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Ddi la`m PhD ve^` toa'n o+? My~ ntn? (from Le Tu Quoc Thang)

To: Multiple recipients of list <vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu>
Subject: Ddi la`m PhD ve^` toa'n o+? My~ ntn? (from Le Tu Quoc Thang)
From: Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
Date: Wed, 30 Apr 1997 12:54:24 -0500 (CDT)
Reply-To: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu
Sender: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu
Hi,

Ba`i sau do anh Le^ Tu+. Quo^'c Tha('ng (SUNY Buffalo & MSRI) vie^'t. Co'
le~ no' se~ bo^? i'ch cho nhie^`u ngu+o+`i\. Ba'c na`o ca^`n Latex version
thi` vie^'t cho to^i\.  Ca'm o+n anh Tha('ng nhie^`u for valuable
informations. 

Son. 

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Ve^` vie^.c xin Teaching Assistantship dde^? ddi la`m PhD o+? My~

Le^ Tu+. Quo^'c Tha('ng
 
O+? dda^y chi? no'i ve^` nga`nh toa'n. Nhu+ng vie^.c xin la`m Ph.D hay
Master cu?a nhie^`u nga`nh tu+. nhie^n cu~ng tu+o+ng tu+., chi? co' kha?
na(ng ddu+o+.c nha^.n cha('c la` i't ho+n o+? nga`nh toa'n. Kha? na(ng xin
ddu+o+.c ho.c bo^?ng nga`nh Va^.t ly' cu~ng kha' cao. Va` cu~ng co'
nhie^`u sinh vie^n ngoa.i quo^'c dde^'n My~ ho.c Computer Science nho+`
loa.i ho.c bo^?ng na`y, ke^? ca? sinh vie^n VN. (Chu' y': o+? My~ nghie^n
cu+'u sinh go.i la` graduate student, co`n o+? Anh hay U'c thi` go.i la`
postgraduate student.)


1. Ve^` vie^.c dda`o ta.o PhD toa'n o+? My~ va` ho.c bo^?ng. 

Trong so^' khoa?ng 2000 tru+o+`ng dda.i ho.c o+? My~ co' khoa?ng 170
tru+o+`ng la` co' chu+o+ng tri`nh dda`o ta.o PhD ve^` nga`nh toa'n. 170
tru+o+`ng na`y na(m 1996 cho ra khoa?ng 1200 PhD ve^` toa'n. Chi? co' 44%
trong so^' na`y la` ngu+o+`i co' quo^'c ti.ch My~, pha^`n co`n la.i la`
ngu+o+`i ngoa.i quo^'c. (tho^'ng ke^ cu?a ho^.i toa'n ho.c My~). Ha^`u
he^'t nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i ngoa.i quo^'c na`y dde^'n My~ ho.c dde^`u du+o+.c
nha^.n ho.c bo^?ng Teaching Asssistantship cu?a chi'nh tru+o+`ng dda.i
ho.c no+i mi`nh ho.c dde^? trang tra?i tie^`n ho.c phi' va` a(n o+?. Ra^'t
nhie^`u sinh vie^n ngoa.i quo^'c la` tu+` Trung Quo^'c va Ddo^ng A^u, la`
nhu+~ng no+i ma` i't ngu+o+`i co' kha? na(ng du ho.c tu+. tu'c.  Sinh
vie^n Viet nam cu~ng co' the^? dde^'n My~ ho.c ba(`ng con ddu+o+`ng na`y,
va` dda~ co' mo^.t so^' ngu+o+`i ddang la`m Ph.D. o+? My~ theo da.ng ho.c
bo^?ng na`y o+? ca'c nga`nh toa'n, va^.t ly', computer science. 

Nhu+ng so^' ngu+o+`i xin loa.i ho.c bo^?ng na`y tu+` phi'a Vietnam co`n
qua' i't. Co' le~ la` do thie^'u tho^ng tin, va` trong nu+o+'c luo^n co'
y' nghi~ ra(`ng vie^c xin ho.c bo^?ng la` pha?i qua ra^'t nhie^`u co+
quan; chi? tie^u; ra^'t phu+'c ta.p... Vo+'i loa.i ho.c bo^?ng se~ no'i
dde^'n o+? dda^y, ba.n chi? xin tru+.c tie^'p vo+'i tru+o+`ng dda.i ho.c
ma` ba.n muo^'n ho.c. No' ra^'t kha'c vo+'i ca'c loa.i ho.c bo^?ng
thu+o+`ng ga(.p o+? VN (thi' du. ho.c bo^?ng Fulbright), va` cu~ng ra^'t
kha'c vo+'i ho.c bo^?ng o+? ca'c nu+o+'c cha^u A^u. 

