[Va(n Ho'a] Chu`a Thie^n Mu.

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CHU`A THIE^N MU.

Co' kha' nhie^`u ca^u chuye^.n huye^`n thoa.i lie^n quan dde^'n lai
li.ch cu?a chu`a Thie^n Mu.. Mo^.t trong nhu+~ng chuye^.n a^'y ke^?
ra(`ng, tu+` xa xu+a da^n chung dde^m dde^m thu+o+`ng tha^'y mo^.t ba`
gia` ma(.c a'o ddo?, qua^`n lu.c xua^'t hie^.n tre^n ngo.n ddo^`i ma`
chu`a to.a la.c nga`y nay, va` no'i : Ro^`i se~ co' cha^n chu'a dde^'n
la^.p chu`a o+? dda^y dde^? tu. long khi' cho be^`n long ma.ch. He^~
no'i xong la` ba` bie^'n ma^'t. Tu+` ddo', ngo.n ddo^`i ddu+o+.c dda(.t
te^n la` Thie^n Mu. So+n (nu'i Ba` Tro+`i). Sau khi va` tra^'n Thua^.n
Hoa', chu'a Nguye^~n Hoa`ng (1558-1613) mo^.t la^`n ddi qua dda^y cho+i
nghe ke^? chuye^.n lie^`n tu+. nha^.n mi`nh la` vi. cha^n chu'a a^'y,
ne^n cho xa^y chu`a va` dda(.t te^n la` Thie^n Mu. Tu+.. 

Tha^.t ra, ngo^i chu`a dda~ co' ta.i cho^~ tu+` ru+o+'c 1555 vi` trong
sa'ch O^ Cha^u Ca^.n Lu.c vie^'t va`o tho+`i ddie^?m a^'y ta'c gia?
Du+o+ng Va(n An dda~ tu+`ng no'i dde^'n ngo^i chu`a na`y ro^`i. Co' le~
ho^`i a^'y chu`a co`n ddo+n so+ nho? he.p, kie^'n tru'c chuu+a quy mo^
to lo+'n nhu+ ve^` sau. The^' ro^`i, sau khi chu'a Nguye^~n Hoa`ng va`o
Nam (1558), mo^.t da.o dde^'n dde^'n dda^y cho+i, vu+`a co' go+.i hu+'ng
tu+` ngo^i chu`a co^?, vu+`a tha^'y ro~ phong ca?nh thoa't tu.c hu+~u
ti`nh ne^n na(m 1601 Chu'a cho xa^y la.i ngo^i chu`a mo^.t ca'ch chi'nh
thu+'c, chu`a tro+? tha`nh khanh tranh ho+n.

Na(m 1665 chu`a ddu+o+.c Chu'a Nguye^~n Phu'c ta^`n cho tru`ng tu.

Cuo^'i na(m 1695, Hoa` Thu+o+.ng Tha.ch Lie^n (Thi'ch DDa.i Sa'n) o+?
Qua?ng DDo^ng ddu+o+.c Chu'a Nguye^~n Phu'c Chu mo+`i qua hoa(`ng du+ng
cha'nh pha'p ta.i dda^y. Chu`a ca`ng tro+? ne^n no^?i tie^'ng.

Na(m 1710 chu`a ddu+o+.c Chu'a Nguye^~n cho ddu'c DDa.i Ho^`ng Chung va`
vie^'t mo^.t ba`i ky' dde^? kha('c va`o va`o chuo^ng. na(m 1714 Chu'a
sai Chu+o+?ng Co+ To^'ng DDu+'c DDa.i ddu+'ng ra tro^ng coi vie^.c
tru`ng tu va` mo+? ro^.ng ngo^i chu`a : xa^y the^m nhie^`u ddie^.n
dda`i, ddi`nh vie^.n, nha` cu+?a. ta^'t ca? co' dde^'n va`i chu.c co^ng
tri`nh kie^'n tru'c, no+i na`o cu~ng huy hoa`ng tra'ng le^.. Co^ng ta'c
ke'o da`i 1 na(m. Khi xong, Chu'a la.i cho vie^'t mo^.t ba`i ky', kha('c
va`o bia dda' dde^? ki?y nie^.m va` nho+` ngu+o+`i qua Trung Quo^'c 
thi?nh ho+n 1000 bo^. kinh sa'ch Pha^.t gia'o ve^` ta`ng tru+~ o+?
Chu`a.

