africa industry arms procurement agency founded 1968 headquarters pretoria south africa area served south africa key people chairman vice admiral ret johannes mudimu website www.armscor.co.za armscor or armscor the armaments corporation of south africa is the arms procurement agency of the south african department of defence . it was originally established in 1968 as an arms production company 1 primarily as a response to the international sanctions by the united nations against south africa that began in 1963 and were formalised in 1967 . 2 contents 1 history 1.1 expansion 1.1.1 embargo and diversification 1.2 atlas aircraft corporation 2 denel and armscor 3 growth of south africa s armaments industry in the 20th century 4 gallery 4.1 small arms 4.2 heavy weapons 4.3 land systems 4.4 aircraft 5 see also 6 references 7 external links history edit until the 1970s south africa s apartheid administration had placed a disproportionate emphasis on civilian law enforcement and the maintenance of internal security . 3 however a cuban intervention in angola and the escalation of the south african border war convinced the government that it faced a serious external threat . 4 in 1978 the premiership was accepted by pw botha a former south african security chief and defence expenditure spiraled upwards . 5 armscor then a relatively new entity was charged with modernising the arsenal of the south african defence force sadf . this was a difficult task as a united nations arms embargo on south africa promulgated in 1964 became mandatory in 1977 . 6 some of the sadf s preexisting hardware was trying to maintain and any national defence establishment would encounter hurdles in keeping these systems operational without access to foreign technical support as well as new deliveries of parts and equipment . 7 armscor pursued both covert arms deals and black market purchases in an effort to acquire restricted defence technologies as rapidly as possible . the experience of the embargo encouraged south african efforts in diversifying suppliers while assuming indigenous production of some paraphernalia . 8 availability of western style equipment and spares from israel in particular helped compensate for the military effects of the un embargo . 9 armscor officials used aggressive covert techniques to acquire technology bartering through other public sector enterprises front companies foreign agents and even civil organisations . 6 south africa had already maintained a small arms producing capacity during world war ii and unlike most african states it possessed exceptionally competent scientists and engineers adept at substituting local manufacture for imports . generally armscor proceeded by studying specimens of foreign equipment sometimes through one of its third parties then applying these skills to their improvement . by the 1990s it could boast of being a world leader in the field of upgrading obsolete weapons . 3 thus armscor s olifant mk1as were rebuilt from elderly british centurion tanks purchased from india and jordan . 3 its atlas cheetah interceptors were based on mirage iii airframes and inspired by the iai kfir . 9 a french armoured personnel carrier the berliet vxb inspired the six wheeled ratel ifv ; armscor also developed the eland mk7 a larger and more sophisticated variant of the panhard aml armoured car . 6 expansion edit armscor oversaw a vast military industrial and technological empire that consumed tens of billions of dollars . 1 it was able to draw on both civilian and military resources and had both legitimate and clandestine networks as a means of obtaining defence technology . armscor s powers included the authority to integrate military and civilian industrial projects this allowed for an ambitious dual use production effort . according to a 1970 report small arms and ammunition were being produced not only at defence ordnance facilities but also at the south african mint and the african explosive and chemical industries plant which had previously confined its market to civil mining operations . 10 embargo and diversification edit south africa began acquiring large quantities of nato arms in 1960 after the sharpeville massacre prompted the african national congress to abandon their traditional non violent tactics in favour of armed struggle . 10 the government was initially dependent on its largest trade partner the united kingdom for arms spares and munitions ; however this preference was disrupted by british revulsion at south africa s domestic and foreign policy . although british legislation restricting the transmission of certain types of technical armaments to south africa barely affected the sadf s defence posture it spurred diversification efforts as the regime purchased arms from france west germany italy jordan and switzerland during the 1964 1977 period . 11 in 1964 a belgian licence was obtained for south african manufacture of the fn fal battle rifle ; a year later a modified version of this weapon and its ammunition was being manufactured in pretoria s assembly plants . similarly italy granted a licence for production of an advanced trainer the aermacchi mb 326 . 10 armscor also purchased systems abroad which were designed to sadf specifications . the most prominent of these were the mirage iii series of fighter aircraft which were modified in france for south african requirements . armscor s predecessor the munitions board had also imported the aml 60 and aml 90 armoured scout cars from france . 8 the vehicles saw action against cuban t 34 85 tanks in angola during operation savannah 12 and the mirage iii and f1 interceptors became the mainstay of the south african air force saaf . although the french supplied relatively modern and advanced weaponry to south africa they imposed some restraint on deployment and training . during the angolan war of independence portugal s request for a loan of sa .316 helicopters and panhard armoured cars from south africa to supplement their own limited resources had to be routed through the french minister of armies pierre messmer . the portuguese contacted messmer and achieved his written blessing on the condition that the loan was kept secret . only then could south africa agree . 