304 2458 (Horizontal Decompositions \(Contd.\)) 2458 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-8 8 SJ
258 648 2754 (Suppose that contracts with value > 10000 are subject) 2754 SB
258 788 2341 (to different rules. This means that queries on) 2341 SB
-6 6 SJ
258 929 2175 (Contracts will often contain the condition ) 2175 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2427 931 510 (val>10000) 510 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2937 929 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1136 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1097 2643 (One way to deal with this is to build a clustered B+) 2643 SB
258 1237 895 (tree index on the ) 895 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1153 1239 144 (val) 144 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1297 1237 951 ( field of Contracts.) 951 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1444 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1405 2779 (A second approach is to replace contracts by two new) 2779 SB
-5 5 SJ
258 1545 2672 (relations: LargeContracts and SmallContracts, with) 2672 SB
-3 3 SJ
258 1685 1640 (the same attributes \(CSJDPQV\).) 1640 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1849 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
25 9 SJ
389 1849 2631 (Performs like index on such queries, but no index overhead.) 2631 SB
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389 1642 1211 (Lack of evaluation features ) 1211 SB
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18 6 SJ
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695 1477 517 ( E.dno=102) 517 SB
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1540 1159 546 (SELECT MIN ) 546 SB
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8 3 SJ
1785 1263 574 ( Employee E) 574 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
1540 1399 351 (WHERE ) 351 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1895 1383 467 (E.dno=102) 467 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1762 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
283 1723 2779 (Consider DBMS use of index when writing arithmetic) 2779 SB
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3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
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258 648 1331 (Avoid using intermediate) 1331 SB
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452 788 254 (tions) 253 SB
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1740 749 309 (WHERE) 309 SB
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1 F
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237 237 237 fC
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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185 185 185 fC
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145 145 145 fC
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175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
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145 612 69 (v) 69 SB
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-6 6 SJ
258 573 2301 (The conceptual schema should be refined by) 2301 SB
-4 4 SJ
258 713 2476 (considering performance criteria and workload:) 2476 SB
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295 877 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 8 SJ
389 877 2248 (May choose 3NF or lower normal form over BCNF.) 2248 SB
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295 1021 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
24 6 SJ
389 1021 2553 (May choose among alternative decompositions into BCNF) 2553 SB
13 5 SJ
389 1141 1543 (\(or 3NF\) based upon the workload.) 1543 SB
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32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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389 1022 1563 (the choice of indexes appropriately.) 1563 SB
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-26 13 SJ
370 1991 2470 ( -- Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, 121-180 A. D.) 2470 SB
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569 1812 2258 (There\222s \(much!\) more here than the usual OS tricks!) 2258 SB
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18 7 SJ
614 1147 1820 (considered to be one atomic unit of work.) 1820 SB
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1317 1603 613 (commit, abort) 613 SB
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614 1747 2095 (for now, assume reads and writes are on tuples;) 2095 SB
12 4 SJ
614 1866 1487 (we\222ll revisit this assumption later.) 1487 SB
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636 763 29 ( ) 29 SB
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533 908 358 (happen.) 358 SB
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533 1220 1676 (starts consistent, it ends up consistent.) 1676 SB
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533 1386 29 ( ) 29 SB
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640 1401 2245 (solation: Execution of one Xact is isolated from that) 2245 SB
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533 1531 626 (of other Xacts.) 626 SB
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636 1712 1983 (urability: If a Xact commits, its effects persist.) 1983 SB
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664 1344 1663 (Guarantees Atomicity and Durability.) 1663 SB
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664 1944 1916 (How do we guarantee acceptable behavior?) 1916 SB
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252 1 40 fC
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262 4 2398 146 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
3 4 2661 146 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
258 4 2665 146 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
3 4 2925 146 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
3 4 2925 146 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
3 163 2394 151 B
1 F
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 163 2661 151 B
1 F
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
3 163 2925 151 B
1 F
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
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91 8 2411 250 B
1 F
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
262 54 2398 260 B
1 F
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1 0 0 fC
gs 262 114 2663 146 CB
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0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
91 8 2679 250 B
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
3 1 2394 314 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
262 1 2398 314 B
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1 1 2661 314 B
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/fm 256 def
261 1 2663 314 B
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/fm 256 def
3 1 2925 314 B
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/fm 256 def
3 163 2394 317 B
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 163 2661 317 B
1 F
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
3 163 2925 317 B
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192 192 192 fC
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/fm 256 def
262 52 2398 427 B
1 F
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
3 163 2394 480 B
1 F
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
3 163 2925 480 B
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 0 0 fC
gs 263 111 2398 480 CB
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128 128 128 fC
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3 163 2394 644 B
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
3 163 2925 644 B
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
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/fm 256 def
3 163 2394 808 B
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 163 2661 808 B
1 F
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
3 163 2925 808 B
1 F
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
262 109 2398 808 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
262 52 2398 918 B
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1 0 0 fC
gs 262 110 2663 808 CB
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/fm 256 def
3 163 2394 971 B
1 F
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 163 2661 971 B
1 F
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
3 163 2925 971 B
1 F
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
262 109 2398 971 B
1 F
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1 0 0 fC
gs 263 110 2398 971 CB
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/fm 256 def
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
3 163 2394 1135 B
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/fm 256 def
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1 F
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/fm 256 def
3 4 2394 1298 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
262 4 2398 1298 B
1 F
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 163 2661 1135 B
1 F
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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/fm 256 def
258 4 2665 1298 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
3 163 2925 1135 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
3 4 2925 1298 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
3 4 2925 1298 B
1 F
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
262 109 2398 1135 B
1 F
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1 0 0 fC
gs 263 110 2398 1135 CB
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EJ RS
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255 246 233 fC
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3000 2250 115 88 B
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237 237 237 fC
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
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3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
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420 304 1429 (Acceptable Schedules) 1429 SB
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18 10 SJ
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22 7 SJ
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EJ RS
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3000 2250 115 88 B
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237 237 237 fC
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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185 185 185 fC
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145 145 145 fC
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335 899 1384 (xacts access the same item:) 1384 SB
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3 1 SJ
466 1183 416 (T1 wrote.) 416 SB
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4 4 2254 425 B
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403 4 2259 425 B
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4 4 3069 425 B
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4 4 3069 425 B
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4 172 2254 430 B
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192 192 192 fC
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1 172 2663 430 B
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128 128 128 fC
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4 172 3069 430 B
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
403 116 2259 605 B
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1 F
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128 128 128 fC
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1 F
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403 1 2259 603 B
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1 1 2663 603 B
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403 1 2665 603 B
1 F
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4 1 3069 603 B
1 F
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4 172 2254 605 B
1 F
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192 192 192 fC
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1 172 2663 605 B
1 F
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 172 3069 605 B
1 F
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
403 116 2259 778 B
1 F
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0 0 255 fC
gs 841 1916 2250 425 CB
2276 783 93 (W) 94 SB
2370 783 104 (\(A) 105 SB
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gr
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
403 55 2259 895 B
1 F
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 172 2254 778 B
1 F
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192 192 192 fC
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1 172 2663 778 B
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128 128 128 fC
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4 172 3069 778 B
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192 192 192 fC
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403 55 2259 1069 B
1 F
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0 0 255 fC
gs 841 1916 2250 425 CB
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/fm 256 def
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 172 2663 952 B
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 172 3069 952 B
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192 192 192 fC
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1 F
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/fm 256 def
403 55 2259 1242 B
1 F
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1 0 0 fC
gs 841 1916 2250 425 CB
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/fm 256 def
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192 192 192 fC
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1 172 2663 1125 B
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128 128 128 fC
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4 172 3069 1125 B
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
403 116 2259 1298 B
1 F
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/fm 256 def
403 55 2259 1415 B
1 F
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1 0 0 fC
gs 841 1916 2250 425 CB
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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192 192 192 fC
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1 172 2663 1298 B
1 F
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 172 3069 1298 B
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192 192 192 fC
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403 116 2259 1471 B
1 F
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1 F
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1 0 0 fC
gs 841 1916 2250 425 CB
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2877 1475 33 (\)) 33 SB
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 172 2663 1471 B
1 F
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 172 3069 1471 B
1 F
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
403 116 2259 1644 B
1 F
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403 55 2259 1761 B
1 F
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1 0 0 fC
gs 841 1916 2250 425 CB
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 172 2254 1644 B
1 F
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 172 2663 1644 B
1 F
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 172 3069 1644 B
1 F
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
403 116 2259 1817 B
1 F
n
1 0 0 fC
gs 841 1916 2250 425 CB
2276 1821 99 (R\() 100 SB
2376 1821 99 (B\)) 99 SB
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
403 55 2259 1934 B
1 F
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 172 2663 1817 B
1 F
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 172 3069 1817 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
403 116 2259 1990 B
1 F
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1 0 0 fC
gs 841 1916 2250 425 CB
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2470 1995 33 (\)) 33 SB
gr
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
403 55 2259 2107 B
1 F
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128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 172 2254 1990 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 172 2663 1990 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 172 3069 1990 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
403 116 2259 2163 B
1 F
n
1 0 0 fC
gs 841 1916 2250 425 CB
2276 2168 324 (Commit) 324 SB
gr
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
403 55 2259 2281 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 172 2254 2163 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 3 2254 2337 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 3 2254 2337 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
403 3 2259 2337 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 172 2663 2163 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 3 2663 2337 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
400 3 2668 2337 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 172 3069 2163 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 3 3069 2337 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 3 3069 2337 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2269 125 286 (transfer) 286 SB
-1 1 SJ
2269 225 368 ($100 from) 368 SB
2269 325 230 (A to B) 230 SB
-1 1 SJ
2694 125 277 (add 6%) 277 SB
2 1 SJ
2694 225 367 (interest to) 367 SB
2694 325 223 (A & B) 223 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
gs 3231 279 0 133 CB
2661 683 M 0 -825 1 PP
S
n
gr
51 51 255 pC
2015 1163 M 84 -78 7 -8 6 128 88 -90 120 -135 5 PP
S
n
51 51 255 fC
/fm 256 def
2362 940 M 33 -56 24 26 -57 30 3 PP
1 F
n
0 lc
0 lj
6 4 SP
537 240 1755 1201 B
S
n
1788 1216 418 (Database is) 418 SB
1788 1316 461 (inconsistent!) 461 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Times-BoldItalic
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%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-1 1 SJ
420 304 1009 (More Conflicts) 1009 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
328 692 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-3 3 SJ
441 653 1784 (RW Conflicts \(Unrepeatable Read\)) 1784 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
478 817 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 4 SJ
572 817 1234 (T2 overwrites what T1 read.) 1234 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
478 961 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 9 SJ
572 961 2013 (If T1 reads it again, it will see something new!) 2013 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
628 1137 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 4 SJ
703 1101 1300 (Example when this would happen?) 1300 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
628 1257 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
703 1221 1323 (The increment/decrement example.) 1323 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
478 1344 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 6 SJ
572 1344 1870 (Again, not equivalent to a serial execution.) 1870 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
328 1531 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-4 4 SJ
441 1492 2460 (WW Conflicts \(Overwriting Uncommited Data\)) 2460 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
478 1656 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 4 SJ
572 1656 1293 (T2 overwrites what T1 wrote.) 1293 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
628 1833 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 9 SJ
703 1797 1846 (Example: 2 Xacts to update items to be kept equal.) 1846 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
478 1920 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 5 SJ
572 1920 2195 (Usually occurs in conjunction w/other anomalies.) 2195 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
628 2096 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 4 SJ
703 2060 1175 (Unless you have \223blind writes\224.) 1175 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 10 10
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
