[VHNT] DDu+o+`ng thi

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DDie^?m ddo^.c dda'o cu?a tho+ DDu+o+`ng la` vo^'n tu+` su+? du.ng trong
tho+ kho^ng pha?i la` nhie^`u, la.i thu+o+`ng la` nhu+~ng tu+` ddo+n
gia?n, pho^? bie^'n. Vi' du. nhu+ ve^` ddo^.ng va^.t, thu+.c va^.t, chi?
xua^'t hie^.n mo^.t so^' lu+o+.ng tu+` ra^'t ha.n che^' chi? mo^.t so^'
ca^y, con nha^'t ddi.nh. a^'y the^' nhu+ng tho+ DDu+o+`ng co' kha? na(ng
die^~n dda.t vo^ cu`ng tinh te^' va` phong phu'. So+? di~ ddu+o+.c nhu+
va^.y tru+o+'c he^'t la` nho+` co^ng phu tinh luye^.n cu?a ca'c nha`
tho+. No'i nhu+ phe^ bi`nh gia Vie^n Mai ddo+`i Thanh: "tho+ ne^n mo^.t
ma.c nhu+ng pha?i la` ca'i mo^.c ma.c tu+` trong khe'o le'o ma` ra". o+?
tho+ ba't cu' va` tuye^.t cu', do so^' lu+o+.ng chu+~ ha.n ddi.nh ra^'t
nga(.t nghe`o ne^n ddo`i ho?i su+. tinh luye^.n ca`ng gay ga('t; pha?i
la`m sao vo+'i so^' chu+~ to^'i thie^?u co' the^? ddu+a ra tho^ng tin
mo+'i me? va` to^'i dda. Vi` the^', be^n ca.nh su+. tinh luye^.n co`n
ca^`n co' tu+' tho+ ddo^.c dda'o. Trong khi the^? hie^.n ca'c dde^` ta`i
kho^ng la^'y gi` la`m phong phu' cho la('m (thie^n nhie^n, ti`nh ye^u,
ti`nh ba.n...), ca'c nha` tho+ ta`i na(ng ddo+`i DDu+o+`ng kho^ng bao
gio+` chi.u la(.p la.i ngu+o+`i kha'c cu~ng nhu+ la(.p la.i chi'nh
mi`nh. Chi? ne^u mo^.t vi' du. nho?: Du+o+'i ngo`i bu't ca'c nha` tho+,
xua^'t hie^.n bao nhie^u bo^. ma(.t ddau kho^? kha'c nhau cu?a ngu+o+`i
cung nu+~: "Ngu+o+`i to'c tra('ng o+? cu~ng Thu+o+.ng Du+o+ng" cu?a
Ba.ch Cu+ Di. "va`o cung 16 ba^y gio+` 60" va^~n chu+a tha^'y ma(.t vua,
quanh na(m suo^'t tha'ng cha(?ng co' vie^.c gi` la`m ngoa`i vie^.c
dde^'m nhu+~ng la^`n tra(ng tro`n (Na(m tra(m la^`n dda~ dde^'m theo
tra(ng tro`n); ngu+o+`i cung nu+~ trong "Oa'n the^`m ngo.c" cu?a Ly'
Ba.ch ddu+'ng tha^~n tho+` ngoa`i hie^n nhi`n tra(ng, su+o+ng dde^m
nga^'m la.nh buo^'t ta^'t to+ pha?i quay va`o pho`ng song kho^ng ngu?
ddu+o+.c, la.i tie^'p tu.c nhi`n nga('m bo'ng tra(ng thu qua re`m thuy?
tinh mo+` a?o; ngu+o+`i cung nu+~ trong "Cung oa'n" cu?a Tu+ Ma~ Le^~
tha^~n tho+` nhi`n nhu+~ng ca'nh hoa dda`o ro+i tro^i theo do`ng suo^'i
ngu+. cha?y ra ngoa`i co^?ng tha`nh; ngu+o+`i cung nu+~ trong "Ta(.ng
cung nu+~" cu?a Tru+o+ng Ho^~ nhie^.t ti`nh da^.p ngo.n lu+?a dde`n
dde^? cu+'u con thie^u tha^n nhu+ng chi'nh mi`nh la.i kho^ng the^? tu+.
cu+'u; ca'c na`ng cung nu+~ ddo^ng dda?o trong "Cung tu+`" cu?a Chu
Kha'nh Du+ ua^'t u+'c dda^`y lo`ng ma` kho^ng da'm he' mo^i vi` co' con
chim ve.t ddang dda^.u tru+o+'c ma(.t...