Ne^`n kinh te^' My~ mo^~i na(m ca^`n khoa?ng 900-1000 PhD mo+'i ve^`
toa'n, nhie^`u ho+n so^' PhD co' quo^'c ti.ch My~, do ddo' ra^'t nhie^`u
ngu+o+`i ngoa.i quo^'c, sau khi la^'y Ph.D. toa'n ta.i My~, dda~ xin
ddu+o+.c vie^.c la`m ta.i My~. 


2. Teaching assistantship la` gi`? Ta.i sao dda.i ho.c My~ bo? tie^`n ra
cho NCS ngoa.i quo^'c? 

Ho+n 95% ca'c NCS khoa toa'n nha^.n ho.c bo^?ng Teaching Assistantship.
Go.i la` ho.c bo^?ng, nhu+ng tre^n thu+.c te^' la` ba.n la`m vie^.c cho
tru+o+`ng, va` bu` la.i tru+o+`ng cho phe'p ba.n du+o+.c : 

+ mie^~n ddo'ng ho.c phi',
 
+ hu+o+?ng mo^.t khoa?ng tie^`n 9000 -- 14000 dollars ( mo^.t na(m ). 

So^' tie^`n na`y ddu? dde^? so^'ng, va` tha^.m chi' nuo^i ca? vo+. con
ne^'u ba.n tie^'t kie^.m, nhu+ dda.i dda so^' sinh vie^n Trung Quo^'c.
Ngoa`i ra he` ba.n co' the^? la`m the^m mo^.t so^' vie^.c nhu+ da.y the^m,
giu+~ thu+ vie^.n, v.v..., co' the^? kie^'m the^m ddu+o+.c khoa?ng 2000 $.
Lua^.t lao ddo^.ng My~ kho^ng cho phe'p sinh vie^n ngoa.i quo^'c la`m
vie^.c ngoa`i tru+o+`ng dda.i ho.c cu?a ba.n. 

Co^ng vie^.c cu?a ngu+o+`i nha^.n ho.c bo^?ng. 

Mo^.t mo^n ho.c o+? mo^.t lo+'p ho.c o+? My~ thu+o+`ng do gia'o su+ ddo.c
ba`i gia?ng, va` mo^.t phu. ta' (go.i la` teaching assistant, viet ta('t
TA) hu+o+'ng da^~n sinh vie^n gia?i ba`i ta^.p. Thi' du. gia'o su+ ddo.c
ba`i gia?ng 3 tie^'t mo^.t tua^`n, va` TA hu+o+'ng da^~n sinh vie^n la`m
ba`i ta^.p (hay la`m pho`ng thi' nghie^.m) mo^.t tie^'t. Gio+` TA da^~n
lo+'p ddo^i khi ddu+o+.c go.i la` recitation. Ngu+o+`i TA na`y cu~ng giu'p
ddo+~ ca'c gia'o su+ cha^'m ba`i ta^.p ve^` nha`, ba`i kie^?m tra, va`
ba`i thi. 

Tru+o+`ng thue^ TA trong so^' ca'c NCS cu?a tru+o+`ng. Tho^ng thu+o+`ng
mo^.t TA pha?i da.y 4 tie^'t mo^.t tua^`n. Dde^? bu` la.i TA ddu+o+.c
hu+o+?ng ca'c thu+' nhu+ dda~ ne^u tre^n. 

Thay vi` pha?i da.y ca'c lo+'p, TA co' the^? cha^'m ba`i (thu+o+`ng la`
ba`i ta^.p ve^` nha`, ne^n tua^`n na`o cu~ng co' vie^.c la`m). Thi' du. 
da.y recitation 2 lo+'p, cha^'m ba`i 2 lo+'p. Ne^'u ba.n la` NCS mo+'i
dde^'n, co' the^? ho. cho ba.n cha^'m ba`i 4 lo+'p, dde^? kho?i da.y,
trong lu'c ho. nghi~ la` ba.n ca^`n hoa`n thie^.n tie^'ng Anh. 

Ca^`n pha?i no'i ra(`ng vie^.c da.y cu?a ca'c TA la` ra^'t ddo+n gia?n,
ha^`u he^'t kho^ng pha?i chua^?n bi. gi`, dde^'n lo+'p sinh vie^n tha('c
ma('c gi` thi` tra? lo+`i. 