420 304 1868 (Now, Aborted Transactions) 1868 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
533 748 1084 (Serializable schedule) 1084 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
1616 748 1148 (: Equivalent to a serial) 1148 SB
-4 2 SJ
533 888 619 (schedule of ) 619 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1148 890 498 (committed) 498 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
1646 888 335 ( Xacts.) 335 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1052 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 4 SJ
664 1052 825 (as if aborted Xacts ) 825 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1 1 SJ
1494 1054 651 (never happened.) 651 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 1239 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 1 SJ
533 1200 608 (Two Issues:) 608 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1364 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 8 SJ
664 1364 1844 (How does one undo the effects of an xact?) 1844 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
720 1549 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 4 SJ
795 1508 1596 (We\222ll cover this in logging/recovery) 1596 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1652 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 6 SJ
664 1652 1751 (What if another Xact sees these effects??) 1751 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
720 1837 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 5 SJ
795 1796 1257 (Must undo that Xact as well!) 1257 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 11 11
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
420 304 1199 (Cascading Aborts) 1199 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
320 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
433 648 1676 (Abort of T1 requires abort of T2!) 1676 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 812 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 1 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
6 1 SJ
564 812 740 (Cascading Abort) 740 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
320 999 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
433 960 637 (What about ) 637 SB
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
1068 960 694 (WW conflicts) 694 SB
0 84 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
1761 960 523 ( & aborts?) 523 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 1124 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
12 6 SJ
564 1124 1601 (T2 overwrites a value that T1 writes.) 1601 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 1268 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 6 SJ
564 1268 2121 (T1 aborts: its \223remembered\224 values are restored.) 2121 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 1412 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 11 SJ
564 1412 2229 (Lose T2\222s write! We will see how to solve this, too.) 2229 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
320 1599 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
433 1560 188 (An ) 188 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-3 3 SJ
620 1560 1556 (ACA \(avoids cascading abort\)) 1556 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-7 7 SJ
433 1700 2486 (schedule is one in which cascading abort cannot) 2486 SB
433 1840 59 (a) 58 SB
491 1840 80 (ri) 81 SB
572 1840 50 (s) 49 SB
621 1840 85 (e.) 85 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 2004 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
24 7 SJ
564 2004 2346 (A Xact only reads/writes data from committed Xacts.) 2346 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
320 2191 69 (v) 69 SB
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 4 2380 107 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 2380 107 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
305 4 2385 107 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 2691 107 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
371 4 2696 107 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 3068 107 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 3068 107 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 165 2380 112 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 165 2691 112 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 3068 112 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 109 2385 112 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 96 96 0 0 0 87 /Times-BoldItalic /font30 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
gs 306 115 2385 107 CB
2401 116 59 (T) 58 SB
2459 116 48 (1) 49 SB
gr
/fm 256 def
106 8 2401 212 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 55 2385 222 B
1 F
n
1 0 0 fC
gs 374 115 2694 107 CB
2712 116 59 (T) 58 SB
2770 116 48 (2) 49 SB
gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
106 8 2712 212 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 1 2380 278 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
305 1 2385 278 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 1 2691 278 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
373 1 2694 278 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 1 3068 278 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 165 2380 280 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 165 2691 280 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 3068 280 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 111 2385 280 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 96 96 0 0 0 86 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
1 0 0 fC
gs 306 114 2385 278 CB
2401 284 197 (R\(A\)) 197 SB
gr
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 53 2385 392 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 2380 446 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 165 2691 446 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 3068 446 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 111 2385 446 B
1 F
n
1 0 0 fC
gs 306 112 2385 446 CB
2401 450 89 (W) 90 SB
2491 450 133 (\(A\)) 133 SB
gr
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 53 2385 558 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 2380 612 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 165 2691 612 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 3068 612 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 111 2385 612 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
305 53 2385 724 B
1 F
n
1 0 0 fC
gs 374 112 2694 612 CB
2712 616 197 (R\(A\)) 197 SB
gr
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 2380 778 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 165 2691 778 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 3068 778 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 111 2385 778 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
305 53 2385 890 B
1 F
n
1 0 0 fC
gs 374 112 2694 778 CB
2712 782 89 (W) 90 SB
2802 782 133 (\(A\)) 133 SB
gr
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 2380 944 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 165 2691 944 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 3068 944 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 111 2385 944 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
305 53 2385 1056 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 2380 1110 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 2380 1275 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 2380 1275 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
305 4 2385 1275 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 165 2691 1110 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 4 2691 1275 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
371 4 2696 1275 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 165 3068 1110 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 3068 1275 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 3068 1275 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 111 2385 1110 B
1 F
n
1 0 0 fC
gs 306 112 2385 1110 CB
2401 1114 139 (abo) 140 SB
2541 1114 59 (rt) 59 SB
gr
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 53 2385 1222 B
1 F
n
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 12 12
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
420 304 1499 (Recoverable Schedules) 1499 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
320 737 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
433 698 1676 (Abort of T1 requires abort of T2!) 1676 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 862 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 4 SJ
564 862 1343 (But T2 has already committed!) 1343 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
320 1049 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
433 1010 120 (A ) 120 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
553 1010 600 (recoverable) 600 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1153 1010 948 ( schedule is one in) 948 SB
320 1179 1482 ( which this cannot happen.) 1482 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 1342 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 10 SJ
564 1342 2354 (i.e. a Xact commits only after all the Xacts it \223depends) 2354 SB
19 7 SJ
564 1462 1960 (on\224 \(i.e. it reads from or overwrites\) commit.) 1960 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 1606 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 5 SJ
564 1606 2059 (Recoverable implies ACA \(but not vice-versa!\).) 2059 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
320 1793 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
433 1754 2016 (Real systems typically ensure that only) 2016 SB
-4 4 SJ
433 1894 1928 (recoverable schedules arise \(through ) 1928 SB
252 1 40 fC
2357 1894 382 (locking) 382 SB
0 84 0 fC
2739 1894 68 (\).) 68 SB
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 4 2380 107 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 2380 107 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
305 4 2385 107 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 2691 107 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
371 4 2696 107 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 3068 107 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 3068 107 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 165 2380 112 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 165 2691 112 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 3068 112 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 109 2385 112 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 96 96 0 0 0 87 /Times-BoldItalic /font30 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
gs 306 115 2385 107 CB
2401 116 59 (T) 58 SB
2459 116 48 (1) 49 SB
gr
/fm 256 def
106 8 2401 212 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 55 2385 222 B
1 F
n
1 0 0 fC
gs 374 115 2694 107 CB
2712 116 59 (T) 58 SB
2770 116 48 (2) 49 SB
gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
106 8 2712 212 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 1 2380 278 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
305 1 2385 278 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
1 1 2691 278 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
373 1 2694 278 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 1 3068 278 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 165 2380 280 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 165 2691 280 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 3068 280 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 111 2385 280 B
1 F
n
32 0 0 96 96 0 0 0 86 /Times-Roman /font32 ANSIFont font
1 0 0 fC
gs 306 114 2385 278 CB
2401 284 197 (R\(A\)) 197 SB
gr
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 53 2385 392 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 2380 446 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 165 2691 446 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 3068 446 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 111 2385 446 B
1 F
n
1 0 0 fC
gs 306 112 2385 446 CB
2401 450 89 (W) 90 SB
2491 450 133 (\(A\)) 133 SB
gr
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 53 2385 558 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 2380 612 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 165 2691 612 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 3068 612 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 111 2385 612 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
305 53 2385 724 B
1 F
n
1 0 0 fC
gs 374 112 2694 612 CB
2712 616 197 (R\(A\)) 197 SB
gr
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 2380 778 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 165 2691 778 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 3068 778 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 111 2385 778 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
305 53 2385 890 B
1 F
n
1 0 0 fC
gs 374 112 2694 778 CB
2712 782 89 (W) 90 SB
2802 782 133 (\(A\)) 133 SB
gr
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 2380 944 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 165 2691 944 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 3068 944 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 111 2385 944 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
305 53 2385 1056 B
1 F
n
1 0 0 fC
gs 374 112 2694 944 CB
2712 948 166 (com) 165 SB
2877 948 75 (m) 74 SB
2951 948 54 (it) 54 SB
gr
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 165 2380 1110 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 2380 1276 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 2380 1276 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
305 4 2385 1276 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
1 165 2691 1110 B
1 F
n
128 128 128 fC
/fm 256 def
4 4 2691 1276 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
371 4 2696 1276 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 165 3068 1110 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 3068 1276 B
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
4 4 3068 1276 B
1 F
n
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 111 2385 1110 B
1 F
n
1 0 0 fC
gs 306 112 2385 1110 CB
2401 1114 139 (abo) 140 SB
2541 1114 59 (rt) 59 SB
gr
192 192 192 fC
/fm 256 def
305 53 2385 1222 B
1 F
n
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Times-BoldItalic
%%+ font Times-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 13 13
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-5 5 SJ
420 304 2089 (Locking: A Technique for C. C.) 2089 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
320 737 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
433 698 1984 (Concurrency control usually done via ) 1984 SB
252 1 40 fC
2412 698 411 (locking.) 411 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
320 906 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
433 867 1381 (Lock info maintained by a ) 1381 SB
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
1809 867 847 (\223lock manager\224:) 847 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
470 1030 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
14 4 SJ
564 1030 1392 (Stores \(XID, RID, Mode\) triples.) 1392 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
620 1215 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 7 SJ
695 1174 1825 (This is a simplistic view; suffices for now.) 1825 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 1318 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
564 1318 280 (Mode ) 280 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 101 /Symbol font
847 1312 71 (\316) 71 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
918 1318 234 ( {S,X}) 234 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
470 1462 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 2 SJ
564 1462 1086 (Lock compatibility table:) 1086 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
320 1649 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
433 1610 1464 (If a Xact can\222t get a lock, it is) 1464 SB
320 1778 957 ( suspended on a ) 957 SB
252 1 40 fC
1277 1778 578 (wait queue) 578 SB
0 84 0 fC
1855 1778 29 (.) 29 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
699 699 2142 1365 B
S
n
174 174 2142 1365 B
S
n
174 174 2142 1540 B
S
n
174 174 2142 1715 B
S
n
174 174 2142 1890 B
S
n
174 174 2317 1365 B
S
n
174 174 2317 1540 B
S
n
174 174 2317 1715 B
S
n
174 174 2317 1890 B
S
n
174 174 2492 1365 B
S
n
174 174 2492 1540 B
S
n
174 174 2492 1715 B
S
n
174 174 2492 1890 B
S
n
174 174 2667 1365 B
S
n
174 174 2667 1540 B
S
n
174 174 2667 1715 B
S
n
174 174 2667 1890 B
S
n
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2364 1369 66 (--) 66 SB
2539 1368 52 (S) 52 SB
2714 1368 66 (X) 66 SB
2189 1569 66 (--) 66 SB
2189 1743 52 (S) 52 SB
2189 1918 66 (X) 66 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 101 /Symbol font
207 14 48 fC
2364 1562 55 (\326) 55 SB
2364 1737 55 (\326) 55 SB
2364 1912 55 (\326) 55 SB
2539 1562 55 (\326) 55 SB
2714 1562 55 (\326) 55 SB
2539 1737 55 (\326) 55 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Symbol
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 14 14
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (4) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 2 SJ
420 304 1750 (Two-Phase Locking \(2PL\)) 1750 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
533 748 59 (2) 58 SB
591 748 142 (PL) 142 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
733 748 29 (:) 29 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 912 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 11 SJ
664 912 2199 (If T wants to read an object, first obtains an S lock.) 2199 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1056 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 10 SJ
664 1056 2202 (If T wants to modify an object, first obtains X lock.) 2202 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1200 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
14 8 SJ
664 1200 1577 (If T releases any lock, it can acquire ) 1577 SB
252 1 40 fC
3 2 SJ
2254 1200 602 (no new locks!) 602 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 1387 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
533 1348 2266 (Locks are automatically obtained by DBMS.) 2266 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1555 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-7 1 SJ
533 1518 570 (Guarantees ) 570 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1096 1516 734 (serializability!) 734 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1680 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
664 1680 256 (Why?) 256 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
2239 2184 188 (Time) 188 SB
1 1 SJ
1840 1834 144 (# of) 144 SB
1840 1934 187 (locks) 187 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
gs 3231 504 0 1663 CB
2065 1163 M 0 1500 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 779 2427 2065 0 CB
1290 2163 M 2325 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
188 55 0 pC
2065 2163 M 43 42 108 83 10 0 11 0 44 167 86 166 43 42 129 -42 86 -166 129 -125 86 -167 11 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1563 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1595 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1628 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1660 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1692 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1724 M 0 -17 4 0 0 17 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1757 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1789 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1821 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1854 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1886 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1918 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1951 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1983 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 2015 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 2047 M 0 -17 4 0 0 17 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 2080 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 2112 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 2144 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
51 51 255 pC