Du+o+'i tho+`i ta^y So+n (1786-1801), Chu`a Thie^n Mu. bi. binh ho?a
ta`n pha' ra^'t na(.ng ne^`. Theo Phan Huy i'ch, co' lu'c trie^`u dda.i
a^'y dda~ du`ng Chu`a Thie^n Mu. la`m DDa`n Xa~ Ta('c.

Va`o ca'c na(m 1815 va` 1831, Vua Gia Long va` Vua Minh Ma.ng cho tu
su+?a la.i. na(m 1844, dde^? ky? nie^.m ba` Thua^.n Thie^n Cao Hoa`ng
Ha^.u (Vo+. Vua Gia Long) tho. 80 tuo^?i, Vua Thie^.u Tri. cu+? Tho^'ng
Che^' Hoa`ng Va(n Ha^.u ddu+'ng ra ddie^`u khie^?n co^ng cuo^.c kie^'n
tru'c la.i ngo^i chu`a mo^.t ca'ch quy mo^ : xa^y the^m Tha'p Phu+o+'c
Duye^n, ddi`nh Hu+o+ng Nguye^n, du+.ng hai ta^'m bia ghi che'p tho+ va(n
cu?a nha` vua. Du+o+'i tho+`i Tu+. DDu+'c, sau nhu+~ng tha^'t ba.i do^`n
da^.p trong vie^.c nu+o+'c, vie^.c nha`, Vua nghi~ cha('c du`ng chu+~
"Thie^n" ddu.ng dde^'n Tro+`i cha(ng ne^n Vua ddo^?i tha`nh Linh, nhu+ng
chu`a chi? mang te^n Linh Mu. trong ho+`i gian nga('n tu+` 1862 dde^'n
1869.

Na(m 1869 dde^? ddo'ng go'p co^ng ddu+'c cho chu`a nha^n di.p le^~ mu`ng
tho. 90 tuo^?i cu?a Ba` Tu+` Du~ (Vo+. Vua Thie^.u Tri.), Vua Tha`nh
Tha'i cho Bo^. Co^ng "dda.i gia tu bo^?" tha'p Phu+o+'c Duye^n va`
du+.ng bia ky? nie^.m.

Na(m 1904, mo^.t tra^.n ba~o du+~ do^.i nha^'t xu+a nay o+? Hue^' (ba~o
na(m Thi`n, sau na`y tra^.n ba~o na(m 1985 co' mu+'c du+~ do^.i tu+o+ng
ddu+o+ng na(m Thi`n) dda~ ga^y cho chu`a nhie^`u thie^.t ha.i na(ng
ne^`, trong ddo' ddi`nh Hu+o+ng Nguye^n bi. su.p ddo^?. Ba na(m sau
(1907) chu`a ddu+o+.c tru`ng tu.

Na(m 1902, Vua Kha?i DDi.nh la.i cho du+.ng bia dda' ga^`n tha'p
Phu+o+'c Duye^n dde^? kha('c mo^.t ba`i tho+ ngu+. che^' ca ngo+.i ca?nh
chu`a. 

Cuo^'i cu`ng chu`a Thie^n Mu. ddu+o+.c tu su+?a lo+'n mo^.t la^`n nu+~a
va`o cuo^'i na(m 1957. Trong ddo+.t na`y pha^`n lo+'n ca'c bo^. pha^.n
kie^'n tru'c trong ddie^.n DDa.i Hu`ng dde^`u ddu+o+.c thay the^' 
ba(`ng be^-to^ng gia? go^~. 