Sinh vie^n nga`nh na`o cu~ng pha?i ho.c va`i kho'a toa'n. Ca'c tru+o+`ng
dda.i ho.c My~ ca^`n TA nhu+ la` nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i la`m ta.m tho+`i. Va`
so^' TA (ddo^`ng tho+`i la` NCS) ca^`n thue^ ha`ng na(m kho^ng the^? 
gia?m ddi, du` ra(`ng so^' ngu+o+`i ho.c toa'n i't ddi. 

Vi` nga`nh toa'n ho.c ra kho' kie^'m vie^.c la`m, va` lu+o+ng kho^ng cao
la('m so vo+'i lu+o+ng cu?a nhu+ng nga`nh pha?i ho.c ma^'t chu+`ng a^'y
tho+`i gian, ne^n i't ngu+o+`i My~ no^.p ddo+n xin vao la`m NCS toa'n. Va`
ngu+o+`i no^.p ddo+n kho^ng pha?i lu'c na`o cu~ng la` gio?i toa'n. Dda^y
la` 2 ly' do chi'nh ma` ca'c khoa toa'n nha^.n ngu+o+`i nu+o+'c ngoa`i:
thie^'u TA va` ca^`n NCS gio?i. 


3. Ddie^`u kie^.n gi`? Kha? na(ng ddu+o+.c nha^.n? 

Ba.n dda~ co' ba(`ng cu+? nha^n toa'n, co' TOEFL tre^n 550 (co' tru+o+`ng
ddo`i 580, co' tru+o+`ng 600) thi` ba.n co' the^? no^.p ddo+n xin Teaching
Assistantship. 

Trong tru+o+`ng ho+.p xua^'t sa('c -- thi' du. dda~ co' nhie^`u ba`i ba'o
khoa ho.c, va` co' ngu+o+`i trong khoa chu+'ng nha^.n ba.n kha' tie^'ng
Anh, ngu+o+`i ta co' the^? nha^.n ba.n kho^ng ca^`n TOEFL. Ho. se~ ba('t
thi TOEFL sau khi nha^.p ho.c o+? khoa. No'i chung ne^'u dda~ co' 1-2 ba`i
ba'o khoa ho.c thi` kha? na(ng ddu+o+.c nha^.n se~ ra^'t cao, vi` no'
chu+'ng to? ba.n co' kha? na(ng la`m nghie^n cu+'u. 

Va^.y ne^'u ba.n ddang la` NCS toa'n trong nu+o+'c, hay ddang o+? nu+o+'c
ngoa`i, ba.n dde^`u co' the^? no^.p ddo+n. Ne^'u ba.n ddang la` SV khoa
toa'n, ha~y suy nghi~ ve^` chuye^.n xin ho.c bo^?ng na`y; va` ne^'u va^.y,
ha~y chua^?n bi. tha^.t ky~: ca(n ba?n toa'n tha^.t vu+~ng va` tie^'ng
Anh. 

Na(m 1995 co' khoa?ng 16000 ddo+n xin la`m NCS ve^` toa'n, va` khoa?ng
2400 ngu+o+`i ddu+o+.c nha^.n, 95% so^' na`y la` TA. Nhi`n qua thi`
tu+o+?ng nhu+ la` con so^' la^'y va`o la` 15%, nhu+ng tre^n thu+.c te^'
cao ho+n nhie^`u. Ly' do la` mo^.t sinh vie^n thu+o+`ng go+?i ddo+n xin
mo^.t lu'c nhie^`u tru+o+`ng, ho. se~ lu+.a cho.n trong so^' ca'c
tru+o+`ng nha^.n ho.. Ngoa`i ra o+? ca'c tru+o+`ng no^?i tie^'ng, su+. 
ca.nh tranh lo+'n ho+n, co`n ca'c tru+o+`ng i't tie^'ng thi` i't ho+n. 

Khoa toa'n tru+o+`ng State University of New York at Buffalo na(m ngoa'i
co' 60 ddo+n xin la`m TA, ngu+o+`i ta go+?i gia^'y nha^.n lo+`i cho 20
ngu+o+`i, va` co' 13 NCS dde^'n ho.c. 7 ngu+o+i` kia co' le~ dda~ xin
ddu+o+.c cu?a no+i kha'c ma` ho. thi'ch ho+n. Ca^`n bie^'t la` khoa toa'n
tru+`o+`ng na`y xe^'p ha.ng 66 trong to^?ng so^' 170 tru+o+`ng ke^? 
tre^n. (Ddu+`ng chu' tro.ng qua' dde^'n ba?ng xe^'p ha.ng). 