6 4 SP
2658 1702 M -57 51 -6 5 33 14 8 0 11 0 13 0 -127 114 7 PP
S
n
51 51 255 fC
/fm 256 def
2491 1926 M -33 55 -24 -26 57 -29 3 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 69 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
2591 1612 349 (lock point) 349 SB
6 4 SP
1832 2145 M 129 -110 7 -12 5 -3 -28 80 180 -97 5 PP
S
n
51 51 255 fC
/fm 256 def
2169 1965 M 35 -55 24 28 -59 27 3 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 1 SJ
1439 2147 498 (growing phase) 498 SB
2765 1967 106 (shr) 105 SB
2870 1967 66 (in) 65 SB
2935 1967 42 (k) 43 SB
2978 1967 22 (i) 21 SB
2999 1967 86 (ng) 85 SB
2765 2057 328 ( phase) 328 SB
6 4 SP
2830 1966 M -14 13 55 14 -63 22 -60 5 -30 -35 5 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
2675 2024 M -34 55 -24 -26 58 -29 3 PP
1 F
n
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Bold
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 15 15
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (5) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
420 304 705 (Strict 2PL) 705 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
533 748 499 (Strict 2PL) 499 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1032 748 29 (:) 29 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 912 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 11 SJ
664 912 2199 (If T wants to read an object, first obtains an S lock.) 2199 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1056 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 10 SJ
664 1056 2202 (If T wants to modify an object, first obtains X lock.) 2202 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1200 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
13 6 SJ
664 1200 1680 (Hold all locks until end of transaction.) 1680 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 1387 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 3 SJ
533 1348 1607 (Guarantees serializability, and ) 1607 SB
252 1 40 fC
2134 1348 600 (recoverable) 600 SB
533 1488 458 (schedule) 458 SB
0 84 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
991 1488 257 (, too!) 257 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1652 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 3 SJ
664 1652 1180 (also avoids WW problems!) 1180 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
gs 3231 504 0 1663 CB
2065 1163 M 0 1500 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 779 2427 2065 0 CB
1290 2163 M 2325 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
188 55 0 pC
2065 2163 M 3 21 0 30 0 41 3 22 0 187 -3 128 0 71 127 -43 86 -167 129 -125 86 -167 11 PP
S
n
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
2495 1563 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1595 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1628 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1660 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1692 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1724 M 0 -17 4 0 0 17 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1757 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1789 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1821 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1854 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1886 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1918 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1951 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 1983 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 2015 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 2047 M 0 -17 4 0 0 17 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 2080 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 2112 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2495 2144 M 0 -16 4 0 0 16 -4 0 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2239 2184 188 (Time) 188 SB
1 1 SJ
1840 1834 144 (# of) 144 SB
1840 1934 187 (locks) 187 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 16 16
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-5 1 SJ
420 304 1210 (Precedence Graph) 1210 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
533 748 120 (A ) 120 SB
252 1 40 fC
652 748 584 (Precedence) 584 SB
0 84 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
1236 748 207 ( \(or ) 207 SB
252 1 40 fC
1441 748 712 (Serializability) 712 SB
0 84 0 fC
-1 1 SJ
2153 748 68 (\) ) 68 SB
252 1 40 fC
2220 748 308 (graph) 308 SB
0 84 0 fC
2528 748 29 (:) 29 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 912 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 4 SJ
664 912 1325 (Node for each commited Xact.) 1325 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1056 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 11 SJ
664 1056 2076 (Arc from Ti to Tj if an action of Ti precedes and) 2076 SB
8 5 SJ
664 1176 1263 (conflicts with an action of Tj.) 1263 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1363 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 1324 2164 (T1 transfers $100 from A to B, T2 adds 6%) 2164 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1488 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
664 1488 66 (R) 66 SB
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730 1544 34 (1) 34 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
764 1488 292 (\(A\), W) 292 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1058 1544 34 (1) 34 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1092 1488 259 (\(A\), R) 259 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1352 1544 34 (2) 34 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1386 1488 292 (\(A\), W) 292 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1680 1544 34 (2) 34 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
1714 1488 259 (\(A\), R) 259 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1975 1544 34 (2) 34 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2009 1488 275 (\(B\), W) 275 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2286 1544 34 (2) 34 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2320 1488 242 (\(B\), R) 242 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2564 1544 34 (1) 34 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2598 1488 151 (\(B\),) 151 SB
664 1608 99 (W) 99 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 64 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
763 1664 34 (1) 34 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
797 1608 126 (\(B\)) 126 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
95 95 1573 1939 E
S
n
1525 1873 111 (T1) 111 SB
95 94 1995 1948 E
S
n
1947 1882 111 (T2) 111 SB
1920 1838 M -7 9 -7 8 -10 8 -13 7 -12 6 -14 5 -15 4 -16 4 -17 2 -17 1 -17 0 -17 -1 -18 -2 -18 -3 -15 -5 -17 -5 -15 -6 -15 -6 -14 -9 -11 -7 20 PP
-2 7 -3 10 -5 10 3 PP
S
n
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1946 1870 M 57 30 -26 26 -31 -56 3 PP
1 F
n
6 4 SP
1657 2067 M 9 -9 11 -9 13 -8 14 -8 14 -7 15 -5 17 -6 17 -4 17 -2 18 -3 17 0 18 0 16 1 16 3 16 3 14 5 15 6 12 5 11 8 10 8 20 PP
6 -8 7 -11 2 PP
S
n
/fm 256 def
1635 2025 M -51 -41 30 -20 21 61 3 PP
1 F
n
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 304 1520 (Conflict Serializability) 1520 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
533 748 815 (2 schedules are ) 815 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
1345 748 958 (conflict equivalent) 958 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
2302 748 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
2330 748 102 (if:) 102 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 912 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 7 SJ
664 912 1693 (they have the same sets of actions, and) 1693 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1056 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 8 SJ
664 1056 2079 (each pair of conflicting actions is ordered in the) 2079 SB
4 1 SJ
664 1176 464 (same way.) 464 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1363 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 1324 720 (A schedule is ) 720 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1253 1324 996 (conflict serializable) 996 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2249 1324 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
2278 1324 287 (if it is) 287 SB
-5 5 SJ
533 1464 2001 (conflict equivalent to a serial schedule.) 2001 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1628 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
664 1628 215 (Note) 215 SB
0 84 0 fC
20 6 SJ
879 1628 1943 (: Some serializable schedules are not conflict) 1943 SB
664 1748 524 (serializable!) 524 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 18 18
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
420 304 2227 (Conflict Serializability & Graphs) 2227 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 703 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
533 664 465 (Theorem) 465 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
998 664 58 (: ) 58 SB
0 84 0 fC
-5 5 SJ
1055 664 1857 (A schedule is conflict serializable iff) 1857 SB
533 804 1590 (its precedence graph is acyclic.) 1590 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1011 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
533 972 465 (Theorem) 465 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
998 972 288 (: 2PL ) 288 SB
0 84 0 fC
1286 972 1432 (ensures that the precedence) 1432 SB
-3 3 SJ
533 1112 1097 (graph will be acyclic!) 1097 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1320 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
533 1281 528 (Strict 2PL ) 528 SB
0 84 0 fC
1061 1281 1518 (improves on this by avoiding) 1518 SB
-5 5 SJ
533 1421 2407 (cascading aborts, problems with undoing WW) 2407 SB
-4 4 SJ
533 1561 2348 (conflicts; i.e., ensuring recoverable schedules.) 2348 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 2 SJ
420 304 2074 (Lock Manager Implementation) 2074 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 639 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-2 2 SJ
533 600 619 (Question 1: ) 619 SB
0 84 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
1150 600 1147 ( What are we locking?) 1147 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 764 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 3 SJ
664 764 1070 (Tuples, pages, or tables?) 1070 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 908 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 5 SJ
664 908 2136 (Finer granularity increases concurrency, but also) 2136 SB
11 2 SJ
664 1027 1208 (increases locking overhead.) 1208 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1214 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-2 2 SJ
533 1175 619 (Question 2: ) 619 SB
0 84 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
1150 1175 1693 (How do you \223lock\224 something??) 1693 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1383 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
533 1344 596 (Lock Table:) 596 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1129 1344 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
1158 1344 1509 ( A hash table of Lock Entries.) 1509 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
570 1510 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
664 1510 474 (Lock Entry:) 474 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
720 1684 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
795 1648 157 (OID) 157 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
720 1804 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
795 1768 215 (Mode) 215 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
720 1924 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 3 SJ
795 1888 855 (List: Xacts holding lock) 855 SB
32 0 0 54 54 0 0 0 43 /ZapfDingbats font
720 2043 43 (u) 43 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 2 SJ
795 2007 621 (List: Wait Queue) 621 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
420 304 1691 (Handling a Lock Request) 1691 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
15 4 SJ
975 713 1397 (Lock Request \(XID, OID, Mode\)) 1397 SB
10 1 SJ
307 1066 818 (Currently Locked?) 818 SB
4 1 SJ
1211 1957 493 (Grant Lock) 493 SB
9 2 SJ
1834 1069 890 (Empty Wait Queue?) 890 SB
10 1 SJ
2121 1400 886 (Currently X-locked?) 886 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
gs 568 2427 846 0 CB
2005 678 M -1785 561 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
816 1052 M -53 35 -10 -34 63 -1 3 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
757 878 334 (Mode==X) 334 SB
6 4 SP
gs 564 2427 1481 0 CB
886 677 M 1785 564 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
2076 1053 M 63 1 -10 34 -53 -35 3 PP
1 F
n
252 1 40 fC
1829 874 323 (Mode==S) 323 SB
6 4 SP
gs 536 751 648 1200 CB
90 418 M 1674 2346 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1206 1983 M 51 39 -30 22 -21 -61 3 PP
1 F
n
845 1619 103 (No) 103 SB
6 4 SP
gs 535 508 719 1200 CB
153 663 M 1698 1611 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
1285 1738 M 56 29 -24 26 -32 -55 3 PP
1 F
n
972 1346 118 (Yes) 118 SB
6 4 SP
gs 599 514 1631 1197 CB
2852 657 M -1878 1620 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
1601 1738 M -34 54 -24 -28 58 -26 3 PP
1 F
n
1884 1279 103 (No) 103 SB
6 4 SP
gs 287 172 2297 1198 CB
1979 1008 M 954 570 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
2615 1389 M 62 17 -18 30 -44 -47 3 PP
1 F
n
2490 1220 118 (Yes) 118 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
5 2 SJ
1165 1735 606 (Put on Queue) 606 SB
6 4 SP
gs 829 2427 1729 0 CB
3410 1350 M -2568 585 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1699 1740 M -56 32 -8 -36 64 4 3 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2045 1551 118 (Yes) 118 SB
6 4 SP
gs 867 2427 1732 0 CB
3489 1102 M -2682 1332 1 PP
S
n
gr
/fm 256 def
1702 1990 M -46 43 -16 -32 62 -11 3 PP
1 F
n
2268 1740 103 (No) 103 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
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%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
420 304 1775 (More Lock Manager Logic) 1775 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
425 729 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
538 690 1414 (On lock release \(OID, XID\):) 1414 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
575 854 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
12 5 SJ
669 854 1454 (Update list of Xacts holding lock.) 1454 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
575 998 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
12 4 SJ
669 998 1272 (Examine head of wait queue.) 1272 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
575 1142 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 11 SJ
669 1142 2203 (If Xact there can run, add it to list of Xacts holding) 2203 SB
14 4 SJ
669 1262 1344 (lock \(change mode as needed\).) 1344 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
575 1406 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 8 SJ
669 1406 2055 (Repeat until head of wait queue cannot be run.) 2055 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
425 1593 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
538 1554 313 (Note: ) 313 SB
0 84 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
850 1554 1753 ( Lock request handled atomically!) 1753 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
575 1717 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
669 1717 160 (via ) 160 SB
252 1 40 fC
4 1 SJ
833 1717 327 (latches ) 327 SB
0 84 0 fC
10 3 SJ
1163 1717 1510 (\(i.e. semaphores/mutex; OS stuff\).) 1510 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 1 SJ
420 304 1002 (Lock Upgrades) 1002 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
295 637 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
408 598 1339 (Think about this scenario:) 1339 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
445 762 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 12 SJ
539 762 2172 (T1 locks A in S mode, T2 requests X lock on A, T3) 2172 SB
7 6 SJ
539 882 962 (requests S lock on A. ) 962 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 3 SJ
1507 884 818 (What should we do?) 818 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
295 1069 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
408 1030 580 (In contrast:) 580 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
445 1194 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 12 SJ
539 1194 2061 (T1 locks A in S mode, T2 requests X lock on A, ) 2061 SB
252 1 40 fC
2618 1194 111 (T1) 111 SB
0 84 0 fC
1 1 SJ
539 1314 389 (requests ) 389 SB
252 1 40 fC
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252 1 40 fC
1795 1766 814 (DEADLOCK!) 814 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
295 1957 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
408 1918 2415 (BTW: Deadlock can occur even w/o upgrades:) 2415 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
445 2082 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 3 SJ
539 2082 1124 (X1\(A\), X2\(B\), S1\(B\), S2\(A\)) 1124 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font MSTT31c40c
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
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%%Page: 23 23
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 1 SJ
420 304 1400 (Deadlock Prevention) 1400 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
412 686 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
525 647 2259 (Assign a timestamp to each Xact as it enters) 2259 SB
525 787 2096 (the system. \223Older\224 Xacts have priority.) 2096 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
412 994 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-8 8 SJ
525 955 2114 (Assume Ti requests a lock, but Tj holds a) 2114 SB
-2 1 SJ
525 1095 821 (conflicting lock.) 821 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
562 1259 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
656 1259 421 (Wait-Die:) 421 SB
0 84 0 fC
16 9 SJ
1077 1259 1756 ( If Ti has higher priority, it waits; else Ti) 1756 SB
656 1379 297 (aborts.) 297 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
562 1523 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
656 1523 599 (Wound-Wait:) 599 SB
0 84 0 fC
15 7 SJ
1255 1523 1468 ( If Ti has higher priority, abort Tj;) 1468 SB
4 2 SJ
656 1642 566 (else Ti waits.) 566 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
562 1786 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 1 SJ
656 1786 265 (Note: ) 265 SB
0 84 0 fC
18 5 SJ
925 1786 1928 (After abort, restart with original timestamp!) 1928 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
562 1930 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 6 SJ
656 1930 2169 (Both guarantee deadlock-free behavior! Pros and) 2169 SB
4 2 SJ
656 2050 578 (cons of each?) 578 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 84 0 pC
6 4 SP
1202 159 1857 455 B
S
n
8 3 SJ
1890 468 1124 (X1\(A\), X2\(B\), S1\(B\), S2\(A\)) 1124 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (4) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 304 1984 (An Alternative to Prevention) 1984 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 748 1952 (In theory, deadlock can involve many) 1952 SB
533 888 211 (tran) 210 SB
743 888 109 (sa) 108 SB
851 888 256 (ction) 255 SB
1106 888 79 (s:) 79 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1052 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 6 SJ
664 1052 1854 (T1 waits-for T2 waits-for T3 ...waits-for T1) 1854 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1239 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
533 1200 2230 (In practice, most \223deadlock cycles\224 involve) 2230 SB
-4 2 SJ
533 1341 1003 (only 2 transactions.) 1003 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1548 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 1509 1668 (Don\222t need to prevent deadlock!) 1668 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1673 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
14 4 SJ
664 1673 1643 (What\222s the problem with prevention?) 1643 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1860 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 1821 2222 (Allow it to happen, then notice it and fix it.) 2222 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