DDe^? xa^y du+.ng ddu+o+.c nhu+~ng tu+' tho+ mo+'i la. ddo', ca'c nha`
tho+ DDu+o+`ng thu+o+`ng du+.ng le^n ca'c mo^'i quan he^. (quan he^.
xu+a va` nay, mo^.ng va` thu+.c, tie^n va` tu.c, so^'ng va` che^'t, vo^
cu`ng va` hu+~u ha.n, kho^ng gian va` tho+`i gian, ti`nh va` ca?nh...).
DDie^?m ddo^.c dda'o nu+~a la` chu? tru+o+ng kho^ng no'i he^'t: y' ta.i
ngo^n ngoa.i, ngo^n ta^.n nhi y' ba^'t ta^.n..., kho^ng no'i tru+.c
tie^'p: y' dda'o nhi bu't ba^'t dda'o, hoa. va^n hie^?n nguye^.t...

Tho+ DDu+o+`ng co' mo^'i lie^n he^. ra^'t ma^.t thie^'t vo+'i va(n ho.c
Vie^.t Nam. Ba^'t cu+' la` phu+o+ng die^.n cho.n dde^` ta`i, xa^y du+.ng
hi`nh a?nh, va^'u ta.o tu+' tho+, su+? du.ng ngo^n ngu+~... trong tho+
DDu+o+`ng dde^`u ddu+o+.c ca'c nha` tho+ co^? ddie^?n Vie^.t Nam ho.c
ho?i ra^'t nhie^`u. Truye^`n tho^'ng hie^.n thu+.c, nha^n dda.o cu~ng
ga^y mo^.t a?nh hu+o+ng lo+'n dde^'n tho+ ca nu+o+'c ta. Co' the^? ti`m
tha^'y da^'u ve^'t nhie^`u ba`i tho+ DDu+o+`ng pha?n ddo^'i chie^'n
tranh tru+o+'c he^'t la` cu?a Vu+o+ng Xu+o+ng Linh va` Ly' Ba.ch trong
Chinh phu. nga^m cu?a DDa(.ng Tra^`n Co^n; a^m vang cu?a Ty` ba` ha`nh
kho^ng chi? dde^? la.i da^'u a^'n trong tho+ ca co^? ddie^?n ma` ca?
trong phong tra`o Tho+ mo+'i.

Trong va(n ho.c co^? Vie^.t Nam, Ba` huye^.n Thanh Quan ddu+o+.c coi la`
mo^.t ma^~u mu+.c ve^` the^? tho+ DDu+o+`ng lua^.t: nie^m lua^.t, y'
tu+', ddo^'i...
Vi' du. nhu+ Tha(ng Long tha`nh hoa`i co^?:

Ta.o hoa' ga^y chi cuo^.c hy' tru+o+`ng
DDe^'n nay tha^'m thoa't ma^'y canh su+o+ng
Pho^' xu+a xe ngu+.a ho^`n thu tha?o
Ne^`n cu~ la^u dda`i bo'ng ti.ch du+o+ng
DDa' va^~n tro+ gan cu`ng tue^' nguye^.t
Nu+o+'c co`n cau ma(.t ma^'y tang thu+o+ng
Nghi`n na(m gu+o+ng cu~ soi kim co^?
Ca?nh dda^'y ngu+o+`i dda^y luo^'ng ddoa.n tru+o+`ng.

Tho+ DDu+o+`ng co' ha`ng va.n ba`i, nhu+ng chung quy thuo^.c 3 the^?:
DDu+o+`ng lua^.t, co^? phong va` tu+`.