Xu+a nay ba^'t cu+' ai dde^'n vie^'ng ca?nh chu`a dde^`u thu+`a nha^.n
ra(`ng ngu+o+`i cho.n vi. tri' la`m chu`a la` Pha^.t tu+? co' tri`nhh
ddo^. tha^?m my~ ra^'t cao. Kie^'n tru'c ngo^i chu`a ddu+o+.c lo^`ng
va`o trong ngoa.i ca?nh thie^n nhie^n ne^n tho+ ti~nh mi.ch. No' thi'ch
ho+.p vo+'i Pha^.t ti'nh o+? cho^~ vu`a ca'ch bie^.t vo+'i nhu+~ng sinh
hoa.t tu.c lu.y cu?a the^' nha^n nhu+ng la.i vu+`a ga^`n gu~i vo+'i
nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i con Pha^.t mo^. dda.o o+? cho^'n thi. tha`nh ca'ch ddo'
chu+a dda^`y 4 km. Ngo.n ddo^`i ddo^.t kho+?i giu+~a qua~ng dda^'t
ba(`ng, ddu+o+.c na^ng le^n the^m bo+?i ngo.n tha'p Phu+o+'c Duye^n uy
nghi cao ca?. Do`ng so^ng Hu+o+ng thanh khie^'t uo^'n khu'c tru+'c chu`a
nhu+ dde^? ru+?a sa'ch bu.i ddo+`i cho ta^m ho^`n va` the^? xa'c cu?a
nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i hu+o+'ng dde^'n va` ti`m ve^` dda.o pha'p.

Toa`n bo^. ca'c co^ng tri`nh kie^'n tru'c cu?a chu`a dde^`u na(`m tre^n
mo^.t ngo.n ddo^`i co' be^` ma(.t hi`nh chu+~ nha^.t (280m x 100m) cha.y
theo hu+o+'ng ba('c nam. Chu`a ddu+o+.c bao bo.c bo+?i khuo^n tu+o+`ng
tha`nh xa^y ba(`ng dda' mang hi`nh da.ng mo^.t con ru`a tho` dda^`u
xuo^'ng be^'n dde^? uo^'ng nu+o+'c so^ng Hu+o+ng. Va`o tho+`i ky` cu+.c
thi.nh cu?a Chu`a, ma^.t ddo^. kie^'n tru'c no+i dda^y tha^.t da`y
dda(.c vi` co' dde^'n ma^'y chu.c co^ng tri`nh. Ngay tu+` ba^'y gio+`,
ca'c nha` quy hoa.ch dda~ chia khuo^n vie^n chu`a la`m hai khu vu+.c
ca'ch bie^.t nhau bo+?i tam quang : khu vu+.c tru+o+'c co' ma(.t ba(`ng
nhu+ ca'i dda^`u ru`a, la` no+i xa^y du+.ng ca'c co^ng tri`nh kie^'n
tru'c mang ti'nh ky? nie^.m nhu+ bia dda', chuo^ng ddo^`ng; khu vu+.c
o+? sau tha^n ru` da`nh dde^? xa^y ca'c ddie^.n tho+` Pha^.t va` ca'c
nha` ta(ng - no+i ca'c nha` su+ tu ha`nh, tu.ng nie^.m.

Du+o+'i tho+`i Chu'a Nguye^~n Phu'c Chu (1785), ma^.t ddo^. kie^'n tru'c
pha^`n sau da`y ho+n pha^`n tru+o+'c, nhu+ng tu+` tho+`i Vua Thie^.u
Tri. (1846) va` nha^'t la` tho+`i Tha`nh Tha'i (1904) thi` ngu+o+.c la.i
vi` pha^`n sau bi. hu+ ha.i nhie^`u, pha^`n tru+o+'c xa^y du+.ng the^m.