570 1987 50 (\226) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
664 1987 756 (Deadlock detection) 756 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1420 1987 25 (.) 25 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
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492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
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490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (5) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 1 SJ
420 304 1310 (Deadlock Detection) 1310 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 612 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
533 573 1162 (Lock Mgr maintains a ) 1162 SB
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
1691 573 970 (\223Waits-for\224 graph:) 970 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
570 737 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 3 SJ
664 737 860 (Node for each Xact.) 860 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 881 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
14 12 SJ
664 881 1883 (Arc from Ti to Tj if Tj holds a lock and Ti is) 1883 SB
4 2 SJ
664 1001 598 (waiting for it.) 598 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1188 69 (v) 69 SB
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-4 4 SJ
533 1149 1824 (Periodically check graph for cycles.) 1824 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1356 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 1317 1930 (\223Shoot\224 some Xact to break the cycle.) 1930 SB
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420 1524 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
533 1485 735 (Simpler hack: ) 735 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1266 1487 450 (time-outs) 450 SB
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0 84 0 fC
1716 1485 29 (.) 29 SB
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570 1649 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 9 SJ
664 1649 1872 (T1 made no progress for a while? Shoot it.) 1872 SB
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31 55 true [1 0 0 -1 -6.0 52.0] {<000000060000007c00000ffc0000fff80001fff80003fff80003fff00003fff00007fff00007ffe0
0007ffe0000fffc0000fffc0000fffc0001fff80001fff80001fff00003fff00003fff00003ffe00
007ffe00007ffc0000fffc0000fffc0000fff80001fff80001fff00001fff00003fff00003ffe000
03ffe00007ffc00007ffc0000fffc0000fff80000fff80001fff00001fff00001fff00003ffe0000
3ffe00003ffe00007fff00007fff80007fffc0007fffe0007ffff0007fffc0007fff00007ffe0000
3ffc00003ff800001fe0000007c0000001800000>} imagemask
}
108 /G6c MSTT31c428 AddChar
/G69 [26.0 0.0 7.0 -2.0 37.0 53.0]
/G69 {
30 55 true [1 0 0 -1 -7.0 53.0] {<000007e000001ff000003ff800007ff80000fffc0001fffc0001fff80003fff80003fff80003fff0
0003ffe00003ffe00003ff800001ff0000007c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000c0
0000038000001f800001ff00000fff0001ffff0007fffe000ffffe001ffffe001ffffc003ffffc00
00fffc0000fff80000fff80001fff80001fff00001fff00001fff00003ffe00003ffe00003ffe000
07ffc00007ffc00007ffc0000fffc0000fff80001fff80001fff80001fff00003fff00003fff0000
3fff00007ffe00007ffe0000ffe00000f0000000>} imagemask
}
105 /G69 MSTT31c428 AddChar
/G73 [42.0 0.0 5.0 -2.0 47.0 34.0]
/G73 {
42 36 true [1 0 0 -1 -5.0 34.0] {<00000ff8000000003fffffc00000ffffff800003ffffff000007ffffff00001ffffffe00003fffff
fc00007fe3fffc0000ffe007f80001fff000380003fff000000003fffc00000007ffff00000007ff
fffff80007fffffffe000fffffffff000fffffffff000fffffffff000fffffffff000fffffffff00
07ffffffff0003fffffffe0000fffffffe00001ffffffc00000000fff8000800007ff8001e0000ff
f0001fe003ffe0003fffffffc0007fffffff80007fffffff0000fffffffe00007ffffff800003fff
ffc000000ffffe00000001ffe0000000>} imagemask
}
115 /G73 MSTT31c428 AddChar
/G20 [27.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0]
/G20 {
}
32 /G20 MSTT31c428 AddChar
/G43 [73.0 0.0 2.0 -22.0 83.0 53.0]
/G43 {
81 75 true [1 0 0 -1 -2.0 53.0] {<00000000000000007ffc00000000000000000fffff8000000000000000ffffff8000000000000007
ffffff800000000000001fffffff80000000000000ffffffff00000000000003ffffffff00000000
00000fffffffff0000000000003fffffffff000000000000ffffffffff000000000003ffffffffff
00000000000ffffffffffe00000000001ffffffffffe00000000007ffffffffffc0000000000ffff
fffffffc0000000001fff8007ffff80000000007ff800003fff8000000000ffc0000007ff0000000
001ff00000003ff0000000003fc00000001fe0000000007f000000001fe000000000fe000000001f
c000000003f8000000001fc000000007f0000000001f8000000007e0000000000f000000000fc000
0000000f000000001f80000000000e000000003f00000000000e000000007e00000000000c000000
00fc00000000000800000001f800000000000800000003f800000000000000000003f00000000000
0000000007e00000000000000000000fe00000000000000000001fc00000000000000000001fc000
00000000000000003f800000000000000000007f800000000000000000007f800000000000000000
00ff00000000000000000000ff00000000000000000001ff00000000000000000001ff0000000000
0000000003ff00000000000000000003ff00000000000000000007ff00000000000000000007ff00
000000000000000007ff0000000000000000000fff8000000000000000000fff8000000000000000
000fffc000000000000000001fffe000000000000000001ffff000000000000000001ffffc000000
00000000001fffff00000000000000001fffffc0000000000000001ffffff0000000000000001fff
fffe000000000000001fffffffe00000000000001fffffffff0000000000001ffffffffffc000000
00001fffffffffffff800000000fffffffffffffffff00000ffffffffffffffffe000007ffffffff
fffffff8000007fffffffffffffff0000003ffffffffffffffe0000001ffffffffffffffc0000000
ffffffffffffff800000007fffffffffffff000000001ffffffffffffe0000000007fffffffffff0
00000000007ffffffff800000000000003ffffe00000000000>} imagemask
}
67 /G43 MSTT31c428 AddChar
/G61 [41.0 0.0 3.0 -3.0 44.0 34.0]
/G61 {
41 37 true [1 0 0 -1 -3.0 34.0] {<000003800000000007fc000000001fffe00000003ffffc000000ffffff000001ffffff000007ffff
ff80000fffffff80001fffffff80003fffffff80007fe7ffff8000ffe0ffff8001ffe07fff8001ff
c03fff8003ffc01fff8003ffc03fff0007ffc07fff0007ff80ffff000fff81fffe000fff83fffe00
1fff87fffc001fff0ffffc001fff1ffffc001fff3e7ff8003ffe7cfff8003ffef8fff8003ffff1ff
f0003fffc1fff0007fff81fff0007fff03ffe0007ffc03ffe0007ff803ffe0007ff007ffe000ffc0
07ffc0003f800ff8000007000f800000000018000000>} imagemask
}
97 /G61 MSTT31c428 AddChar
/G65 [35.0 0.0 5.0 -2.0 43.0 34.0]
/G65 {
38 36 true [1 0 0 -1 -5.0 34.0] {<00003f800000007fff800001ffffe00003fffff0000ffffff8001ffffff8007ffffff800fffffff8
01ffe3fff801ffe1fff003ffc0fff003ffc0ffe007ff80ffe007ff80ffc007ff80ffc00fff01ff80
0fff01ff800ffe01ff001ffffffe001ffffff8001fffffc0003ffffe00003fff0000003fff000400
7fff8018007fffe0f0007fffffe0007fffffe0007fffffc0007fffff80007fffff00007ffffe0000
3ffff800003ffff000001fffc0000003fe000000>} imagemask
}
101 /G65 MSTT31c428 AddChar
/G72 [32.0 0.0 6.0 -1.0 44.0 35.0]
/G72 {
38 36 true [1 0 0 -1 -6.0 35.0] {<00000007f0003e001ffc007ffc3ff8007ffc7ff0007ff8fff000fff8ffe000fff9ffe000fffbffc0
01fff3ff8001fff7ff8003ffffff0003ffefff0003fffe7e0007fffc3c0007fff81c0007fff00800
0fffe000000fffc000000fffc000001fff8000001fff8000001fff8000003fff8000003fff000000
3fff8000007ffffc00007ffff800007ffff800007ffff000007fffe000007fffe000007fffc00000
3fff8000001fff0000000fff00000003fe000000>} imagemask
}
114 /G72 MSTT31c428 AddChar
%%EndResource
1 1 SJ
2116 2144 568 (Julius Caesar) 568 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font MSTT31c418
%%+ font MSTT31c428
%%+ font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 26 26
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 2 SJ
420 304 1671 (Prevention vs. Detection) 1671 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
533 748 2059 (Prevention might abort too many Xacts.) 2059 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 956 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 917 2161 (Detection might allow deadlocks to tie up) 2161 SB
-3 3 SJ
533 1057 1105 (resources for a while.) 1105 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1221 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
21 6 SJ
664 1221 2084 (Can detect more often, but it\222s time-consuming.) 2084 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1408 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 2 SJ
533 1369 945 (The usual answer:) 945 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1533 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 3 SJ
664 1533 1042 (Detection is the winner.) 1042 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1676 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 3 SJ
664 1676 1134 (Deadlocks are pretty rare.) 1134 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1820 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 8 SJ
664 1820 1954 (If you get a lot of deadlocks, reconsider your) 1954 SB
664 1940 840 (schema/workload!) 840 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 27 27
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (7) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-5 1 SJ
420 304 1883 (Multiple-Granularity Locks) 1883 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 673 2054 (Hard to decide what granularity to lock) 2054 SB
-4 4 SJ
533 813 1434 (\(tuples vs. pages vs. tables\).) 1434 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1021 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 982 1319 (Shouldn\222t have to decide!) 1319 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1189 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 3 SJ
533 1150 1516 (Data \223containers\224 are nested:) 1516 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
67 142 0 fC
1517 2066 299 (Tuples) 299 SB
1540 1635 284 (Tables) 284 SB
1549 1823 254 (Pages) 254 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
gs 3231 129 0 1746 CB
1667 1621 M 0 375 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 129 0 1952 CB
1670 1827 M 0 375 1 PP
S
n
gr
1490 1410 403 (Database) 403 SB
gs 3231 129 0 1521 CB
1667 1396 M 0 375 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 469 0 1513 CB
1340 1013 M 0 1500 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1340 2014 M 18 62 -36 0 18 -62 3 PP
1 F
n
252 1 40 fC
915 1694 367 (contains) 367 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 28 28
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
420 304 2457 (Solution: New Lock Modes, Protocol) 2457 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
395 712 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
508 673 2254 (Allow Xacts to lock at each level, but with a) 2254 SB
-4 4 SJ
508 813 1413 (special protocol using new ) 1413 SB
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
1917 813 880 (\223intention\224 locks) 880 SB
0 84 0 fC
2796 813 29 (:) 29 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
395 1062 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
508 1023 1444 (Before locking an item, Xact) 1444 SB
-3 3 SJ
508 1163 1344 (must set \223intention locks\224) 1344 SB
-3 3 SJ
508 1304 980 (on all its ancestors.) 980 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
395 1511 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
508 1472 1442 (For unlock, go from specific) 1442 SB
508 1612 1409 (to general \(i.e., bottom-up\).) 1409 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
395 1819 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
508 1780 559 (SIX mode: ) 559 SB
0 84 0 fC
1 4 SJ
1068 1780 708 (Like S & IX at) 708 SB
508 1920 748 (the same time.) 748 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
699 699 2016 1070 B
S
n
174 174 2016 1070 B
S
n
174 174 2016 1245 B
S
n
174 174 2016 1420 B
S
n
174 174 2016 1595 B
S
n
174 174 2191 1070 B
S
n
174 174 2191 1245 B
S
n
174 174 2191 1420 B
S
n
174 174 2191 1595 B
S
n
174 174 2366 1070 B
S
n
174 174 2366 1245 B
S
n
174 174 2366 1420 B
S
n
174 174 2366 1595 B
S
n
174 174 2541 1070 B
S
n
174 174 2541 1245 B
S
n
174 174 2541 1420 B
S
n
174 174 2541 1595 B
S
n
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2239 1073 66 (--) 66 SB
2414 1073 85 (IS) 85 SB
2589 1073 99 (IX) 99 SB
2064 1273 66 (--) 66 SB
2064 1448 85 (IS) 85 SB
2064 1623 99 (IX) 99 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 101 /Symbol font
207 14 48 fC
2239 1267 55 (\326) 55 SB
2239 1442 55 (\326) 55 SB
2239 1617 55 (\326) 55 SB
2414 1267 55 (\326) 55 SB
2589 1267 55 (\326) 55 SB
2414 1442 55 (\326) 55 SB
174 174 2716 1070 B
S
n
174 174 2716 1245 B
S
n
174 174 2716 1420 B
S
n
174 174 2716 1595 B
S
n
174 174 2016 1770 B
S
n
174 174 2191 1770 B
S
n
174 174 2366 1770 B
S
n
174 174 2541 1770 B
S
n
174 174 2716 1770 B
S
n
174 174 2891 1070 B
S
n
174 174 2891 1245 B
S
n
174 174 2891 1420 B
S
n
174 174 2891 1595 B
S
n
174 174 2891 1770 B
S
n
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2764 1073 52 (S) 52 SB
2939 1073 66 (X) 66 SB
174 174 2016 1945 B
S
n
174 174 2191 1945 B
S
n
174 174 2366 1945 B
S
n
174 174 2541 1945 B
S
n
174 174 2716 1945 B
S
n
174 174 2891 1945 B
S
n
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 101 /Symbol font
207 14 48 fC
2239 1792 55 (\326) 55 SB
2239 1942 55 (\326) 55 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2064 1798 52 (S) 52 SB
2064 1973 66 (X) 66 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 101 /Symbol font
207 14 48 fC
2789 1267 55 (\326) 55 SB
2964 1267 55 (\326) 55 SB
2789 1442 55 (\326) 55 SB
2414 1792 55 (\326) 55 SB
2589 1442 55 (\326) 55 SB
2414 1617 55 (\326) 55 SB
2589 1617 55 (\326) 55 SB
2789 1792 55 (\326) 55 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font Symbol
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 29 29
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 304 186 (Ex) 185 SB
605 304 288 (amp) 287 SB
892 304 176 (les) 176 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
245 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
358 623 1933 (T1 scans R, and updates a few tuples:) 1933 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
395 787 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
19 11 SJ
489 787 2203 (T1 gets an SIX lock on R, then repeatedly gets an S) 2203 SB
17 8 SJ
489 907 2147 (lock on tuples of R, and occasionally upgrades to) 2147 SB
6 3 SJ
489 1027 685 (X on the tuples.) 685 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
245 1214 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
358 1175 2023 (T2 uses an index to read only part of R:) 2023 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
395 1339 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 8 SJ
489 1339 1699 (T2 gets an IS lock on R, and repeatedly) 1699 SB
10 7 SJ
489 1459 1253 (gets an S lock on tuples of R.) 1253 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
245 1646 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
358 1607 866 (T3 reads all of R:) 866 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
395 1771 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 6 SJ
489 1771 982 (T3 gets an S lock on R.) 982 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
395 1914 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 6 SJ
489 1914 1438 (OR, T3 could behave like T2; can) 1438 SB
3 1 SJ
489 2034 174 (use ) 174 SB
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
665 2034 642 (lock escalation) 642 SB
0 84 0 fC
8 3 SJ
1310 2034 745 ( to decide which.) 745 SB
0 lc
0 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 4 SP
515 517 2267 1394 B
S
n
128 128 2267 1394 B
S
n
128 129 2267 1523 B
S
n
128 128 2267 1653 B
S
n
128 129 2267 1782 B
S
n
128 128 2396 1394 B
S
n
128 129 2396 1523 B
S
n
128 128 2396 1653 B
S
n
128 129 2396 1782 B
S
n
128 128 2525 1394 B
S
n
128 129 2525 1523 B
S
n
128 128 2525 1653 B
S
n
128 129 2525 1782 B
S
n
128 128 2654 1394 B
S
n
128 129 2654 1523 B
S
n
128 128 2654 1653 B
S
n
128 129 2654 1782 B
S
n
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2438 1426 50 (--) 50 SB
2568 1425 64 (IS) 64 SB
2697 1425 75 (IX) 75 SB
2310 1574 50 (--) 50 SB
2310 1703 64 (IS) 64 SB
2310 1833 75 (IX) 75 SB
32 0 0 76 76 0 0 0 77 /Symbol font
207 14 48 fC
2438 1567 42 (\326) 41 SB
2438 1697 42 (\326) 41 SB
2438 1827 42 (\326) 41 SB
2568 1567 42 (\326) 41 SB
2697 1567 42 (\326) 41 SB
2568 1697 42 (\326) 41 SB
127 128 2783 1394 B
S
n
127 129 2783 1523 B
S
n
127 128 2783 1653 B
S
n
127 129 2783 1782 B
S
n
128 129 2267 1912 B
S
n
128 129 2396 1912 B
S
n
128 129 2525 1912 B
S
n
128 129 2654 1912 B
S
n
127 129 2783 1912 B
S
n
128 128 2911 1394 B
S
n
128 129 2911 1523 B
S
n
128 128 2911 1653 B
S
n
128 129 2911 1782 B
S
n
128 129 2911 1912 B
S
n
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2825 1425 39 (S) 39 SB
2955 1425 50 (X) 50 SB
128 128 2267 2042 B
S
n
128 128 2396 2042 B
S
n
128 128 2525 2042 B
S
n
128 128 2654 2042 B
S
n
127 128 2783 2042 B
S
n
128 128 2911 2042 B
S
n
32 0 0 76 76 0 0 0 77 /Symbol font
207 14 48 fC
2438 1956 42 (\326) 41 SB
2438 2067 42 (\326) 41 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 71 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
2310 1962 39 (S) 39 SB
2310 2092 50 (X) 50 SB
32 0 0 76 76 0 0 0 77 /Symbol font
207 14 48 fC
2844 1567 42 (\326) 41 SB
2973 1567 42 (\326) 41 SB
2844 1697 42 (\326) 41 SB
2568 1956 42 (\326) 41 SB
2697 1697 42 (\326) 41 SB
2568 1827 42 (\326) 41 SB
2697 1827 42 (\326) 41 SB
2846 1952 42 (\326) 41 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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%%PageTrailer
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
420 304 1179 (Summary of C.C.) 1179 SB
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0 84 0 fC
395 737 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
508 698 1892 (Concurrency control key to a DBMS.) 1892 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
545 862 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 3 SJ
639 862 1058 (More than just mutexes!) 1058 SB
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395 1049 69 (v) 69 SB
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-4 4 SJ
508 1010 1999 (Transactions and the ACID properties:) 1999 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
545 1174 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 7 SJ
639 1174 1840 (C & I are handled by concurrency control.) 1840 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
545 1318 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
17 8 SJ
639 1318 1986 (A & D coming soon with logging & recovery.) 1986 SB
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395 1505 69 (v) 69 SB
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-6 6 SJ
508 1466 2129 (Conflicts arise when two Xacts access the) 2129 SB
508 1606 1814 (same object, and one of the Xacts is) 1814 SB
508 1746 673 (modifying it.) 673 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
395 1953 69 (v) 69 SB
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508 1914 2266 (Serial execution is our model of correctness.) 2266 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
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237 237 237 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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185 185 185 fC
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0 84 0 fC
395 712 69 (v) 69 SB
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508 673 2261 (Serializability allows us to \223simulate\224 serial) 2261 SB
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508 813 1811 (execution with better performance.) 1811 SB
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508 1294 2337 (Lock manager module automates 2PL so that) 2337 SB
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508 1434 2053 (only the access methods worry about it.) 2053 SB
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545 1598 49 (\226) 49 SB
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def/sc{scignore{pop pop pop}{0 index 2 index eq 2 index 4 index eq
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16#DE/Thorn 16#DF/germandbls 16#E0/agrave 16#E1/aacute 16#E2/acircumflex
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
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0 84 0 fC
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423 922 2391 (Concurrency Control and Recovery) 2391 SB
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258 623 2801 (Concurrent execution of user programs is essential for) 2801 SB
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258 763 1344 (good DBMS performance.) 1344 SB
