section may not adequately summarize its contents . to comply with wikipedia s lead section guidelines please consider modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article s key points in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article . discuss . september 2013 copyright clearance center ccc is a u.s. company based in danvers massachusetts 1 although it is incorporated in new york state 1 that provides collective copyright licensing services for corporate and academic users of copyrighted materials . ccc procures agreements with rightsholders primarily academic publishers and then acts as their agent in arranging collective licensing for institutions and one time licensing for document delivery services coursepacks and other access and uses of texts . contents 1 history 2 licensing work 3 lobbying and litigation 4 references 5 further reading 6 external links history edit although ccc was originally founded in 1978 as a not for profit organization in response to negotiations preceding the copyright act of 1976 citation needed the i.r.s. revoked ccc s tax exempt status in 1982 and the united states tax court affirmed that holding finding that whatever public benefits ccc s activities might produce its primary purpose was to further the economic interest of publishers and copyright owners and its founders a group of publishers had no interests of any substance beyond the creation of a device to protect their copyright ownership and collect license fees . 2 ccc still maintains a state level not for profit status in the state of new york but for federal purposes is a for profit company . citation needed licensing work edit the ccc is a broker of licenses 3 earning a 15 % commission on the fees it collects . 3 the company passes more than 70 % of its revenues to publishers in the form of royalty payments to rightholders and another 30 % is kept by the company as a fee for its services . 1 ccc is a primarily us based rights broker for materials including millions of in and out of print books journals newspapers magazines movies television shows images blogs and e books . ccc licenses copyright protected content to businesses and academic institutions and compensates publishers and content creators for the use of their works . amsterdam based rightsdirect the wholly owned european subsidiary of copyright clearance center established in 2010 provides copyright licensing services for european based companies for print and digital content in books journals newspapers magazines and images . the collective licensing model that ccc employs is distinct from statutory licensing in that it is voluntary as opposed to mandated by statute . as a voluntary industry developed model ccc has been able to develop and initiate a variety of different licensing schemes as well as to litigate and legislate on behalf of rightsholders . the voluntary licenses available from copyright clearance center are of two kinds repertory or annual and transactional . the license systems are offered through various services for instance to corporations the annual copyright license or to academic institutions the academic permissions service among others . through these and multiple other mechanisms ccc collects fees which represent royalty payments and then periodically distributes these monies to participating rightsholders . ccc meets its operating expenses through allocating a fraction of these fees . citation needed rightslink or rightslink is a product released by the ccc in 2000 . 4 4 lobbying and litigation edit ccc along with the association of american publishers aap recruited three publishers oxford university press cambridge university press and sage publications to sue georgia state university alleging that gsu s e reserves system infringed copyright . 5 ccc and aap jointly underwrote the costs of the litigation in the case cambridge university press v. becker which cost the plaintiffs several million dollars to litigate initially . 5 the plaintiffs lost the case and were ordered to pay the defendant s legal fees when georgia state university was deemed the prevailing party . 6 notwithstanding the prevailing party decision the plaintiffs characterized the case as flawed but not a loss 7 and nonetheless filed an appeal . 8 the attorneys fees were estimated by plaintiffs to be substantial . 7 ccc has announced it will continue to fund 50 % of litigation costs on appeal . 7 ccc has been involved in lobbying and litigation to expand the scope of copyright and is a founding member of the international federation of reproduction rights organisations ifrro which has a similar position . 9 references edit a b c privco private company financial intelligence copyright clearance center v. commissioner 79 t.c. 793 1982 . a b zick rubin let s spread the word about fair use chronicle of higher education sept. 23 2012 . a b armstrong tracey 2005 . copyright clearance center . in rupp sorrano karen . licensing in libraries . psychology press . pp. 61 63 . isbn 9780789028792 . retrieved june 30 2013 . a b meredith schwartz georgia state copyright case what you need to know and what it means for e reserves library journal may 17 2012 . steve kolowich the prevailing party inside higher ed aug. 13 2012 . a b c andrew albanese publishers appeal flawed decision in gsu e reserves case publishers weekly sept. 11 2012 . see publishers brief in appeal filed 2013 . ifrro website further reading edit collective management of copyright and related rights book edited by daniel gervais kluwer law international 2010 . armstrong the voice of copyright info today oct. 2011 copyright clearance center piles up the numbers publishers weekly 5 18 2009 all information doesn t want to be free interview with tracey armstrong ceo of copyright clearance center 4 15 2010 external links edit official website retrieved from https en.wikipedia.org w index.php title copyright clearance center & 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