Khoa toa'n tru+o+`ng University of California at Berkeley, xe^'p so^' 1
trong ba?ng xe^'p ha.ng, co' 350 ddo+n xin. Ngu+o+`i ta go+?i gia^'y
nha^.n lo+`i cho 90 ngu+o+`i, va` chi? co' 35 NCS dde^'n ho.c. 55 ngu+o+`i
kia, vi` nhie^`u ly' do, cho.n tru+o+`ng kha'c. 

Nhu+ va^.y khoa?ng 3-4 ddo+n thi` co' mo^.t ngu+o+`i ddu+o+.c nha^.n. 


4. La`m the^' na`o dde^? no^.p ddo+n? 

Ve^` nguye^n ta('c, vie^'t thu+ dde^'n khoa toa'n, ye^u ca^`u ho. go+?i
cho ba.n mo^.t bo^. ddo+n (application forms). Ddie^`n va`o ddo+n ro^`i
go+?i no^.p, cu`ng vo+'i ca'c gia^'y to+` ho. ye^u ca^`u. Cho.n 2--3
tru+o+`ng dde^? go+?i dde^'n, mo^.t tru+o+`ng gio?i, mo.t tru+o+`ng kha',
va` mo^.t tru+o+`ng trung bi`nh. Ddi.a chi? ca'c tru+o+`ng ba.n co' the^? 
ho?i qua mo^.t so^' NCS ddi tru+o+'c, hoa(.c xem trong cuo^'n
"Assistantships and graduate fellowships in the mathematical sciences"
(nha` xua^'t ba?n American Mathematical Society, xem ta.i ca'c thu+
vie^.n). 

Ca'c gia^'y to+` ddo`i ho?i trong ddo+n tro^ng co' ve~ phu+'c ta.p, nhu+ng
tha^.t ra kha' ddo+n gia?n. Chu? ye^'u la` : 

+ Ddo+n (co' ma^~u)

+ Ba?n di.ch va(n ba(`ng to^'t nghie^.p, va` ba?n ddie^?m. 

+ Ddie^?m thi TOEFL,

+ 2 thu+ gio+'i thie^.u cu?a ca'c gia'o su+. 

+ Mo^.t khoa?ng tie^`n le^. phi' xe't ddo+n khoa?ng 30-50 $. 

Ve^` tie^`n le^. phi' xe't ddo+n, to^'t nha^'t la` ba.n nho+` ngu+o+`i
quen o+? My~ ddo'ng ho^.. Co' tru+o+`ng cho ba.n ta.m hoa~n ddo'ng so^'
tie^`n na`y ne^'u ba.n o+? mo^.t nu+o+'c ma` ta.i ddo' ngoa.i te^.  kho^ng
ddu+o+.c co^ng khai su+? du.ng; ba.n se~ ddo'ng so^' tie^`n na`y sau khi
dde^'n My~. Kho^ng ro~ Viet Nam co' xe^'p va`o loa.i na`y kho^ng. 

Thu+ gio+'i thie^.u ra^'t quan tro.ng. Thu+ gio+'i thie^.u pha?i ddu+o+.c
dde^? trong phong bi` thu+ dda~ nie^m (dde^? chu+'ng to? la` ba.n chu+a
xem), hoa(.c go+?i rie^ng tru+.c tie^'p dde^'n khoa toa'n. Thu+ ddu+o+.c
vie^'t bo+?i ca'c gia'o su+ dda~ da.y ba.n, hoa(.c cu?a nhu+~ng ai dda~
bie^'t kha? na(ng ho.c cu?a ba.n, hoa(.c dda~ ddo.c co^ng tri`nh cu?a
ba.n. Ne^'u ngu+o+`i vie^'t thu+ gio+'i thie^.u ba?o dda?m ba.n la` SV
xua^'t sa('c nha^'t tru+o+`ng, hay nha^'t kho'a ho.c, thi` ra^'t to^'t.
Va` ne^'u ngu+o+`i ddo' co' quen bie^'t vo+'i nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i trong khoa
toa'n no+i ba.n ddang no^.p ddo+n, ba.n se~ co' nhie^`u hy vo.ng. Ne^'u
ba.n ddu+o+.c mo^.t gia'o su+ trong khoa no+i ba.n no^.p ddo+n ba?o dda?m
ve^` chuye^n mo^n va` tie^'ng Anh, ba.n co' the^? ddu+o+.c nha^.n de^~
da`ng, co' khi kho^ng ca^`n TOEFL. 

Thi TOEFL thi` dda~ co' to^? chu+'c ta.i VN. 