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389 927 2597 (Because disk accesses are frequent, and relatively slow, it is) 2597 SB
22 9 SJ
389 1047 2601 (important to keep the cpu humming by working on several) 2601 SB
11 2 SJ
389 1167 1248 (user programs concurrently.) 1248 SB
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258 1315 2726 (A user\222s program may carry out many operations on) 2726 SB
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258 1595 2490 (only concerned about what data is read/written) 2490 SB
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258 1735 1131 (from/to the database.) 1131 SB
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914 1904 29 ( ) 29 SB
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-7 7 SJ
942 1904 1912 (is the DBMS\222s abstract view of a user) 1912 SB
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258 738 1711 (transaction as executing by itself.) 1711 SB
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22 7 SJ
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21 9 SJ
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520 1429 2243 (DBMS will enforce some ICs, depending on the ICs) 2243 SB
21 4 SJ
520 1549 1769 (declared in CREATE TABLE statements.) 1769 SB
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520 1693 2379 (Beyond this, the DBMS does not really understand the) 2379 SB
22 10 SJ
520 1813 2441 (semantics of the data. \(e.g., it does not understand how) 2441 SB
16 7 SJ
520 1933 1933 (the interest on a bank account is computed\).) 1933 SB
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258 2083 317 (Issues:) 317 SB
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2591 2083 343 (crashes) 343 SB
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1983 279 382 855 B
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715 868 1567 (BEGIN A=A+100, B=B-100 END) 1567 SB
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715 988 1602 (BEGIN A=1.06*A, B=1.06*B END) 1602 SB
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258 1173 2626 (Intuitively, the first transaction is transferring $100) 2626 SB
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258 1454 2684 (crediting both accounts with a 6% interest payment.) 2684 SB
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258 2042 2485 (two transactions running serially in some order.) 2485 SB
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2291 279 382 855 B
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5 8 SJ
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10 3 SJ
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258 698 2374 (The DBMS must not allow schedules like this!) 2374 SB
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0 84 0 pC
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2517 279 357 930 B
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5 8 SJ
2190 943 642 ( R\(B\), W\(B\)) 642 SB
390 1063 136 (T2:) 136 SB
690 1063 75 ( ) 75 SB
10 3 SJ
1290 1063 1018 (R\(A\), W\(A\), R\(B\), W\(B\)) 1018 SB
1 lc
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112 112 954 1452 E
S
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112 112 1904 1452 E
S
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890 1393 111 (T1) 111 SB
1840 1393 111 (T2) 111 SB
gs 779 2427 1040 0 CB
265 1513 M 2325 0 1 PP
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gs 779 2427 1040 0 CB
265 1388 M 2325 0 1 PP
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gs 79 2427 1740 0 CB
1665 1338 M 225 75 1 PP
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gs 79 2427 1740 0 CB
1665 1438 M 225 -75 1 PP
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gs 79 2427 1040 0 CB
965 1488 M 225 75 1 PP
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gs 79 2427 1040 0 CB
965 1538 M 225 -75 1 PP
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252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
2165 1395 756 (Dependency graph) 756 SB
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252 1 40 fC
258 1650 888 (Dependency graph) 888 SB
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1146 1648 1664 (: One node per Xact; edge from ) 1664 SB
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-5 5 SJ
1336 648 1681 (For any database state, the effect) 1681 SB
258 788 2747 (\(on the set of objects in the database\) of executing the) 2747 SB
258 929 2765 (first schedule is identical to the effect of executing the) 2765 SB
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258 1069 877 (second schedule.) 877 SB
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252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
258 1239 976 (Serializable schedule) 976 SB
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1233 1237 87 (: ) 87 SB
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-5 5 SJ
1318 1237 1631 (A schedule that is equivalent to) 1631 SB
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258 1377 2116 (some serial execution of the transactions.) 2116 SB
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1186 1663 770 (conflict serializable) 770 SB
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0 84 0 fC
7 5 SJ
1982 1661 847 ( Such a schedule is) 847 SB
12 4 SJ
389 1781 1347 (equivalent to a serial schedule.) 1347 SB
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20 10 SJ
389 1924 2494 (This is the condition that is typically enforced in a DBMS) 2494 SB
15 6 SJ
389 2044 2057 (\(although it is not necessary for serializability\).) 2057 SB
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/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (8) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 2 SJ
420 304 2345 (Enforcing \(Conflict\) Serializability) 2345 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
170 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-6 3 SJ
283 650 1635 (Two-phase Locking \(2PL\) Protocol) 1635 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1912 648 29 (:) 29 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 812 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
9 5 SJ
414 812 1078 (Each Xact must obtain a ) 1078 SB
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
1501 812 110 (S \() 110 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1613 814 261 (shared) 261 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1874 812 265 (\) lock ) 265 SB
0 84 0 fC
4 2 SJ
2143 812 692 (on object before) 692 SB
6 3 SJ
414 932 714 (reading, and an ) 714 SB
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
1133 932 124 (X \() 124 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1258 934 370 (exclusive) 370 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1628 932 265 (\) lock ) 265 SB
0 84 0 fC
6 3 SJ
1897 932 1067 (on object before writing.) 1067 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1076 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
7 4 SJ
414 1076 970 (Once an Xact releases ) 970 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1391 1078 150 (any) 150 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 6 SJ
1541 1076 1429 ( lock, it cannot obtain new locks.) 1429 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 1220 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 14 SJ
414 1220 2501 ( If an Xact holds an X lock on an object, no other Xact can) 2501 SB
12 8 SJ
414 1339 1407 (get a lock \(S or X\) on that object.) 1407 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1526 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-8 4 SJ
283 1487 2430 (2PL allows only conflict-serializable schedules.) 2430 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
170 1695 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
283 1656 1090 (Potential problem of ) 1090 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1370 1658 447 (deadlocks) 447 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
1817 1658 58 (: ) 58 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-4 4 SJ
1874 1656 870 (we could have a ) 870 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2740 1658 234 (cycle) 234 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
283 1796 2608 (of Xacts, T1, T2, ... , Tn, with each Ti waiting for its) 2608 SB
283 1936 2372 (predecessor to release some lock that it needs.) 2372 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
320 2100 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
20 10 SJ
414 2100 2467 (Dealt with by killing one of them and releasing its locks.) 2467 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 9 9
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
420 304 1760 (Atomicity of Transactions) 1760 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-2 2 SJ
258 623 1033 (A transaction might) 1033 SB
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
1289 623 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1317 625 354 (commit) 354 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
1671 623 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
1699 623 1158 (after completing all its) 1158 SB
258 763 984 (actions, or it could ) 984 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1242 765 243 (abort) 243 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1485 763 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
1514 763 1479 (\(or be aborted by the DBMS\)) 1479 SB
-3 3 SJ
258 904 1492 (after executing some actions.) 1492 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1111 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1072 2717 (A very important property guaranteed by the DBMS) 2717 SB
258 1212 1780 (for all transactions is that they are ) 1780 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2038 1214 315 (atomic) 315 SB
32 0 0 117 117 1 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2353 1212 29 (.) 29 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2382 1212 58 ( ) 58 SB
0 84 0 fC
2440 1212 467 (That is, a) 467 SB
258 1352 2577 (user can think of a Xact as always executing all its) 2577 SB
258 1492 2778 (actions in one step, or not executing any actions at all.) 2778 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1656 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
389 1656 308 (DBMS ) 308 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
698 1658 161 (logs) 161 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
8 7 SJ
859 1656 1073 ( all actions so that it can ) 1073 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1941 1658 206 (undo) 206 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2147 1656 25 ( ) 25 SB
0 84 0 fC
2 2 SJ
2173 1656 583 (the actions of) 583 SB
8 1 SJ
389 1776 917 (aborted transactions.) 917 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1963 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-7 7 SJ
258 1924 2684 (This ensures that if each Xact preserves consistency,) 2684 SB
-8 4 SJ
258 2064 2571 (every serializable schedule preserves consistency.) 2571 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 10 10
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
420 304 1584 (Aborting a Transaction) 1584 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 623 800 (If a transaction ) 800 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1058 625 104 (Ti) 104 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1162 623 1830 ( is aborted, all its actions have to be) 1830 SB
258 763 1336 (undone. Not only that, if ) 1336 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1594 765 133 (Tj ) 133 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1727 763 979 (reads an object last) 979 SB
258 904 566 (written by ) 566 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
824 906 104 (Ti) 104 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
928 904 87 (, ) 87 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1015 906 104 (Tj) 104 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1119 904 1291 ( must be aborted as well!) 1291 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1111 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
258 1072 1326 (Most systems avoid such ) 1326 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
1580 1074 780 (cascading aborts) 780 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
2359 1072 29 ( ) 29 SB
0 84 0 fC
-1 1 SJ
2387 1072 627 (by releasing) 627 SB
-6 6 SJ
258 1212 2139 (a transaction\222s locks only at commit time.) 2139 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1376 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
389 1376 91 (If ) 91 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
481 1378 89 (Ti) 89 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 4 SJ
570 1376 760 ( writes an object, ) 760 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1337 1378 89 (Tj) 89 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 6 SJ
1426 1376 1056 ( can read this only after ) 1056 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
2492 1378 89 (Ti) 89 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
2581 1376 425 ( commits.) 425 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1563 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1524 579 (In order to ) 579 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
837 1526 241 (undo) 241 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1078 1524 1935 ( the actions of an aborted transaction,) 1935 SB
258 1664 1184 (the DBMS maintains a ) 1184 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1442 1666 144 (log) 144 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1586 1664 1212 ( in which every write is) 1212 SB
258 1804 2567 (recorded. This mechanism is also used to recover) 2567 SB
258 1944 2807 (from system crashes: all active Xacts at the time of the) 2807 SB
-8 8 SJ
258 2084 2617 (crash are aborted when the system comes back up.) 2617 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 11 11
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-2 1 SJ
420 304 544 (The Log) 544 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 648 2343 (The following actions are recorded in the log:) 2343 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 814 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
3 3 SJ
389 814 745 (Ti writes an object) 745 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 2 SJ
1138 812 75 (: ) 75 SB
0 84 0 fC
7 6 SJ
1216 812 1432 (the old value and the new value.) 1432 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
445 997 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 5 SJ
520 956 1179 (Log record must go to disk) 1179 SB
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
1710 956 25 ( ) 25 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1738 958 235 (before) 235 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
1973 956 25 ( ) 25 SB
0 84 0 fC
4 2 SJ
2000 956 799 (the changed page!) 799 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 1102 50 (\226) 50 SB
252 1 40 fC
1 1 SJ
389 1102 730 (Ti commits/aborts) 730 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
1121 1100 75 (: ) 75 SB
0 84 0 fC
8 5 SJ
1199 1100 1493 (a log record indicating this action.) 1493 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1287 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1248 2606 (Log records are chained together by Xact id, so it\222s) 2606 SB
-5 5 SJ
258 1388 1453 (easy to undo a specific Xact.) 1453 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1595 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
258 1556 636 (Log is often ) 636 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
891 1558 455 (duplexed ) 455 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-1 1 SJ
1345 1556 227 (and ) 227 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1571 1558 402 (archived) 402 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
1973 1556 928 ( on stable storage.) 928 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 1763 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 1724 2613 (All log related activities \(and in fact, all CC related) 2613 SB
-6 6 SJ
258 1864 2801 (activities such as lock/unlock, dealing with deadlocks) 2801 SB
258 2005 2328 (etc.\) are handled transparently by the DBMS.) 2328 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 12 12
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-16 4 SJ
175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
420 304 1716 (Recovering From a Crash) 1716 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 662 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 623 1309 (There are 3 phases in the ) 1309 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
1567 625 255 (Aries) 255 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1822 623 1049 ( recovery algorithm:) 1049 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 789 50 (\226) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
389 789 356 (Analysis) 356 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
745 787 75 (: ) 75 SB
0 84 0 fC
14 7 SJ
824 787 1877 (Scan the log forward \(from the most recent) 1877 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
389 909 426 (checkpoint) 426 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
19 10 SJ
815 907 2216 (\) to identify all Xacts that were active, and all dirty) 2216 SB
17 10 SJ
389 1027 2088 (pages in the buffer pool at the time of the crash.) 2088 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 1173 50 (\226) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
389 1173 200 (Redo) 200 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
589 1171 75 (: ) 75 SB
0 84 0 fC
17 9 SJ
668 1171 2268 (Redoes all updates to dirty pages in the buffer pool,) 2268 SB
22 10 SJ
389 1290 2378 (as needed, to ensure that all logged updates are in fact) 2378 SB
13 5 SJ
389 1410 1364 (carried out and written to disk.) 1364 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
295 1556 50 (\226) 50 SB
32 0 0 100 100 1 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
389 1556 228 (Undo) 228 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 2 SJ
617 1554 75 (: ) 75 SB
0 84 0 fC
14 11 SJ
694 1554 2240 (The writes of all Xacts that were active at the crash) 2240 SB
10 5 SJ
389 1674 1273 (are undone \(by restoring the ) 1273 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
1672 1676 502 (before value ) 502 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
4 2 SJ
2178 1674 608 (of the update,) 608 SB
18 9 SJ
389 1794 2216 (which is in the log record for the update\), working) 2216 SB
22 11 SJ
389 1913 2546 (backwards in the log. \(Some care must be taken to handle) 2546 SB
22 9 SJ
389 2033 2545 (the case of a crash occurring during the recovery process!\)) 2545 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 13 13
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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145 145 145 fC
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0 84 0 fC
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175 2227 1308 (Database Management Systems, R. Ramakrishnan) 1308 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 304 186 (Su) 185 SB
605 304 399 (mmar) 398 SB
1003 304 84 (y) 84 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 648 2542 (Concurrency control and recovery are among the) 2542 SB
258 788 2463 (most important functions provided by a DBMS.) 2463 SB
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295 1121 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
23 5 SJ
389 1121 2404 (System automatically inserts lock/unlock requests and) 2404 SB
19 10 SJ
389 1240 2394 (schedules actions of different Xacts in such a way as to) 2394 SB
21 7 SJ
389 1360 2210 (ensure that the resulting execution is equivalent to) 2210 SB
24 9 SJ
389 1480 2327 (executing the Xacts one after the other in some order.) 2327 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
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32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Trailer
SVDoc restore
end
%%Pages: 13
% TrueType font name key:
% MSTT31c2bc = 3527DBook AntiquaF0000003b000001900000
% MSTT31c2c8 = 3527DBook AntiquaF000000000000019000ff
% MSTT31c2d4 = 3527DBook AntiquaF00000000000001900000
% MSTT31c2e0 = 3527DBook AntiquaF00000063000001900000
% MSTT31c2ec = 3527DMonotype SortsF00000058000001900000
% MSTT31c2f9 = 3527DBook AntiquaF00000064000001900000
% MSTT31c31b = 3527DMonotype SortsF00000043000001900000