DDu+o+`ng lua^.t la` the^? tho+ chu? dda.o co' ta'c ddo^.ng chi pho^'i
ca'c the^? tho+ kha'c. DDa^y la` the^? tho+ co' nie^m lua^.t cha(.t
che~, la^'y vie^.c xen ke~ ca'c thanh ba(`ng tra('c la`m nguye^n ta('c.
Nguye^n ta('c na`y kho^ng pha?i tuye^.t ddo^'i. Co' pha^`n ga^`n nhu+
tuye^.t ddo^'i la` vi. tri' ca'c thanh thu+' 2, thu+' 4, thu+' 6 trong
tho+ tha^'t ngo^n, thu+o+`ng ddu+o+.c kha'i qua't tha`nh quy ta('c nhi.
tu+' lu.c pha^n minh, tu+'c la` thanh cu?a chu+~ thu+' 4 pha?i ngu+o+.c
thanh cu?a chu+~ thu+' 2 va` 6, cu. the^? chi? co' the^? la` Tra('c -
Ba(`ng - Tra('c hoa(.c Ba(`ng - Tra('c - Ba(`ng. Mo^.t ca^u tho+ kho^ng
ddu'ng theo co^ng thu+'c tre^n thi` go.i la` tha^'t lua^.t hay pha'
lua^.t.

Pha^`n co' the^? linh ddo^.ng la` ca'c chu+~ thu+' 1, thu+' 3 va` thu+'
5, thu+o+`ng quy tha`nh co^ng thu+'c nha^'t tam ngu~ ba^'t lua^.n.
Tha^.t ra, chi? chu+~ thu+' nha^'t la` co' the^? hoa`n toa`n linh
ddo^.ng, chu+~ thu+' 5 no'i chung la` ngu+o+.c thanh vo+'i chu+~ thu+'
7, nhu+ng ne^'u co' cu`ng thanh cu~ng kho^ng bi. coi la` tha^'t lua^.t.
Chu+~ thu+' 3 ne^'u o+? ca^u co' va^`n, kho^ng ddu+o+.c chuye^?n thanh
Ba(`ng tha`nh Tra('c.

Tho+ DDu+o+`ng lua^.t co' ba da.ng chi'nh: ba't cu', tuye^.t cu' (tu+'
tuye^.t) va` ba`i lua^.t (tru+o+`ng lua^.t).

Mo^.t ba`i ba't cu' chia la`m 4 ca(.p ca^u: DDe^`, thu+.c, lua^.n,
ke^'t. Nhu+ng kho^ng pha?i bao gio+` "dde^`" cu~ng la` va`o dde^`,
"lua^.n" la` ba`n lua^.n... Tho+ DDu+o+`ng lua^.t, dda(.c bie^.t tho+
tu+` ddo+`i Minh tro+? ve^` tru+o+'c co' nhie^`u ba`i kho^ng theo quy
ta('c na`y. Mo^.t so^' lo+'n ba`i tho+ chi? co' the^? ddu+o+.c li' gia?i
ddu'ng dda('n ne^'u chia tha`nh hai pha^`n nhu+ Hoa`ng Ha.c la^u cu?a
Tho^i Hie^.u hay DDa(ng cao cu?a DDo^~ Phu?.

Co^? phong la` the^? tho+ tu+o+ng ddo^'i tu+. do ve^` nhie^`u ma(.t
(so^' ca^u trong ba`i, so^' chu+~ trong ca^u kho^ng bi. ha.n ddi.nh
cha(.t che~, co' the^? gieo va^`n tra('c va` nhie^`u va^`n kha'c nhau,
kho^ng pha?i theo lua^.t Ba(`ng Tra('c, kho^ng pha?i ddo^'i...). No'i
la` tu+o+ng ddo^'i vi` du` vie^'t theo the^? co^? phong, nha` tho+ cu~ng
kho^ng the^? kho^ng chu' y' dde^'n thanh ddie^.u; vi` o+? mo^.t so^'
phu+o+ng die^.n, co^' y' hay vo^ ti`nh, ngu+o+`i la`m tho+ co^? phong
va^~n bi. DDu+o+`ng lua^.t a'm a?nh, chi pho^'i. Su+. chi pho^'i a^'y
die^~n ra theo hai hu+o+'ng: hoa(.c la`m cho ddo^'i la^.p (vi' du.,
chu+~ thu+'  5 tru`ng thanh vo+'i chu+~ thu+' 7, vi` va^.y o+? tho+ co^?
phong thu+o+`ng co' hie^.n tu+o+.ng 3 chu+~ cuo^'i ca^u dde^`u Ba(`ng
hay dde^`u Tra('c, ddie^`u ra^'t hie^'m tha^'y o+? tho+ DDu+o+`ng
lua^.t) hoa(.c ha^'p thu. i't hay nhie^`u nhu+~ng ye^'u to^' DDu+o+`ng
lua^.t (do ddo' ta.o ne^n da.ng trung gian, thu+o+`ng go.i la` nu+?a
co^? nu+?a lua^.t hay co^? phong va`o lua^.t). Nhie^`u ba`i co^? phong
vie^'t theo lo^'i ngu~ ngo^n (nhu+ Tha.ch Ha`o la.i cu?a DDo^~ Phu?) hay
tha^'t ngo^n (nhu+ Ty` ba` ha`nh cu?a Ba.ch Cu+ Di.) song kho^ng hie^'m
nhu+~ng ba`i trong ddo' so^' chu+~ trong ca^u kho^ng co^' ddi.nh (nhu+
Ha`nh lo^. nan cu?a Ly' Ba.ch).

