company vivendi 2001 2002 traded as nasdaq hmhc founded 1832 founder henry oscar houghton george mifflin country of origin united states headquarters location boston massachusetts key people l. gordon crovitz interim ceo publication types books software imprints clarion graphia mariner sandpiper hmh books for young readers number of employees 4 000 official website www.hmhco.com houghton mifflin harcourt ho t n m fl n h rk rt 1 is an educational and trade publisher in the united states . headquartered in boston s back bay it publishes textbooks instructional technology materials assessments reference works and fiction and non fiction for both young readers and adults . contents 1 history 1.1 creation of houghton mifflin harcourt 1.1.1 vivendi purchase 1.1.2 riverdeep merger with houghton mifflin 1.1.3 harcourt merger 1.2 houghton mifflin harcourt restructuring 1.2.1 second round restructuring 1.3 recapitalization in 2010 2 leadership changes 3 awards and accolades 4 criticism 5 references 6 external links history edit houghton mifflin harcourt at 222 berkeley street boston massachusetts the company was formerly known as houghton mifflin company but changed its name following the 2007 acquisition of harcourt publishing . 2 prior to march 2010 it was a subsidiary of education media and publishing group limited an irish owned holding company registered in the cayman islands and formerly known as riverdeep . in 1832 william ticknor and james thomas fields had gathered an impressive list of writers including ralph waldo emerson nathaniel hawthorne and henry david thoreau . the duo formed a close relationship with riverside press a boston printing company owned by henry oscar houghton . shortly after houghton also founded a publishing company with partner george mifflin . in 1880 ticknor and fields and houghton and mifflin merged their operations combining the literary works of writers with the expertise of a publisher and creating a new partnership named houghton mifflin and company . the company still had debt from when it merged from houghton osgood and company so it decided to add partners . in 1884 james d. hurd the son of melancthon hurd became a partner . three people in 1888 became partners as well james murray kay thurlow weed barnes and henry oscar houghton jr. shortly thereafter the company established an educational department and from 1891 to 1908 sales of educational materials increased by 500 percent . soon after 1916 houghton mifflin became involved in publishing standardized tests and testing materials working closely with such test developers as e.f. lindquist . the company was the fourth largest educational publisher in the united states in 1921 . in 1961 houghton mifflin famously passed on julia child s mastering the art of french cooking giving it up to alfred a. knopf who later published it in 1962 . it went on to become an overnight success and is considered by many to be the bible of french cooking . houghton mifflin s strategic error was depicted in the 2009 film julie & julia . unreliable source in 1967 houghton mifflin became a publicly traded company on the new york stock exchange under the stock symbol htn . under new from 1991 president nader f. darehshori houghton mifflin acquired in 1994 for 138 million 3 mcdougal littell an educational publisher of secondary school materials and in following year d.c. heath and company 4 a publisher of supplemental educational resources . in 1996 the company created their great source education group to combine the supplemental material product lines of their school division and these two companies . creation of houghton mifflin harcourt edit mergers and acquisitions m & a activities have had major effects on this company . vivendi purchase edit in 2001 houghton mifflin was acquired by french media giant vivendi universal for 2.2 billion including assumed debt . in 2002 facing mounting financial and legal pressures vivendi sold houghton to private equity investors thomas h. lee partners bain capital and blackstone group for 1.66 billion including assumed debt approximately 25 % less than vivendi had paid a year earlier . 5 6 riverdeep merger with houghton mifflin edit on december 22 2006 it was announced that riverdeep plc had completed its acquisition of houghton mifflin . the new joint enterprise would be called the houghton mifflin riverdeep group . riverdeep paid 1.75 billion in cash and assumed 1.61 billion in debt from the private investment firms thomas h. lee partners bain capital and blackstone group . 7 tony lucki a former non executive director of riverdeep remained in his position as the company s chief executive officer until april 2009 . 8 houghton mifflin sold its professional testing unit promissor to pearson plc in 2006 . the company combined its remaining assessment products within riverside publishing including san francisco based edusoft . harcourt merger edit on july 16 2007 houghton mifflin riverdeep announced that it signed a definitive agreement to acquire the harcourt education harcourt trade and greenwood heinemann divisions of reed elsevier for 4 billion . the expanded company would become houghton mifflin harcourt . mcdougal littell was merged with harcourt s holt rinehart & winston to form holt mcdougal on december 3 2007 cengage learning formerly thomson learning announced that it had agreed to acquire the assets of the houghton mifflin college division for 750 million pending regulatory approval . on november 25 2008 houghton mifflin harcourt announced a temporary freeze on acquisition of new trade division titles allegedly in response to the economic crisis of 2008 . 9 the publisher of the trade division resigned apparently in protest . 10 many observers familiar with the publishing industry saw the move as a devastating blunder . 