% MSTT31c305 = 3527DBook AntiquaF000000640000019000ff
%%DocumentSuppliedResources: procset Win35Dict 3 1
%%DocumentNeededResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%EOF
9 1674 1273 (are undone \(by restoring the ) 1273 SB
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%%BeginResource: procset Win35Dict 3 1
/Win35Dict 290 dict def Win35Dict begin/bd{bind def}bind def/in{72
mul}bd/ed{exch def}bd/ld{load def}bd/tr/translate ld/gs/gsave ld/gr
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/rct/rcurveto ld/st/stroke ld/n/newpath ld/sm/setmatrix ld/cm/currentmatrix
ld/cp/closepath ld/ARC/arcn ld/TR{65536 div}bd/lj/setlinejoin ld/lc
/setlinecap ld/ml/setmiterlimit ld/sl/setlinewidth ld/scignore false
def/sc{scignore{pop pop pop}{0 index 2 index eq 2 index 4 index eq
and{pop pop 255 div setgray}{3{255 div 3 1 roll}repeat setrgbcolor}ifelse}ifelse}bd
/FC{bR bG bB sc}bd/fC{/bB ed/bG ed/bR ed}bd/HC{hR hG hB sc}bd/hC{
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matrix def/PenW 1 def/iPen 5 def/mxF matrix def/mxE matrix def/mxUE
matrix def/mxUF matrix def/fBE false def/iDevRes 72 0 matrix defaultmatrix
dtransform dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt def/fPP false def/SS{fPP{
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def/FEglyph(G )def/FE{1 exch{dup 16 FEbuf cvrs FEglyph exch 1 exch
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16#0/grave 16#1/acute 16#2/circumflex 16#3/tilde 16#4/macron 16#5/breve
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16#C0/Agrave 16#C1/Aacute 16#C2/Acircumflex 16#C3/Atilde 16#C4/Adieresis
16#C5/Aring 16#C6/AE 16#C7/Ccedilla 16#C8/Egrave 16#C9/Eacute 16#CA
/Ecircumflex 16#CB/Edieresis 16#CC/Igrave 16#CD/Iacute 16#CE/Icircumflex
16#CF/Idieresis 16#D0/Eth 16#D1/Ntilde 16#D2/Ograve 16#D3/Oacute 16#D4
/Ocircumflex 16#D5/Otilde 16#D6/Odieresis 16#D7/multiply 16#D8/Oslash
16#D9/Ugrave 16#DA/Uacute 16#DB/Ucircumflex 16#DC/Udieresis 16#DD/Yacute
16#DE/Thorn 16#DF/germandbls 16#E0/agrave 16#E1/aacute 16#E2/acircumflex
16#E3/atilde 16#E4/adieresis 16#E5/aring 16#E6/ae 16#E7/ccedilla 16#E8
/egrave 16#E9/eacute 16#EA/ecircumflex 16#EB/edieresis 16#EC/igrave
16#ED/iacute 16#EE/icircumflex 16#EF/idieresis 16#F0/eth 16#F1/ntilde
16#F2/ograve 16#F3/oacute 16#F4/ocircumflex 16#F5/otilde 16#F6/odieresis
16#F7/divide 16#F8/oslash 16#F9/ugrave 16#FA/uacute 16#FB/ucircumflex
16#FC/udieresis 16#FD/yacute 16#FE/thorn 16#FF/ydieresis ] def/reencdict
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/FontName newfontname put 127 1 159{newfont/Encoding get exch/bullet
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/ULlen ed/str ed str length fBE not{dup 1 gt{1 sub}if}if/cbStr ed
/dxGdi ed/y0 ed/x0 ed str stringwidth dup 0 ne{/y1 ed/x1 ed y1 y1
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ed/dxExtra ed x0 y0 M fBE{dxBreak 0 BCh dxExtra dyExtra str awidthshow}{dxExtra
dyExtra str ashow}ifelse fUL{x0 y0 M dxUL dyUL rmt ULlen fBE{Break
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y0 M dxSO dySO rmt ULlen fBE{Break add}if 0 mxUE transform gs rlt cyUL
sl [] 0 setdash st gr}if n/fBE false def}bd/font{/name ed/Ascent ed
0 ne/fT3 ed 0 ne/fSO ed 0 ne/fUL ed/Sy ed/Sx ed 10.0 div/ori ed -10.0
div/esc ed/BCh ed name findfont/xAscent 0 def/yAscent Ascent def/ULesc
esc def ULesc mxUE rotate pop fT3{/esc 0 def xAscent yAscent mxUE transform
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rotate mxF concatmatrix makefont setfont [Sx 0 0 Sy neg 0 Ascent] mxUE
mxUF concatmatrix pop fUL{currentfont dup/FontInfo get/UnderlinePosition
known not{pop/Courier findfont}if/FontInfo get/UnderlinePosition get
1000 div 0 exch mxUF transform/dyUL ed/dxUL ed}if fSO{0 .3 mxUF transform
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known not{pop/Courier findfont}if/FontInfo get/UnderlineThickness get
1000 div Sy mul/cyUL ed}if}bd/min{2 copy gt{exch}if pop}bd/max{2 copy
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ed fm 256 and 0 ne{gs FC ft 0 eq{fill}{eofill}ifelse gr}if fm 1536
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y0 M x1 y0 x1 y1 r2 arcto 4{pop}repeat x1 y1 x0 y1 r2 arcto 4{pop}repeat
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dup{errordict begin}if/errhelpdict 12 dict def errhelpdict begin/stackunderflow(operand stack underflow)def
/undefined(this name is not defined in a dictionary)def/VMerror(you have used up all the printer's memory)def
/typecheck(operator was expecting a different type of operand)def
/ioerror(input/output error occured)def end{end}if errordict begin
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x y moveto(Offending Command = )show/command load{dup type/stringtype
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errorname{dup type dup( max err string )cvs show( : )show/stringtype
ne{( max err string )cvs}if show}exec errordict begin errhelpdict errorname
known{x 1 add y .2 sub moveto errhelpdict errorname get show}if end
/y y .4 sub def x y moveto(Stack =)show ostack{/y y .2 sub def x 1
add y moveto dup type/stringtype ne{( max err string )cvs}if show}forall
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%%EndResource
/SVDoc save def
%%EndProlog
%%BeginSetup
Win35Dict begin
ErrHandler
statusdict begin 0 setjobtimeout end
statusdict begin statusdict /jobname (PowerPoint - MOD6L3-4.PPT) put end
/oldDictCnt countdictstack def {}stopped
{ countdictstack oldDictCnt lt { Win35Dict begin }
{1 1 countdictstack oldDictCnt sub {pop end } for } ifelse } if
/oldDictCnt countdictstack def {letter
}stopped
{ countdictstack oldDictCnt lt { Win35Dict begin }
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/exec load currenttransfer /exec load] cvx settransfer
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%%Page: 1 1
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1 F
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1 F
n
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1 F
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/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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/CharProcs 256 dict def CharProcs/.notdef{}put/Metrics 256 dict def
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def/charname fontdict/Encoding get char get def fontdict/Metrics get
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67 /G43 MSTT31c2e9 AddChar
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108 /G6c MSTT31c2e9 AddChar
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117 /G75 MSTT31c2e9 AddChar
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109 /G6d MSTT31c2e9 AddChar
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98 /G62 MSTT31c2e9 AddChar
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97 /G61 MSTT31c2e9 AddChar
%%EndResource
2 4 SJ
1088 2059 1498 (Logging History of Columbia County) 1498 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 304 1998 (Review: The ACID properties) 1998 SB
32 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 63 /ZapfDingbats font
223 763 62 (v) 62 SB
0 84 0 fC
220 760 62 (v) 62 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 126 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
339 703 103 (A) 103 SB
252 1 40 fC
333 697 103 (A) 103 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
436 713 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
466 728 412 (tomicity: ) 412 SB
0 84 0 fC
15 9 SJ
880 728 2111 ( All actions in the Xact happen, or none happen.) 2111 SB
32 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 63 /ZapfDingbats font
0 0 0 fC
223 955 62 (v) 62 SB
0 84 0 fC
220 952 62 (v) 62 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 126 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
339 895 94 (C) 94 SB
252 1 40 fC
333 889 94 (C) 94 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
427 905 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
458 920 511 (onsistency: ) 511 SB
0 84 0 fC
18 9 SJ
971 920 1895 ( If each Xact is consistent, and the DB starts) 1895 SB
13 4 SJ
333 1050 1414 (consistent, it ends up consistent.) 1414 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 0 0 fC
224 1259 69 (v) 69 SB
0 84 0 fC
220 1255 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
2 1 SJ
338 1221 29 ( ) 29 SB
252 1 40 fC
1 1 SJ
333 1216 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 126 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
370 1206 45 (I) 45 SB
252 1 40 fC
364 1200 45 (I) 45 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
409 1216 29 ( ) 29 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
440 1231 398 (solation: ) 398 SB
0 84 0 fC
16 9 SJ
840 1231 1984 ( Execution of one Xact is isolated from that of) 1984 SB
5 1 SJ
333 1361 514 (other Xacts.) 514 SB
32 0 0 79 79 0 0 0 63 /ZapfDingbats font
0 0 0 fC
223 1577 62 (v) 62 SB
0 84 0 fC
220 1574 62 (v) 62 SB
32 0 0 133 133 0 0 0 126 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
2 1 SJ
339 1517 136 (D ) 136 SB
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
333 1511 136 (D ) 136 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
471 1542 428 (urability: ) 428 SB
0 84 0 fC
15 7 SJ
901 1542 1580 ( If a Xact commits, its effects persist.) 1580 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
220 1875 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2 1 SJ
333 1840 191 (The ) 191 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 1 SJ
527 1842 854 (Recovery Manager) 854 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
9 4 SJ
1383 1840 1576 ( guarantees Atomicity & Durability.) 1576 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
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SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
3026 2227 30 (3) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
420 304 158 (M) 157 SB
577 304 390 (otivat) 389 SB
966 304 213 (ion) 213 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 687 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 648 296 (Atom) 295 SB
553 648 34 (i) 35 SB
588 648 52 (c) 51 SB
639 648 166 (ity:) 166 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 812 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
11 3 SJ
389 812 1629 (Transactions may abort \(\223Rollback\224\).) 1629 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
145 999 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
258 960 91 (D) 90 SB
348 960 71 (u) 70 SB
418 960 46 (r) 47 SB
465 960 59 (a) 58 SB
523 960 133 (bil) 132 SB
655 960 166 (ity:) 167 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1124 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
13 6 SJ
389 1124 1786 (What if DBMS stops running? \(Causes?\)) 1786 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Bold /font24 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
2772 1424 266 (crash!) 266 SB
32 0 0 75 75 0 0 0 60 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
145 1383 59 (v) 59 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 2 SJ
258 1348 985 (Desired Behavior after) 985 SB
8 1 SJ
258 1468 678 (system restarts:) 678 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
295 1612 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 0 255 fC
2 2 SJ
389 1612 297 (T1, T2 ) 297 SB
0 84 0 fC
1 1 SJ
688 1612 102 (& ) 102 SB
0 0 255 fC
791 1612 111 (T3) 111 SB
0 84 0 fC
2 2 SJ
902 1612 455 ( should be) 455 SB
0 0 255 fC
389 1732 365 (durable.) 365 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
295 1875 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
188 55 0 fC
389 1875 111 (T4) 111 SB
0 84 0 fC
2 2 SJ
500 1875 127 ( & ) 127 SB
188 55 0 fC
630 1875 111 (T5) 111 SB
252 1 40 fC
2 1 SJ
741 1875 25 ( ) 25 SB
0 84 0 fC
1 1 SJ
767 1875 430 (should be) 430 SB
188 55 0 fC
389 1995 337 (aborted) 337 SB
0 84 0 fC
12 3 SJ
726 1995 782 ( \(effects not seen\).) 782 SB
0 0 0 fC
1651 1533 111 (T1) 111 SB
1651 1652 111 (T2) 111 SB
1651 1772 111 (T3) 111 SB
1651 1892 111 (T4) 111 SB
1651 2012 111 (T5) 111 SB
1 lc
1 lj
0 0 255 pC
6 17 SP
gs 393 2427 1831 0 CB
1442 1585 M 1167 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 393 2427 2016 0 CB
1627 1684 M 1167 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 393 2427 2303 0 CB
1914 1810 M 1167 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
188 55 0 pC
gs 1134 2427 1787 0 CB
657 1932 M 3390 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 271 2427 2651 0 CB
2384 2035 M 801 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
252 1 40 fC
/fm 256 def
2927 1582 M 0 -68 17 0 0 68 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2927 1718 M 0 -68 17 0 0 68 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2927 1855 M 0 -68 17 0 0 68 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
n
/fm 256 def
2927 1991 M 0 -68 17 0 0 68 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
n
0 0 0 pC
6 17 SP
gs 3231 44 0 1566 CB
1831 1526 M 0 120 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 44 0 1566 CB
2220 1526 M 0 120 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 43 0 1665 CB
2016 1626 M 0 117 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 43 0 1665 CB
2405 1626 M 0 117 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 44 0 1790 CB
2303 1750 M 0 120 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 44 0 1790 CB
2692 1750 M 0 120 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 44 0 1912 CB
1795 1872 M 0 120 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 3231 43 0 2015 CB
2651 1976 M 0 117 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 lc
0 lj
6 4 SP
1474 749 1592 1390 B
S
n
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
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454 2 2590 1524 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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151 200 196 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
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152 202 198 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
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154 204 200 fC
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
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454 1 2590 1624 B
1 F
n
gr
155 206 202 fC
/fm 256 def
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454 2 2590 1531 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
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1 F
n
gr
157 208 204 fC
/fm 256 def
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454 2 2590 1533 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
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1 F
n
gr
159 210 206 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1535 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1618 B
1 F
n
gr
160 212 208 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1537 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1616 B
1 F
n
gr
162 214 210 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 1 2590 1539 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 1 2590 1615 B
1 F
n
gr
163 216 212 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1540 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1613 B
1 F
n
gr
165 218 214 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1542 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1611 B
1 F
n
gr
166 220 216 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1544 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1609 B
1 F
n
gr
168 222 218 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 1 2590 1546 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 1 2590 1608 B
1 F
n
gr
169 224 220 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1547 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1606 B
1 F
n
gr
171 226 222 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1549 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1604 B
1 F
n
gr
172 228 224 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1551 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1602 B
1 F
n
gr
174 230 226 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1553 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1600 B
1 F
n
gr
175 232 228 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 1 2590 1555 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 1 2590 1599 B
1 F
n
gr
177 234 230 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1556 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1597 B
1 F
n
gr
178 236 232 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1558 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
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454 2 2590 1595 B
1 F
n
gr
180 238 234 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1560 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1593 B
1 F
n
gr
181 240 236 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 1 2590 1562 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 1 2590 1592 B
1 F
n
gr
183 242 238 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1563 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1590 B
1 F
n
gr
184 244 239 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1565 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1588 B
1 F
n
gr
186 246 241 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1567 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1586 B
1 F
n
gr
187 248 243 fC
/fm 256 def
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454 1 2590 1569 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 1 2590 1585 B
1 F
n
gr
189 250 245 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1570 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1583 B
1 F
n
gr
190 252 247 fC
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1572 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
gs 454 379 2590 1388 CB
454 2 2590 1581 B
1 F
n
gr
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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gr
0 lc
0 lj
6 4 SP
449 374 2592 1390 B
S
n
0 0 0 fC
2639 1520 184 (Des) 183 SB
2822 1520 184 (ired) 184 SB
1 #C
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EJ RS
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/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
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145 145 145 fC
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1369 1292 880 (ing the write to page P\).) 880 SB
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7 2 SJ
664 1703 686 (written to disk?) 686 SB
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664 1847 2193 (Write as little as possible, in a convenient place, at) 2193 SB
15 3 SJ
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252 1 40 fC
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2021 1967 793 (ing modifications.) 793 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
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492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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1 F
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185 185 185 fC
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145 145 145 fC
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252 1 40 fC
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188 55 0 pC
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
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206 206 206 fC
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218 218 218 fC
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
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gs 20 25 2313 688 CB
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gs 19 25 2343 688 CB
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gs 19 25 2373 688 CB
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gs 19 25 2403 688 CB
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gs 18 25 2433 688 CB
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gs 19 25 2462 688 CB
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gs 19 25 2492 688 CB
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gs 19 25 2522 688 CB
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gs 20 25 2551 688 CB
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gs 19 25 2581 688 CB
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gs 19 25 2611 688 CB
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gs 19 25 2641 688 CB