Ddo+n pha?i no^.p ddu'ng ha.n, thu+o+`ng dde^? xe't cho nie^n khoa'
199x/199(x+1) thi` ba.n pha?i no^.p ddo+n cha^.m la('m la` tha'ng 2/199x.
Mo^.t so^' tru+o+`ng nha^.n ca? NCS ba('t dda^`u ho.c ky` II. Ddo+n no^.p
muo^.n co' the^? xin ga'c la.i cho ho.c ky` sau hoa(.c na(m ho.c sau. 

Sau khi qua dde^'n My~ ba.n va^~n co' the^? no^.p ddo+n qua tru+o+`ng
gio?i ho+n. Kho^ng i't NCS qua dde^'n My~ ro^`i thi` chuye^?n sang la`m
PhD ve^` ma'y ti'nh. 


5. Ta.i sao ddi la`m PhD toa'n o+? My~? 

Hie^.n nay ti`m ddu+o+.c ngu+o+`i ddi ho.c toa'n o+? VN ra^'t hie^'m. Va`
kho^ng bie^'t va`i chu.c na(m nu+~a la^'y dda^u ra gia'o su+ toa'n dde^? 
gia?ng da.y trong ca'c tru+o+`ng dda.i ho.c. Gia?ng da.y toa'n o+? mu+'c
dda.i ho.c ca^`n co' PhD. Do ddo', ne^'u ba.n ddi ho.c toa'n ba^y gio+`,
ve^` ma(.t kinh te^', sau na`y ba.n se~ va^~n ddu+o+.c ba?o dda?m, khi ma`
nhu ca^`u ve^` gia'o su+ toa'n cao. Vo+'i ti`nh hi`nh kinh te^' ba^y
gio+`, vie^.c ho.c ha`nh ca`ng nga`y ca`ng mo+? ro^.ng, cha(c cha('n se~
ca^`n nhie^`u gia'o su+ toa'n. 

Chu+o+ng tri`nh ho.c o+? My~ kha' me^`m de?o va` linh ddo^.ng. Ba.n co'
the^? vu+`a la`m PhD ve^` toa'n vu+`a ho.c the^m computer science hoa(.c
nhu+~ng thu+' kha'c. Vi` kie^'m vie^.c la`m kho', ne^n ca'c khoa toa'n
ra^'t khuye^'n khi'ch NCS ho.c the^m computer va` finance, va` ho. co'
ra^'t nhie^`u kho'a ho.c ve^` ca'c nga`nh na`y. Ne^'u ba.n co' kha? 
na(ng, ba.n co' the^? la^'y PhD ve^` toa'n, ddo^`ng tho+`i la`m cu+? 
nha^n hoa(.c Master ve^` computer science. Ra^'t nhie^`u NCS sau khi la`m
PhD ve^` toa'n xong ra la`m cho ca'c ha~ng cu?a My~ ve^` ma'y ti'nh hoa(.c
finance. Ca'c co^ng ty na`y ra^'t tro.ng ca'c anh co' ba(`ng PhD ve^`
toa'n, vi` ba(`ng PhD ve^` toa'n chu+'ng to? anh co' da^`u o'c pha^n ti'ch
to^'t, bie^'t la`m vie^.c ddo^.c la^.p, va` bie^'t hard working. No'i
chung ba.n co' the^? ho.c the^m ddu+o+.c ra^'t nhie^`u thu+' trong lu'c
la`m PhD, ne^'u ba.n muo^'n. 

Trong tho+`i gian 5 na(m la`m PhD ba.n se~ ho.c ho?i ddu+o+.c nhie^`u
ddie^`u cu?a nu+o+'c My~. Tru+o+'c he^'t la` tie^'ng Anh (ddu'ng ra la`
tie^'ng My~); ca'ch la`m vie^.c va` giao thie^.p cu?a ngu+o+`i nu+o+'c
ngoa`i. Ro^i` nu+~a la` ca'ch la`m business o+? My~. Ne^n nho+' ra(`ng o+?
My~ ra^'t nhie^`u ngu+o+`i tu+` tay tra('ng, nho+` va`o ta`i na(ng, y'
chi', dda~ vu+o+n le^n ra^'t nhanh (ho+n o+? cha^u A^u). Ba.n se~ ddu+o+.c
chu+'ng kie^'n ta^.n ma('t va(n ho'a My~, ta^'t nhie^n kho^ng pha?i ca'i
gi` cu~ng to^'t. Nhu+~ng die^`u na`y se~ bo^? i'ch cho ba.n sau khi tro+?
ve^` nu+o+'c la`m vie^.c. 
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