11 12 harcourt religion was sold to our sunday visitor in 2009 13 houghton mifflin harcourt restructuring edit on july 27 2009 the irish independent newspaper reported that houghton mifflin harcourt s controlling shareholder empg was in the process of a re structuring negotiations with its unsecured debt holders that would lead to the conversion of the debt into equity . the news story reported that the unsecured debt holders would receive a 45 % equity stake . as a result the royal family of dubai via their istithmar world capital investment vehicle became major stakeholders . 14 estimates were that empg would cut its debt from 7.3 bn to 6.1 bn . on august 15 2009 the financial times newspaper reported in an interview with houghton mifflin harcourt s ceo at the time barry o callaghan that the refinancing had received approval of more than 90 % of lenders . the terms included the holding company debt converting into 45 % of the fully diluted common equity an effective 25 per cent relaxation of financial covenants second lien lenders agreeing to convert their holdings into a pik instrument reducing annual interest costs by 100m and a further 50m increase its working capital facility . 15 second round restructuring edit a further restructuring of houghton mifflin harcourt s debts was confirmed by the company on january 13 2010 . 16 the proposed restructuring materially impacted the shareholders of empg the former holding company of houghton mifflin harcourt . 17 recapitalization in 2010 edit on february 22 2010 houghton mifflin harcourt announced that empg and hmh had reached an agreement to restructure the finances of the company and recapitalize its balance sheet with a substantial fresh cash investment by institutional investors . 18 the agreement supported by 100 % of hmh s creditors highlighted a reduction in the senior debt to 3 billion from the current 5 billion with new equity issued to the senior debt holders including paulson & co. and guggenheim partners 19 conversion of the 2 billion mezzanine debt into equity and warrant receipt of 650m of new cash from the sale of new equity . in addition to the key highlights hmh announced its new 100m innovation fund to invest in the next generation of technology for the education industry . the irish times 20 reported that the investments by the then equity holders of empg including hmh s ceo at the time barry o callaghan private clients of davy stockbrokers reed elsevier and others of over 3.5 billion would be written down to zero . additionally the irish independent reported that following the restructuring the investors of empg would have a nominal investment in houghton mifflin harcourt via warrants over 5 % of the company if it exceeded the 10 billion valuation 21 placed on the company at the time of the merger between houghton mifflin riverdeep and harcourt . in addition to the warrants in hmh the empg shareholders would continue to own a stake in the international investment vehicle empgi which has stakes in china the middle east and elsewhere . the financial times reported 22 that no management changes were expected as part of the deal with both the ceo at the time barry o callaghan and the cfo michael muldowney expected to remain in their roles . the times reported that a new nine member board was to be created with the ceo the only executive representative one independent two representative of paulson & co and one director from each of apollo blackrock guggenheim partners fidelity and avenue capital . on march 10 2010 houghton mifflin harcourt announced that it had completed its re capitalization . 23 in addition to a new investment of 650 million of equity the debt levels of the company were reduced by approximately 60 % and the annual interest payments by over 75 % . according to the irish state broadcaster rt the old equity investors based in ireland has lost all their investment . 24 the irish independent reported that the old shareholders were denied a shareholders meeting to vote or discuss the restructuring . 25 the former shareholders have been left with warrants over 5 % of the company in the case its value recovers to previous levels . on september 19 2011 it was announced that linda k. zecher would be replacing barry o callahan as chief executive officer and director of houghton mifflin harcourt after o callahan resigned . zecher went to hmh from microsoft . she currently works in the corporate headquarters in boston . 26 in 2012 hmh acquired the culinary and reference portfolio of john wiley & sons including cliffnotes and webster s new world dictionary . 27 the company went public in november 2013 . 28 leadership changes edit on september 22 2016 zecher resigned from hmh and was replaced by interim ceo and board member l. gordon crovitz . crovitz is a former publisher of the wall street journal . 29 awards and accolades edit curious george at the zoo was rated a top ten app under the education games category for the ipad iphone and ipod touch in 2012 . 30 go george go a mobile app for preschoolers received the editor s choice award from the children s technology review in 2011 . 31 go math a k 6 product was named a reader s choice top 100 product by district administration in 2010 . 32 criticism edit the company was ranked the 10th worst place to work in america according to a survey by glassdoor in 2009 . 33 in 2016 the company earned the following accolades 2016 forbes hmh one of top 100 companies for remote jobs 2015 cto brook colangelo won cio of the year by boston business journal 79 % rating for ceo on glassdoor references edit pronunciation guide at the wayback machine archived december 23 2007 . houghton mifflin . archived from the original on december 13 2007 . houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company private company information businessweek . investing.businessweek.com . retrieved april 23 2012 . history of houghton mifflin company fundinguniverse . fundinguniverse.com . retrieved 2013 08 18 . about mcdougal littell . mcdougallittell.com . retrieved 2013 08 18 . suzanne kapner and andrew ross sorkin . market place ; vivendi is said to be near sale of houghton . new york times october 31