Hie^.n nay ddu+o+.c dda'nh gia' cao nha^'t la` ca'c co^ng tri`nh nghe^.
thua^.t sau :

Phu+o+'c Duye^n Bu+?u Tha'p : Tha'p hi`nh ba'c gia'c cao 7 ta^`ng (21m)
du+o+'i lo+'n, tre^n nho?. So^' 7 la` con so^' linh cu?a dda.o Pha^.t.
he^. tho^'ng ba^.c tam ca^'p tru+o+'c chu`a cu~ng ddu+o+.c ti'nh theo
so^' 7. Trong tha'p co' he^. tho^'ng ba^.c thang xa^y cuo^'n tu+`
du+o+'i le^n tre^n , chi? tru+` o+? giu+~a ta^`ng 6 va` ta^`ng 7 pha?i
du`ng mo^.t ca'i thang di ddo^.ng  ba(`ng go^~  va` ca'i chi`a kho'a
dda(.c bie^.t vi` o+? ta^`ng tre^n cu`ng na`y xu+a kia co' tho+`
tu+o+.ng Pha^.t ba(`ng va`ng.

DDa.i Ho^`ng Chung : Chuo^ng cao 2,5m, ddu+o+`ng ki'nh 1,4m, na(.ng 2052
kg, la` mo^.t ta'c pha^?m nghe^. thua^.t ba(`ng ddo^`ng ra^'t xua^'t
sa('c cu?a Vie^.t nam dda^`u the^' ky? XVIII. Ma(.t tre^n cu?a chuo^ng
co' 8 chu+~ "Tho."; o+? giu+~a tha(n chia la`m 4 khoa?ng  kha('c ba`i
minh cu?a Chu'a Nguye^~n Phu'c Chu va` cha.m no^~i hi`nh Long, va^n,
Nha^.t, Tinh; o+? pha^`n du+o+'i co' kha('c hi`nh ba't qua'i va` thu?y
ba.

Bia tho+`i Chu'a Nguye^~n Phu'c Chu : DDa^y la` mo^.t ta^'m bia dda'
thanh kha' lo+'n, cao 2,6 m ro^.ng 1,25 m du+.ng tre^n lu+ng mo^.t con
ru`a ba(`ng dda' ca^?m tha.ch da`i 2,2 m ro^.ng 1,6 m dde^`u kha('c
cha.m uye^?n chuye^?n, tinh vi. Bo^. ta'c pha^?m ba(`ng dda' na`y mang
gia' tri. cao va` nghe^. thua^.t cu?a tho+`i ca'c Chu'a Nguye^~n.

DDie^.n DDa.i Hu`ng : DDa^y la` ngo^i ddie^.n chi'nh trong chu`a, mo^.t
co^ng tri`nh kie^'n tru'c ddo^` so^. nguy nga. Trong la^`n tru`ng tu
na(m 1957 ngoa.i tru+` he^. tho^'ng rui va` ddo`n tay, co`n ta^'t ca?
co^.t ke`o, ba(ng, be^. ...dde^`u xa^y ba(`ng be^to^ng va` phu? be^n
ngoa`i lo+'p so+n gia? go^~.  Trong ddie^.n ngoa`i nhu+~ng lo+'p
tu+o+.ng Pha^.t ba(`ng ddo^`ng sa'ng cho'i, co`n treo mo^.t ca'i kha'nh
kha('c nhu+~ng do`ng chu+~ cho bie^'t kha'nh na`y do mo^.t vi. quan
ngu+o+`i Qua?ng Tri. la` Tra^`n DDi`nh A^n thue^ ddu'c na(m 1677. dde^?
cu'ng cho chu`a va` treo mo^.t bu+'c hoa`nh phi ba(`ng go^~ so+n son
thie^'p va`ng do tu+. tay Chu'a Nguye^~n Phu'c Chu ngu+. dde^` na(m
1714.

Chu`a Thie^n Mu. ba?o lu+u ddu+o+.c mo^.t so^'n va(n va^.t qu'y ba'u
la^u ddo+`i cu?a Pha^.t gia'o. Thie^n nhie^n va` kie^'n tru'c o+? dda^y
ha`i ho`a vo+'i nhau dde^'n mu+'c hoa`n chi?nh. Vo+'i kie^'n tru'c uy
nghi co^? ki'nh, vo+'i ca?nh tri' thanh thoa't ne^n tho+, chu`a Thie^n
Mu. co' the^? xem la` mo^.t danh lam tha('ng ca?nh tuye^.t vo+`i cu?a
dda^'t nu+o+'c.