Tu+` la` the^? tho+ ke^'t ho+.p cha(.t che~ vo+'i a^m nha.c, xua^'t
hie^.n va`o  khoa?ng the^' ky? thu+' 8. No'i ddu'ng ho+n, dda^y la`
loa.i tho+ ke^'t ho+.p vo+'i ca'c ddie^.u tu+`, thu+o+`ng go.i la` tu+`
pho^?. Tu+` co' ra^'t nhie^`u ddie^.u nhu+ Bo^` Ta't Man, u+'c ta^`n
nga, Mo^.ng Giang Nam, Canh la^.u tu+?... DDe^'n ddo+`i To^'ng dda~ co'
tre^n nga`n ddie^.u. Ma(.c du` cu~ng pha?i vie^'t theo co^ng thu+'c
ra^'t cha(.t che~ cu?a tu+` pho^?, tu+` co' ra^'t nhie^`u ddie^?m kha'c
tho+ DDu+o+`ng lua^.t: co' the^? gieo va^`n tra('c, ca^u da`i nga('n
kho^ng dde^`u (co' ca^u chi? co' 1, 2, 3 chu+~, co' ca^u la.i dde^'n
tre^n 10 chu+~, ne^n co`n ddu+o+.c go.i la` Tru+o+`ng ddoa?n cu'). Co'
nhu+~ng ba`i xem qua la.i tu+o+?ng nhu+ DDu+o+`ng lua^.t, nhu+ng tha^'t
nie^m. Vi' du. nhu+ ba`i tu+` cu?a Lu+u Vu~ Ti'ch vie^'t theo ddie^.u
Tru'c chi:

So+n dda`o ho^`ng hoa ma~n thu+o+.ng dda^`u
Thu.c giang so+n thuy? pha'ch so+n lu+u
Hoa ho^`ng di. suy tu+. lang y'
Thuy? lu+u vo^ ha.n tu+. no^`ng sa^`u
(Hoa ho^`ng cu?a ca^y dda`o da.i no+? dda^`y nu'i
Nu+o+'c con so^ng o+? dda^'t Thu.c vo^~ va`o nu'i tuo^n tro^i
Hoa ho^`ng de^~ ta`n nhu+ ti`nh y' cu?a cha`ng
Nu+o+'c cha?y ma~i kho^ng tho^i nhu+ no^~i sa^`u cu?a em).

Ca^u 1 va` 3 kho^ng theo co^ng thu+'c nhi. tu+' lu.c pha^n minh. Ne^'u
xe't ca(.p ca^u thu+' nha^'t, theo DDu+o+`ng lua^.t thi` giang va` dda`o
le~ ra pha?i ddo^'i thanh.
Mo^~i the^? trong ba loa.i tre^n dde^`u co' cho^~ ma.nh ye^'u kha'c
nhau, dde^`u co' nhu+~ng dda(.c ddie^?m rie^ng trong vie^.c giu'p nha`
tho+ kha'i qua't hie^.n thu+.c, bie^?u hie^.n ca?m xu'c (vi' du.,
ngu+o+`i ta hay no'i dde^'n kha? na(ng mie^u ta?, pha?n a'nh hie^.n
thu+.c ro^.ng lo+'n cu?a tho+ co^? phong tru+o+`ng thie^n, kha? na(ng
bie^?u hie^.n nhu+~ng ca?m xu'c co^ ddo.ng tinh te^' cu?a tho+ tuye^.t
cu'...) song khi no'i dde^'n dda(.c ddie^?m bao qua't nha^'t cu?a nghe^.
thua^.t tho+ DDu+o+`ng, ngu+o+`i ta thu+o+`ng vie^.n da^~n tho+
DDu+o+`ng lua^.t.