13 however it became increasingly difficult for suppliers to exert control over indigenous weapons produced under licence . 6 atlas aircraft corporation edit main article atlas aircraft corporation once established armscor absorbed the atlas aircraft corporation . 14 the atlas aircraft corporation of south africa also known as atlas aviation was established in 1965 15 to manufacture sophisticated military aircraft and avionics equipment for the south african air force as well as for export . it was also established primarily to circumvent an international arms embargo implemented in 1963 . 16 denel and armscor edit main article denel with the establishment of denel the new south african government dominated military industrial and technological conglomerate in 1992 17 many parts of armscor s missions and functions were changed and redirected . with the establishment of denel the manufacturing subsidiaries of armscor were split from armscor in order for armscor to be solely the procurement arm of the south african defence force sadf now known as the south african national defence force sandf and the manufacturing divisions were grouped together under denel pty ltd as divisions . growth of south africa s armaments industry in the 20th century edit the development of a domestic arms industry was one of the most significant aspects of the militarisation of the apartheid economy . south africa s arms industry was established with british aid just prior to the second world war when training aircraft were assembled locally and the pretoria branch of the royal mint manufactured small arms ammunition cawthra 1986 89 . during the war the arms industry manufactured a substantial amount of basic weaponry for the union defence force and the allied forces including armoured cars bombs and ammunition . after the war most of the wartime arms factories converted to their pre war civilian activities . 18 during the 1950s and early 1960s south africa relied heavily on arms imports mainly from britain . however south africa s withdrawal from the commonwealth in 1961 and the imposition of a voluntary united nations arms embargo in 1963 provided the impetus for a shift towards the establishment of a domestic arms industry . the armaments production board was established in 1964 to control the manufacture procurement and supply of all armaments for the south african defence force simpson 1989 222 . the board also took over the department of defence s workshops and the ammunition section of the south african mint and was authorised to co ordinate arms production in the private sector . by the mid 1960s nearly a thousand private sector firms were involved in various aspects of domestic arms production . 18 in 1967 the un security council passed a resolution calling on all states to stop supplying arms to south africa . in 1968 the armaments production board s name was changed to the armaments board . it was tasked with the procurement of armaments for the sadf and ensuring the optimal utilisation of the private sector for arms production simpson 1989 222 . in the same year the government established the armaments development and production corporation armscor . the defence ordnance workshop and the ammunition section of the south african mint became its first full subsidiaries . over the next few years armscor took over various private sector companies such as atlas aircraft corporation and established a number of new production and r & d facilities cawthra 1986 98 . 18 in 1973 the government established the defence advisory council dac to co ordinate the private sector s involvement in domestic arms production philip 1989 205 . 18 gallery edit small arms edit vektor r4 vektor ss 77 vektor sp1 heavy weapons edit denel y3 agl zt3 ingwe milkor mgl land systems edit eland mk7 armoured car 1962 ratel infantry fighting vehicle 1976 buffel armoured personnel carrier 1978 casspir armoured personnel carrier 1979 g5 impi howitzer 1983 g6 rhino self propelled artillery 1987 rooikat armoured car 1990 mfezi armoured ambulance 1990 mamba armoured personnel carrier 1994 aircraft edit atlas impala 1964 atlas alpha 1985 atlas oryx 1986 atlas cheetah 1986 see also edit military history of south africa south african defence force south african border war cold war references edit a b south africa s arms industry . peter batchelor international development research center . 26 november 2006 . arms embargo against apartheid south africa . richard knight . 26 november 2006 . a b c the south african deal a case study in the arms trade scholtz leopold 2013 . the sadf in the border war 1966 1989 . cape town tafelberg . isbn 978 0 624 05410 8 . duignan peter . politics and government in african states 1960 1985 . pp. 283 408 . a b c d jacklyn cock laurie nathan 1989 . war and society the militarisation of south africa . new africa books . isbn 978 0 86486 115 3 . henk daniel . south africa s armaments industry continuity and change after a decade of majority rule 2006 ed . . university press america . p. 164 . isbn 978 076183482 3 . a b landgren signe . embargo disimplemented south africa s military industry 1989 ed . . oxford university press . pp. 83 88 . isbn 978 0 19 829127 5 . a b polakow suransky sasha . the unspoken alliance israel s secret relationship with apartheid south africa . pp. 1 336 . a b c kaplan irving . south africa a country study . pp. 1 846 . trade registers . armstrade.sipri.org . retrieved 2015 12 09 . du preez sophia . avontuur in angola die verhaal van suid afrika se soldate in angola 1975 1976 . j.l. van schaik . p. 182 . isbn 978 062701691 2 . portuguese and south african interaction between 1965 and 1970 south africa s arms industry . peter batchelor international development research centre . 26 november 2006 . south african air force equipment .