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gs 19 25 2670 688 CB
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gs 19 25 2700 688 CB
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807 1652 23 (t) 23 SB
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/fm 256 def
539 229 474 713 B
1 F
n
6 4 SP
/fm 256 def
84 112 476 826 E
1 F
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gs 539 2427 474 0 CB
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gs 539 2427 474 0 CB
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0 0 1 114 0 -114 3 59 115 1010 827 P
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6 4 SP
0 0 1 114 0 -114 3 56 112 1010 827 A
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1257 1695 669 (master record) 669 SB
1 lc
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gs 3231 1629 0 538 CB
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255 246 233 fC
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3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (5) 29 SB
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0 0 0 fC
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420 304 1751 (Simple Transaction Abort) 1751 SB
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420 762 69 (v) 69 SB
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533 723 2302 (For now, consider an explicit abort of a Xact.) 2302 SB
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570 887 49 (\226) 49 SB
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664 887 833 (No crash involved.) 833 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1074 69 (v) 69 SB
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533 1035 2160 (We want to \223play back\224 the log in reverse) 2160 SB
533 1175 341 (order, ) 341 SB
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875 1190 314 (UNDO) 314 SB
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1 1 SJ
1189 1175 640 (ing updates.) 640 SB
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1194 1339 1047 ( of Xact from Xact table.) 1047 SB
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570 1483 49 (\226) 49 SB
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16 8 SJ
664 1483 2157 (Can follow chain of log records backward via the) 2157 SB
252 1 40 fC
664 1603 396 (prevLSN) 396 SB
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7 1 SJ
1060 1603 248 ( field.) 248 SB
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2096 1749 259 (Abort ) 259 SB
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
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420 304 810 (Abort, cont.) 810 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
245 887 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
358 848 618 (To perform ) 618 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
976 863 314 (UNDO) 314 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1290 848 1380 (, must have a lock on data!) 1380 SB
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395 1012 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 1 SJ
489 1012 560 (No problem!) 560 SB
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245 1199 69 (v) 69 SB
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358 1160 2548 (Before restoring old value of a page, write a CLR:) 2548 SB
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13 5 SJ
489 1324 1807 (You continue logging while you UNDO!!) 1807 SB
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395 1468 49 (\226) 49 SB
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489 1468 1072 (CLR has one extra field: ) 1072 SB
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1579 1468 614 (undonextLSN) 614 SB
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620 1608 2266 (Points to the next LSN to undo \(i.e. the prevLSN of the record) 2266 SB
3 2 SJ
620 1708 946 (we\222re currently undoing\).) 946 SB
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395 1832 49 (\226) 49 SB
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252 1 40 fC
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18 7 SJ
978 1832 1842 ( Undone \(but they might be Redone when) 1842 SB
16 3 SJ
489 1951 1806 (repeating history: guarantees Atomicity!\)) 1806 SB
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1187 2099 1413 (, write an \223end\224 log record.) 1413 SB
0 0 0 fC
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gs 446 462 1887 138 CB
1927 568 M -5 -5 -3 -2 -3 -1 -3 -1 -3 -1 -3 0 -3 0 -3 1 -3 2 -2 2 -3 3 -3 3 -2 3 -1 3 0 4 -1 4 1 3 1 4 2 4 6 -4 20 PP
3 2 3 1 3 0 3 0 3 -1 3 -1 3 -2 3 -2 2 -3 2 -3 1 -3 1 -3 1 -3 0 -3 0 -3 -1 -4 -1 -3 -2 -3 -2 -3 -3 -3 20 PP
4 -3 4 -2 4 0 5 1 4 3 5 4 3 4 2 4 2 5 0 5 -1 2 -1 3 -1 2 -2 2 -4 3 -2 1 -2 1 -4 -1 -5 -2 -3 6 20 PP
0 0 -2 -3 -1 -2 0 -3 0 -3 0 -2 1 -3 1 -2 2 -2 9 PP
0 F
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/fm 256 def
1966 553 M 2 -2 3 -1 2 1 2 1 5 4 14 15 4 -5 -16 -16 -4 -4 -2 -2 -2 0 -3 0 -2 0 -3 2 -2 2 -3 3 -1 3 0 3 0 4 -4 -4 20 PP
-4 4 26 27 4 -4 -14 -15 -2 -3 -2 -3 -1 -2 1 -3 1 -3 1 -2 10 PP
0 F
n
/fm 256 def
1976 542 M -5 5 13 14 3 3 2 3 0 2 1 3 -1 2 -1 1 -2 2 -2 1 2 5 4 -1 2 -2 1 -2 1 -2 0 -2 -1 -4 4 4 4 -4 -25 -28 20 PP
0 F
n
/fm 256 def
1993 524 M -4 4 13 15 3 3 1 3 1 2 0 2 0 2 -1 2 -2 1 -3 1 3 6 3 -1 3 -2 1 -2 1 -2 0 -3 -1 -4 4 4 4 -4 -26 -27 20 PP
0 F
n
/fm 256 def
/fm 256 def
7 .5 2002 463 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
13 .5 1999 464 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
17 .5 1996 465 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
19 .5 1995 466 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
20 .5 1995 467 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
22 .5 1994 468 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
8 .5 1993 469 B 1 F n
10 .5 2007 469 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
7 .5 1992 470 B 1 F n
10 .5 2008 470 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
7 .5 1991 471 B 1 F n
9 .5 2010 471 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
6 .5 1991 472 B 1 F n
7 .5 2011 472 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
6 .5 1990 473 B 1 F n
7 .5 2010 473 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
6 .5 1990 474 B 1 F n
7 .5 2009 474 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
5 .5 1990 475 B 1 F n
7 .5 2008 475 B 1 F n
0 .5 2023 475 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
6 .5 1989 476 B 1 F n
8 .5 2007 476 B 1 F n
1 .5 2022 476 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
5 .5 1989 477 B 1 F n
8 .5 2006 477 B 1 F n
4 .5 2020 477 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
5 .5 1989 478 B 1 F n
8 .5 2005 478 B 1 F n
5 .5 2019 478 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
5 .5 1989 479 B 1 F n
8 .5 2004 479 B 1 F n
7 .5 2018 479 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
5 .5 1989 480 B 1 F n
7 .5 2004 480 B 1 F n
7 .5 2018 480 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
5 .5 1989 481 B 1 F n
7 .5 2003 481 B 1 F n
6 .5 2019 481 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
6 .5 1989 482 B 1 F n
7 .5 2002 482 B 1 F n
7 .5 2019 482 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
6 .5 1989 483 B 1 F n
7 .5 2001 483 B 1 F n
7 .5 2019 483 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
7 .5 1989 484 B 1 F n
7 .5 2000 484 B 1 F n
7 .5 2019 484 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
7 .5 1989 485 B 1 F n
7 .5 1999 485 B 1 F n
5 .5 2020 485 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
7 .5 1990 486 B 1 F n
8 .5 1998 486 B 1 F n
5 .5 2020 486 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
15 .5 1990 487 B 1 F n
5 .5 2020 487 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
14 .5 1990 488 B 1 F n
6 .5 2019 488 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
12 .5 1991 489 B 1 F n
6 .5 2019 489 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
11 .5 1991 490 B 1 F n
6 .5 2018 490 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 1992 491 B 1 F n
6 .5 2018 491 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 1993 492 B 1 F n
6 .5 2017 492 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 1994 493 B 1 F n
6 .5 2016 493 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
11 .5 1994 494 B 1 F n
6 .5 2015 494 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
26 .5 1995 495 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
24 .5 1996 496 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
21 .5 1997 497 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
19 .5 1998 498 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
15 .5 2000 499 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
12 .5 2002 500 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
6 .5 2005 501 B 1 F n
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
2036 478 M -2 0 -2 -1 -2 -3 -16 -16 -4 4 16 17 4 4 2 2 3 0 2 0 3 0 2 -2 3 -2 2 -3 1 -3 1 -4 0 -3 3 4 4 -4 -25 -28 20 PP
-5 5 14 15 2 2 2 3 1 2 0 2 0 2 -1 2 -2 3 -2 1 -2 1 -2 0 12 PP
0 F
n
/fm 256 def
2069 434 M 3 3 14 15 -4 5 3 4 5 -5 9 9 1 -7 -6 -7 3 -3 -3 -4 -3 4 -15 -16 -3 -3 -2 -2 -2 0 -2 0 -2 1 -3 2 -2 4 4 4 20 PP
0 0 2 -3 1 -1 2 0 4 PP
0 F
n
/fm 256 def
2077 434 M -4 4 35 38 4 -5 -35 -37 4 PP
0 F
n
/fm 256 def
2097 433 M -1 3 -1 2 0 3 0 3 4 9 16 38 4 -5 -9 -21 -4 -8 7 4 20 10 5 -5 -35 -17 -1 -1 -2 -5 0 -3 1 -2 1 -1 3 -2 -4 -4 20 PP
0 0 -2 1 -2 1 3 PP
0 F
n
/fm 256 def
2114 319 M -5 -3 -2 -1 -2 0 -3 0 -2 0 -3 1 -2 2 -3 2 -2 2 -2 3 -2 2 -1 3 -1 3 -1 2 0 3 2 5 2 5 5 5 20 22 5 -5 20 PP
-21 -22 -2 -3 -3 -3 -1 -3 0 -3 0 -2 1 -3 1 -2 3 -3 3 -3 3 -1 3 0 3 0 4 3 4 4 20 21 4 -5 -20 -21 -5 -5 19 PP
0 F
n
/fm 256 def
2162 344 M -4 5 27 30 -46 -10 -4 5 35 37 4 -4 -27 -30 45 10 5 -5 -35 -38 10 PP
0 F
n
/fm 256 def
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2185 247 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
14 .5 2183 248 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
18 .5 2181 249 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
21 .5 2180 250 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
24 .5 2179 251 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
26 .5 2178 252 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
28 .5 2177 253 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2175 254 B 1 F n
13 .5 2193 254 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2174 255 B 1 F n
11 .5 2196 255 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2173 256 B 1 F n
10 .5 2198 256 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2172 257 B 1 F n
9 .5 2200 257 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2171 258 B 1 F n
9 .5 2201 258 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2170 259 B 1 F n
9 .5 2202 259 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2169 260 B 1 F n
10 .5 2202 260 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2168 261 B 1 F n
10 .5 2203 261 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
8 .5 2168 262 B 1 F n
9 .5 2204 262 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
8 .5 2167 263 B 1 F n
9 .5 2205 263 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2166 264 B 1 F n
8 .5 2206 264 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2165 265 B 1 F n
7 .5 2207 265 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2164 266 B 1 F n
7 .5 2208 266 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2163 267 B 1 F n
7 .5 2208 267 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2162 268 B 1 F n
7 .5 2209 268 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2163 269 B 1 F n
7 .5 2209 269 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2164 270 B 1 F n
6 .5 2210 270 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2165 271 B 1 F n
7 .5 2210 271 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2166 272 B 1 F n
6 .5 2211 272 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2167 273 B 1 F n
6 .5 2211 273 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2168 274 B 1 F n
6 .5 2211 274 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2168 275 B 1 F n
6 .5 2211 275 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2169 276 B 1 F n
6 .5 2211 276 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2170 277 B 1 F n
6 .5 2211 277 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2171 278 B 1 F n
6 .5 2211 278 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2172 279 B 1 F n
6 .5 2211 279 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2173 280 B 1 F n
6 .5 2211 280 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2174 281 B 1 F n
6 .5 2210 281 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2175 282 B 1 F n
6 .5 2210 282 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2176 283 B 1 F n
7 .5 2209 283 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2177 284 B 1 F n
7 .5 2209 284 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2178 285 B 1 F n
7 .5 2208 285 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2179 286 B 1 F n
8 .5 2207 286 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
9 .5 2180 287 B 1 F n
8 .5 2206 287 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2180 288 B 1 F n
9 .5 2205 288 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2181 289 B 1 F n
9 .5 2204 289 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2182 290 B 1 F n
9 .5 2203 290 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2183 291 B 1 F n
9 .5 2202 291 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2184 292 B 1 F n
8 .5 2202 292 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2185 293 B 1 F n
8 .5 2201 293 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2186 294 B 1 F n
8 .5 2200 294 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2187 295 B 1 F n
8 .5 2199 295 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
18 .5 2188 296 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
16 .5 2189 297 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
14 .5 2190 298 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
13 .5 2191 299 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
12 .5 2191 300 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
10 .5 2192 301 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
8 .5 2193 302 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
6 .5 2194 303 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
4 .5 2195 304 B 1 F n
/fm 256 def
2 .5 2196 305 B 1 F n
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
/fm 256 def
6 .5 2226 206 B 1 F n
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13 .5 2223 207 B 1 F n
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2629 535 M -1 -2 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 0 -2 0 -3 2 -5 3 -3 2 -2 1 -2 0 -1 -1 -1 -2 0 -3 0 -2 3 -3 2 -3 3 -1 2 1 3 1 3 -5 20 PP
0 2 -1 2 -2 3 -2 2 -2 1 -3 0 -2 -2 -3 5 3 2 2 1 2 0 3 -1 3 -2 2 -3 2 -2 1 -2 1 -4 1 -2 -1 -3 -1 -2 20 PP
-2 0 -2 1 -2 2 -3 2 -2 3 -1 4 -1 3 0 3 1 3 1 3 2 1 3 1 2 0 2 0 7 -5 5 -2 2 -1 1 0 1 1 1 2 20 PP
0 0 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 0 -2 0 5 PP
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0 0 1 -2 2 -2 1 1 4 PP
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-2 0 -2 -1 -1 -1 -4 4 3 3 3 1 4 1 4 -2 3 -2 4 -3 2 -4 2 -4 1 -4 0 -4 -1 -4 -2 -3 -2 -2 -3 -1 -3 0 -3 1 20 PP
3 2 4 0 4 -1 3 -2 5 -4 5 -3 4 -2 2 1 2 1 1 3 0 1 0 2 -1 4 -1 2 -2 2 -2 2 -1 1 -2 1 -2 0 -1 0 20 PP
0 0 -3 -3 -4 -1 -4 -1 -4 2 -4 2 -4 4 -3 4 -2 5 -1 4 1 4 1 4 2 3 2 2 14 PP
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2723 441 M -4 5 24 28 -40 -9 -5 4 31 36 4 -4 -24 -28 40 9 4 -5 -30 -36 10 PP
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-3 3 4 1 4 1 7 4 4 PP
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2792 336 M -4 -4 -3 -2 -3 -1 -2 -1 -3 -1 -3 0 -2 0 -3 1 -2 2 -3 2 -2 2 -3 3 -1 3 -1 4 -1 3 0 3 0 4 2 4 1 3 5 -3 20 PP
3 1 3 1 2 1 3 0 3 -1 2 -1 3 -2 2 -3 2 -2 2 -3 1 -3 1 -3 0 -3 1 -3 -1 -3 0 -3 -1 -3 -2 -3 -2 -3 -2 -3 20 PP
3 -3 4 -1 4 -1 4 2 4 2 4 4 3 4 2 4 1 5 0 4 0 3 -1 2 -1 2 -2 2 -3 3 -2 1 -2 0 -4 0 -4 -2 -3 6 20 PP
0 0 -1 -3 -1 -3 0 -2 0 -3 0 -2 1 -3 1 -2 1 -2 9 PP
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2877 283 M 3 4 2 3 6 5 2 2 3 2 8 3 4 2 5 1 2 -4 -9 -3 -4 -2 -4 -3 -5 -3 -4 -5 -4 -6 -4 -7 -3 -8 -2 -4 -1 -5 -2 3 20 PP
0 0 1 8 2 9 2 4 2 4 5 PP
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gs 445 462 2573 163 CB
2661 612 M 2 -2 2 0 1 0 2 0 5 5 12 14 4 -4 -14 -16 -4 -4 -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 0 -2 1 -3 1 -2 2 -2 3 -1 3 0 3 0 4 -3 -4 20 PP
-4 4 23 26 3 -5 -11 -14 -3 -3 -1 -2 -1 -3 1 -2 0 -3 2 -2 10 PP
0 F
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2670 601 M -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 -2 -14 -16 -4 5 14 16 4 4 2 1 2 0 2 0 2 0 3 -2 2 -2 2 -3 1 -3 0 -3 0 -3 3 3 4 -3 -22 -26 20 PP
-4 4 12 14 2 3 1 2 1 2 0 2 -1 3 -2 3 -1 2 -2 1 -2 0 11 PP
0 F
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2742 518 M -2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -2 -13 -16 -4 5 14 15 3 4 2 2 2 0 3 0 2 0 2 -2 2 -2 2 -3 1 -3 1 -3 0 -3 3 3 3 -4 -22 -25 20 PP
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2787 466 M -5 5 3 17 -3 -1 -11 -2 -5 5 20 4 3 21 4 -5 -1 -10 -1 -5 4 1 9 2 4 -6 -18 -3 -3 -23 15 PP
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2816 425 M 3 2 13 15 -4 5 3 3 4 -4 7 9 2 -7 -6 -7 3 -3 -3 -3 -3 3 -12 -15 -3 -3 -2 -2 -2 0 -2 0 -1 1 -2 2 -3 4 4 3 20 PP
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2836 386 M -4 2 -4 3 -7 4 -3 1 -2 1 -2 -1 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -2 0 -3 1 -3 1 -3 2 -2 3 -3 3 -2 3 -1 2 0 3 1 2 2 4 -4 20 PP
-2 -1 -1 -1 -2 -1 -4 5 4 2 3 2 3 0 4 -1 4 -2 3 -4 3 -4 2 -4 1 -4 0 -4 -1 -3 -2 -3 -3 -2 -2 -1 -3 -1 -3 1 20 PP
3 1 3 0 4 -1 3 -2 6 -3 5 -4 3 -1 2 0 2 2 1 2 1 2 -1 1 -1 4 -1 2 -2 2 -1 2 -2 1 -2 1 -1 1 -2 0 20 PP
0 0 -4 -3 -3 -2 -4 0 -4 1 -5 3 -4 4 -2 4 -2 4 -1 4 0 5 1 3 2 4 3 2 14 PP
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2971 245 M -1 2 -2 4 -2 2 -2 0 -2 1 -1 -1 -1 0 -3 -2 -2 -3 -1 -4 0 -6 1 -10 0 -6 0 -5 -1 -4 -1 -3 -1 -2 -1 -2 -20 24 3 4 20 PP
2 0 3 1 2 -1 3 -1 2 -2 2 -2 2 -2 2 -3 1 -3 0 -2 0 -3 -1 -3 -1 -3 -2 -3 -4 4 1 2 1 2 1 2 0 2 0 1 20 PP
15 -18 1 5 -1 9 0 13 0 4 1 3 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 2 10 PP
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0 -3 -1 -2 -2 -3 -4 4 2 3 0 4 -1 3 -1 3 -3 2 -2 0 -3 0 -2 -2 -1 -2 -1 -1 0 -2 0 -2 1 -3 2 -3 1 -1 -3 -4 20 PP
3 3 1 1 2 0 4 0 3 -2 -1 4 0 3 1 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 0 3 -1 3 -1 3 -3 2 -2 1 -2 1 -3 0 -2 0 -3 20 PP
0 0 -2 -2 -3 -1 -2 -1 -2 0 -3 0 -2 1 -2 2 -3 2 -2 3 -1 3 -1 3 0 3 0 3 1 3 1 3 2 2 17 PP
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2640 663 M -79 0 79 -54 0 54 3 PP
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1129 54 1515 663 B
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6 8 SP
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340 713 M 3450 0 1 PP
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147 148 1491 564 E
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3 .5 1987 592 B 1 F n
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12 .5 1989 599 B 1 F n
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8 .5 1991 618 B 1 F n
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8 .5 1990 619 B 1 F n
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8 .5 1989 620 B 1 F n
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8 .5 1988 621 B 1 F n
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2029 617 M -4 5 13 13 2 3 2 3 1 2 0 2 -1 2 -1 2 -2 1 -2 1 3 6 3 -1 2 -2 2 -2 0 -2 0 -3 0 -3 3 3 4 -4 -25 -26 20 PP
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8 .5 2029 563 B 1 F n
13 .5 2041 563 B 1 F n
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16 .5 2298 304 B 1 F n
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5 .5 2284 305 B 1 F n
14 .5 2299 305 B 1 F n
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11 .5 2301 307 B 1 F n
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15 .5 2299 311 B 1 F n
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S
n
gr
0 0 255 pC
6 17 SP
gs 3231 200 0 1813 CB
915 1563 M 0 750 1 PP
S
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gr
0 0 255 fC
/fm 256 def
915 2064 M 28 101 -57 0 29 -101 3 PP
1 F
n
252 1 40 pC
6 17 SP
gs 3231 725 0 1288 CB
1065 513 M 0 2325 1 PP
S
n
gr
252 1 40 fC
/fm 256 def
