scooters . for other uses see vespa disambiguation . vespa not just a scooter a way of life type subsidiary industry scooter founded 23 april 1946 in florence headquarters pontedera italy parent piaggio & co. spa website vespa.com classic vespas in perth western australia . classic vespa sound 43 seconds . vespa italian pronunciation v spa is an italian brand of scooter manufactured by piaggio . the name means wasp in italian . the vespa has evolved from a single model motor scooter manufactured in 1946 by piaggio & co. s.p.a. of pontedera italy to a full line of scooters and one of seven companies today owned by piaggio . 1 from their inception vespa scooters have been known for their painted pressed steel unibody which combines a complete cowling for the engine enclosing the engine mechanism and concealing dirt or grease a flat floorboard providing foot protection and a prominent front fairing providing wind protection into a structural unit . contents 1 history 1.1 design 1.2 product 2 launch 3 sales and development 4 1990s and beyond 4.1 under new ownership 4.2 re entry to north america 5 design icon 6 global markets 6.1 europe 6.2 north america 7 production outside italy 7.1 india 7.2 indonesia 7.3 soviet union 7.4 taiwan 7.5 united kingdom 8 racing 9 vespa models 9.1 historic 9.2 recent 9.3 current 9.4 vespa 946 9.5 electric vehicles 9.5.1 hybrids 9.6 specials 10 see also 11 references 12 external links history edit vespa 150 tap modified by the french military that incorporated an anti tank weapon post world war ii italy in light of its agreement to cessation of war activities with the allies had its aircraft industry severely restricted in both capability and capacity . piaggio emerged from the conflict with its pontedera fighter plane plant demolished by bombing . italy s crippled economy and the disastrous state of the roads did not assist in the re development of the automobile markets . enrico piaggio the son of piaggio s founder rinaldo piaggio decided to leave the aeronautical field in order to address italy s urgent need for a modern and affordable mode of transportation for the masses . design edit piaggio mp5 paperino the initial piaggio prototype in 1944 piaggio engineers renzo spolti and vittorio casini designed a motorcycle with bodywork fully enclosing the drivetrain and forming a tall splash guard at the front . in addition to the bodywork the design included handlebar mounted controls forced air cooling wheels of small diameter and a tall central section that had to be straddled . officially known as the mp5 moto piaggio no. 5 the prototype was nicknamed paperino either duckling or donald duck in italian . 2 piaggio was displeased with the mp5 especially the tall central section . he contracted aeronautical engineer corradino d ascanio to redesign the scooter . 2 d ascanio who had earlier been consulted by ferdinando innocenti about scooter design and manufacture made it immediately known that he hated motorcycles believing them to be bulky dirty and unreliable . 3 d ascanio s mp6 prototype had its engine mounted beside the rear wheel . the wheel was driven directly from the transmission eliminating the drive chain and the oil and dirt associated with it . the prototype had a unit spar frame with stress bearing steel outer panels . 3 these changes allowed the mp6 to have a step through design without a centre section like that of the mp5 paperino . the mp6 design also included a single sided front suspension interchangeable front and rear wheels mounted on stub axles and a spare wheel . other features of the mp6 were similar to those on the paperino including the handlebar mounted controls and the enclosed bodywork with the tall front splash guard . 2 upon seeing the mp6 for the first time enrico piaggio exclaimed sembra una vespa it resembles a wasp piaggio effectively named his new scooter on the spot . 3 4 vespa is both latin and italian for wasp derived from the vehicle s body shape the thicker rear part connected to the front part by a narrow waist and the steering rod resembled antennae . product edit glove box on newer vespa px . on 23 april 1946 at 12 o clock in the central office for inventions models and makes of the ministry of industry and commerce in florence piaggio e c. s.p.a. took out a patent for a motorcycle of a rational complexity of organs and elements combined with a frame with mudguards and a casing covering the whole mechanical part . 5 the basic patented design allowed a series of features to be deployed on the spar frame that would later allow quick development of new models . the original vespa featured a rear pillion seat for a passenger or optionally a storage compartment . the original front protection shield was a flat piece of aero metal ; later this developed into a twin skin to allow additional storage behind the front shield similar to the glove compartment in a car . the fuel cap was located underneath the hinged seat which saved the cost of an additional lock on the fuel cap or need for additional metal work on the smooth skin . the scooter had rigid rear suspension and small 8 inch 200 mm wheels that allowed a compact design and plenty of room for the rider s legs . the vespa s enclosed horizontally mounted 98 cc two stroke engine acted directly on the rear drive wheel through a three speed transmission . the twistgrip controlled gear change involved a system of rods . the early engine had no forced air cooling but fan blades were soon attached to the magneto flywheel which houses the points and generates electricity for accessories and for the engine s spark to push air over the cylinder s cooling fins . the modern vespa engine is still cooled this way . the mp6 prototype had large grilles on the front and rear of the rear fender covering the engine . this was done to allow air in to cool the engine as the prototype did not have fan cooling . a cooling fan similar to that used on the mp5 paperino prototype was included in the design of the production vespa and the grilles were removed from the fender . 