1065 2064 M 28 100 -57 0 29 -100 3 PP
1 F
n
0 153 0 pC
6 17 SP
gs 3231 1179 0 888 CB
1215 -387 M 0 3675 1 PP
S
n
gr
0 153 0 fC
/fm 256 def
1215 837 M -29 -101 57 0 -28 101 3 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 0 255 fC
889 2118 77 (A) 77 SB
252 1 40 fC
1039 2119 66 (R) 66 SB
0 153 0 fC
1189 2119 77 (U) 77 SB
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0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
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-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (9) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 304 2019 (Recovery: The Analysis Phase) 2019 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-3 3 SJ
533 748 1634 (Reconstruct state at checkpoint.) 1634 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 912 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 1 SJ
664 912 160 (via ) 160 SB
252 1 40 fC
5 1 SJ
829 912 721 (end_checkpoint ) 721 SB
0 84 0 fC
1555 912 308 (record.) 308 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1099 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 1060 1790 (Scan log forward from checkpoint.) 1790 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1224 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
664 1224 178 (End) 178 SB
0 84 0 fC
19 6 SJ
842 1224 1650 ( record: Remove Xact from Xact table.) 1650 SB
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570 1368 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
5 2 SJ
664 1368 654 (Other records: ) 654 SB
0 84 0 fC
13 5 SJ
1323 1368 1151 (Add Xact to Xact table, set) 1151 SB
252 1 40 fC
664 1488 601 (lastLSN=LSN) 601 SB
0 84 0 fC
19 5 SJ
1265 1488 1024 (, change Xact status on ) 1024 SB
252 1 40 fC
2308 1488 358 (commit.) 358 SB
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570 1632 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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664 1632 326 (Update) 326 SB
0 84 0 fC
17 8 SJ
990 1632 1576 ( record: If P not in Dirty Page Table,) 1576 SB
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720 1816 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 6 SJ
795 1775 1015 (Add P to D.P.T., set its ) 1015 SB
252 1 40 fC
1826 1775 603 (recLSN=LSN.) 603 SB
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EJ RS
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (0) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 304 1898 (Recovery: The REDO Phase) 1898 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
270 587 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
383 548 173 (We) 173 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 108 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-2 2 SJ
556 550 712 ( repeat History) 712 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-5 5 SJ
1266 548 1470 ( to reconstruct state at crash:) 1470 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
420 712 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
514 712 392 (Reapply ) 392 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 93 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
909 714 100 (all) 100 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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1009 712 25 ( ) 25 SB
0 84 0 fC
17 6 SJ
1037 712 1949 (updates \(even of aborted Xacts!\), redo CLRs.) 1949 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
270 899 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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383 860 2380 (Scan forward from log rec containing smallest) 2380 SB
252 1 40 fC
383 1000 383 (recLSN) 383 SB
0 84 0 fC
766 1000 978 ( in D.P.T. For each ) 978 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1744 1015 196 (CLR) 196 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1940 1000 908 ( or update log rec) 908 SB
252 1 40 fC
383 1141 229 (LSN) 229 SB
0 84 0 fC
612 1141 58 (, ) 58 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
670 1156 281 (REDO) 281 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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951 1141 922 ( the action unless:) 922 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
420 1304 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
18 9 SJ
514 1304 2053 (Affected page is not in the Dirty Page Table, or) 2053 SB
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420 1448 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
14 7 SJ
514 1448 1513 (Affected page is in D.P.T., but has ) 1513 SB
252 1 40 fC
6 3 SJ
2041 1448 678 (recLSN > LSN, ) 678 SB
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2725 1448 93 (or) 93 SB
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420 1592 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
514 1592 406 (pageLSN) 406 SB
0 84 0 fC
7 3 SJ
920 1592 365 ( \(in DB\) ) 365 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 101 /Symbol font
2 1 SJ
1291 1586 80 (\263 ) 80 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
1373 1592 219 (LSN.) 219 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
270 1779 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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549 1755 281 (REDO) 281 SB
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0 84 0 fC
1 2 SJ
830 1740 529 ( an action:) 529 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
420 1904 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
8 2 SJ
514 1904 1009 (Reapply logged action.) 1009 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
420 2048 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
3 1 SJ
514 2048 156 (Set ) 156 SB
252 1 40 fC
672 2048 406 (pageLSN) 406 SB
0 84 0 fC
5 2 SJ
1078 2048 136 ( to ) 136 SB
252 1 40 fC
1219 2048 194 (LSN) 194 SB
0 84 0 fC
10 4 SJ
1413 2048 1075 (. No additional logging!) 1075 SB
1 #C
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (1) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-6 3 SJ
420 304 1945 (Recovery: The UNDO Phase) 1945 SB
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252 1 40 fC
420 673 430 (ToUndo) 430 SB
0 84 0 fC
850 673 71 (=) 71 SB
252 1 40 fC
921 673 68 ({ ) 68 SB
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989 675 33 (l) 33 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
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1151 675 33 (l) 33 SB
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67 142 0 fC
420 845 273 (Repe) 272 SB
692 845 98 (at) 97 SB
789 845 29 (:) 29 SB
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0 84 0 fC
570 1005 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
15 4 SJ
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570 1149 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
16 5 SJ
664 1149 667 (If this LSN is a ) 667 SB
252 1 40 fC
1346 1149 196 (CLR) 196 SB
0 84 0 fC
6 2 SJ
1542 1149 218 ( and ) 218 SB
252 1 40 fC
1766 1149 1013 (undonextLSN==NULL) 1013 SB
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0 84 0 fC
720 1334 53 (u) 53 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
5 2 SJ
795 1293 404 (Write an ) 404 SB
252 1 40 fC
1203 1293 178 (End) 178 SB
0 84 0 fC
9 4 SJ
1381 1293 887 ( record for this Xact.) 887 SB
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32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
12 5 SJ
664 1437 667 (If this LSN is a ) 667 SB
252 1 40 fC
1342 1437 196 (CLR) 196 SB
0 84 0 fC
4 2 SJ
1538 1437 243 (, and ) 243 SB
252 1 40 fC
5 2 SJ
1786 1437 1031 (undonextLSN != NULL) 1031 SB
32 0 0 67 67 0 0 0 54 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
720 1622 53 (u) 53 SB
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5 1 SJ
795 1581 222 (Add ) 222 SB
252 1 40 fC
1022 1581 614 (undonextLSN) 614 SB
0 84 0 fC
10 2 SJ
1636 1581 136 ( to ) 136 SB
252 1 40 fC
1782 1581 364 (ToUndo) 364 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
570 1724 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
10 5 SJ
664 1724 837 (Else this LSN is an ) 837 SB
252 1 40 fC
1511 1724 309 (update) 309 SB
0 84 0 fC
8 4 SJ
1820 1724 845 (. Undo the update,) 845 SB
11 4 SJ
664 1844 771 (write a CLR, add ) 771 SB
252 1 40 fC
1447 1844 396 (prevLSN) 396 SB
0 84 0 fC
6 2 SJ
1843 1844 136 ( to ) 136 SB
252 1 40 fC
1985 1844 364 (ToUndo) 364 SB
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2349 1844 25 (.) 25 SB
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67 142 0 fC
420 1995 308 (Until ) 308 SB
252 1 40 fC
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67 142 0 fC
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EJ RS
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255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
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237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
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206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
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218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
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185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
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145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
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0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 2 SJ
420 304 1405 (Example of Recovery) 1405 SB
32 0 0 83 83 0 0 0 79 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
1516 810 648 (begin_checkpoint) 648 SB
2 1 SJ
1516 940 604 ( end_checkpoint) 604 SB
1516 1070 757 (update: T1 writes P5) 757 SB
1516 1200 736 (update T2 writes P3) 736 SB
1516 1330 307 (T1 abort) 307 SB
1516 1461 820 (CLR: Undo T1 LSN 10) 820 SB
1516 1591 264 (T1 End) 264 SB
1516 1721 757 (update: T3 writes P1) 757 SB
1516 1851 757 (update: T2 writes P5) 757 SB
252 1 40 fC
1 1 SJ
1516 1981 706 (CRASH, RESTART) 706 SB
0 0 0 fC
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1 F
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/fm 256 def
1449 756 M 0 -17 17 0 0 17 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1449 824 M 0 -18 17 0 0 18 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1449 893 M 0 -17 17 0 0 17 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1449 961 M 0 -17 17 0 0 17 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
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1 F
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/fm 256 def
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1 F
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/fm 256 def
1449 1166 M 0 -17 17 0 0 17 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1449 1234 M 0 -17 17 0 0 17 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1449 1302 M 0 -17 17 0 0 17 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1449 1370 M 0 -17 17 0 0 17 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1449 1439 M 0 -17 17 0 0 17 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1449 1507 M 0 -17 17 0 0 17 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
1449 1575 M 0 -17 17 0 0 17 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
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1 F
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/fm 256 def
1449 1711 M 0 -18 17 0 0 18 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
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1 F
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/fm 256 def
1449 1848 M 0 -17 17 0 0 17 -17 0 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
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1 F
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/fm 256 def
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1 F
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1 lc
1 lj
0 0 0 pC
6 8 SP
gs 104 2427 1390 0 CB
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S
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gr
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1290 1763 M 300 0 1 PP
S
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gr
gs 104 2427 1390 0 CB
1290 1638 M 300 0 1 PP
S
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gr
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1290 1513 M 300 0 1 PP
S
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gr
gs 104 2427 1390 0 CB
1290 1388 M 300 0 1 PP
S
n
gr
gs 104 2427 1390 0 CB
1290 1238 M 300 0 1 PP
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1290 863 M 300 0 1 PP
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1164 1460 189 ( 40) 189 SB
1164 1590 189 ( 45) 189 SB
1164 1720 189 ( 50) 189 SB
1164 1851 189 ( 60) 189 SB
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1290 1913 M 300 225 1 PP
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gs 104 79 1390 1988 CB
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327 1083 398 (Xact Table) 398 SB
0 0 0 fC
627 1183 290 (lastLSN) 290 SB
627 1283 222 (status) 222 SB
0 0 255 fC
6 2 SJ
327 1383 615 (Dirty Page Table) 615 SB
0 0 0 fC
627 1483 277 (recLSN) 277 SB
0 0 255 fC
327 1583 429 (flushedLSN) 429 SB
6 4 SP
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1115 -1187 M 0 5175 1 PP
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2835 1071 184 (LSNs) 183 SB
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1 F
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/fm 256 def
2634 1127 M 8 -2 2 7 -8 2 -2 -7 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2603 1137 M 8 -3 2 7 -7 2 -3 -6 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2571 1148 M 8 -2 2 6 -8 3 -2 -7 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2539 1158 M 8 -3 2 7 -8 2 -2 -6 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2507 1169 M 8 -3 2 7 -8 3 -2 -7 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2475 1180 M 7 -2 2 7 -7 2 -2 -7 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
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1 F
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/fm 256 def
2412 1201 M 8 -3 2 7 -8 3 -2 -7 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
gs 829 2427 2402 0 CB
2380 1211 M 8 -3 2 7 -8 2 -2 -6 4 PP
1 F
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gr
/fm 256 def
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1 F
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/fm 256 def
2791 1166 M 8 -4 3 6 -8 5 -3 -7 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2759 1183 M 8 -4 3 6 -8 4 -3 -6 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2728 1199 M 8 -5 3 7 -7 4 -4 -6 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2696 1217 M 8 -4 3 7 -8 4 -3 -7 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2664 1233 M 8 -4 3 6 -8 4 -3 -6 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2632 1250 M 8 -4 3 6 -8 4 -3 -6 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
2600 1267 M 7 -4 4 6 -8 5 -3 -7 4 PP
1 F
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/fm 256 def
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32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
-1 1 SJ
533 748 976 (Recovery Manager) 976 SB
0 84 0 fC
-3 3 SJ
1508 748 1265 ( guarantees Atomicity &) 1265 SB
533 888 91 (D) 90 SB
623 888 71 (u) 70 SB
693 888 46 (r) 47 SB
740 888 59 (a) 58 SB
798 888 133 (bil) 132 SB
930 888 166 (ity.) 167 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1096 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
6 4 SJ
533 1057 983 (Use WAL to allow ) 983 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
1 1 SJ
1521 1072 917 (STEAL/NO-FORCE ) 917 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
2439 1057 233 (w/o) 233 SB
-4 1 SJ
533 1197 1169 (sacrificing correctness.) 1169 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1404 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 1365 1938 (LSNs identify log records; linked into) 1938 SB
-4 4 SJ
533 1505 1958 (backwards chains per transaction \(via) 1958 SB
533 1645 535 (prevLSN\).) 535 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1852 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-6 6 SJ
533 1813 2380 (pageLSN allows comparison of data page and) 2380 SB
-1 1 SJ
533 1954 606 (log records.) 606 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
%%+ font Palatino-Roman
%%+ font ZapfDingbats
%%Page: 26 26
%%PageResources: (atend)
SS
0 90 20 12 809 1100 300 SM
255 246 233 fC
/fm 256 def
3000 2250 115 88 B
1 F
n
237 237 237 fC
/fm 256 def
492 207 M -202 -202 202 -202 202 202 -202 202 4 PP
1 F
n
206 206 206 fC
/fm 256 def
490 208 M -203 -203 -51 0 254 254 0 -51 4 PP
1 F
n
218 218 218 fC
/fm 256 def
494 157 M 254 -254 -51 0 -203 203 0 51 4 PP
1 F
n
185 185 185 fC
/fm 256 def
693 407 M 203 -203 0 -51 -254 254 51 0 4 PP
1 F
n
145 145 145 fC
/fm 256 def
291 407 M 51 0 -254 -254 0 51 203 203 4 PP
1 F
n
32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
-10 2 SJ
175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
-4 1 SJ
420 304 1129 (Summary, Cont.) 1129 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
533 748 823 (Checkpointing: ) 823 SB
0 84 0 fC
1356 748 1282 ( A quick way to limit the) 1282 SB
533 888 1786 (amount of log to scan on recovery.) 1786 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1096 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-4 4 SJ
533 1057 1465 (Recovery works in 3 phases:) 1465 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1221 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
4 1 SJ
664 1221 432 (Analysis: ) 432 SB
0 84 0 fC
9 2 SJ
1101 1221 1149 (Forward from checkpoint.) 1149 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1364 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
664 1364 252 (Redo:) 252 SB
0 84 0 fC
18 4 SJ
916 1364 1306 ( Forward from oldest recLSN.) 1306 SB
32 0 0 100 100 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
570 1508 49 (\226) 49 SB
32 0 0 99 99 0 0 0 95 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
3 1 SJ
664 1508 299 (Undo: ) 299 SB
0 84 0 fC
19 7 SJ
965 1508 1800 (Backward from end to first LSN of oldest) 1800 SB
5 3 SJ
664 1628 818 (Xact alive at crash.) 818 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1815 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 1776 1286 (Upon Undo, write CLRs.) 1286 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1983 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
533 1944 2260 (Redo \223repeats history\224: Simplifies the logic!) 2260 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
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SVDoc restore
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%%Pages: 26
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PP
1 F
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
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2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
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32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
533 748 nt font
252 1 40 fC
3 1 SJ
664 1508 299 (Undo: ) 299 SB
0 84 0 fC
19 7 SJ
965 1508 1800 (Backward from end to first LSN of oldest) 1800 SB
5 3 SJ
664 1628 818 (Xact alive at crash.) 818 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1815 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
533 1776 1286 (Upon Undo, write CLRs.) 1286 SB
32 0 0 88 88 0 0 0 71 /ZapfDingbats font
420 1983 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
-5 5 SJ
533 1944 2260 (Redo \223repeats history\224: Simplifies the logic!) 2260 SB
1 #C
statusdict begin /manualfeed false store end
EJ RS
%%PageTrailer
%%PageResources: font Palatino-Italic
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%%+ font ZapfDingbats
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SVDoc restore
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%%Pages: 26
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32 0 0 59 59 0 0 0 57 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
0 84 0 fC
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175 2227 828 (Database Management Systems) 828 SB
2997 2227 30 (2) 29 SB
3026 2227 30 (6) 29 SB
32 0 0 167 167 0 0 0 153 /Palatino-Italic /font26 ANSIFont font
0 0 0 fC
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420 304 1129 (Summary, Cont.) 1129 SB
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0 84 0 fC
420 787 69 (v) 69 SB
32 0 0 117 117 0 0 0 110 /Palatino-Roman /font27 ANSIFont font
252 1 40 fC
533 748