2 launch edit piaggio filed a patent for the vespa scooter design in april 1946 . the application documents referred to a model of a practical nature for a motorcycle with rationally placed parts and elements with a frame combining with mudguards and engine cowling covering all working parts of which the whole constitutes a rational comfortable motorcycle offering protection from mud and dust without jeopardizing requirements of appearance and elegance . the patent was approved the following december . the first 13 examples appeared in spring 1946 and revealed their aeronautical background . in the first examples one can recognize the typical aircraft technology . attention to aerodynamics is evident in all the design in particular on the tail . it was also one of the first vehicles to use monocoque construction where the body is an integral part of the chassis . the company was aiming to manufacture the new vespa in large numbers and their longstanding industrial experience led to an efficient ford style volume production line . the scooter was presented to the press at rome golf club where journalists were apparently mystified by the strange pastel coloured toy like object on display . however the road tests were encouraging and even with no rear suspension the machine was more manoeuvrable and comfortable to ride than a traditional motorcycle . following its public debut at the 1946 milan fair the first fifty sold slowly . with the introduction of payment by installments sales took off . sales and development edit original vespa with attached sidecar piaggio sold some 2 500 vespas in 1947 over 10 000 in 1948 20 000 in 1949 and over 60 000 in 1950 . 6 the biggest sales promo ever was hollywood . in 1952 audrey hepburn side saddled gregory peck s vespa in the feature film roman holiday for a ride through rome resulting in over 100 000 sales . in 1956 john wayne dismounted his horse in favor of the two wheeler to originally get between takes on sets . 7 as well as marlon brando dean martin and the entertainer abbe lane had become vespa owners . william wyler filmed ben hur in rome in 1959 allowing charlton heston to abandon horse and chariot between takes to take a spin on the vespa . 8 9 vespa clubs popped up throughout europe and by 1952 worldwide vespa club membership had surpassed 50 000 . by the mid 1950s vespas were being manufactured under licence in germany the united kingdom france belgium and spain ; in the 1960s production was started in india brazil and indonesia . by 1956 one million had been sold then two million by 1960 . by the 1960s the vespa originally conceived as a utility vehicle had come to symbolize freedom and imagination and resulted in further sales boosts four million by 1970 and ten million by the late 1980s . improvements were made to the original design and new models were introduced . the 1948 vespa 125 had rear suspension and a bigger engine . the headlamp was moved up to the handlebars in 1953 and had more engine power and a restyled rear fairing . a cheaper spartan version was also available . one of the best loved models was the vespa 150 gs introduced in 1955 with a 150 cc engine a long saddle and the faired handlebar headlamp unit . then came the 50 cc of 1963 and in 1968 vespa 125 primavera became one of the most durable of all . t5 millennium from the px series vespas came in two sizes referred to as largeframe and smallframe . the smallframe scooters came in 50 cc 90 cc 100 cc and 125 cc versions all using an engine derived from the 50 cc model of 1963 and the largeframe scooters in 125 cc 150 cc 160 cc 180 cc and 200 cc displacements using engines derived from the redesigned 125 cc engine from the late 1950s . the largeframe vespa evolved into the px range in the late 1970s and was produced in 125 150 and 200 cc versions until july 2007 . starting in 1981 an 80cc version was available as well . after production of the px ceased sales of the lml star an indian made copy of the px soared . piaggio then reintroduced the px 125 and 200 models in 2010 . the smallframe evolved into the pk range in the early 1980s although some vintage styled smallframes were produced for the japanese market as late as the mid 1990s . 1990s and beyond edit the et model range stuck true to the wasp aero design principles . it was lighter more aerodynamic had an automatic gearbox and could take a series of engines from a 50 cc in either two stroke or four stroke up to a 150 cc four stroke . 10 under new ownership edit this section does not cite any sources . please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . unsourced material may be challenged and removed . july 2010 learn how and when to remove this template message in 1959 piaggio came under the control of the agnelli family the owners of car maker fiat s.p.a. . vespa thrived until 1992 when giovanni alberto agnelli became ceo but agnelli was already suffering from cancer and died in 1997 . in 1999 morgan grenfell private equity acquired piaggio but a quickly hoped for sale was dashed by a failed joint venture in china . by 2003 the company found