shower stalls & bases
chemokine receptors in cancer
p chemokines are a superfamily of low molecular weight cytokines that were initially described based on their ability to induce the directed migration of leukocytes to sites of inflammation or injury . in humans there are approximately 45 chemokines that bind to 19 g protein coupled receptors . in addition to mediating cellular migration chemokines have now been shown to affect many cellular functions including survival adhesion invasion proliferation and to regulate circulating chemokine levels . although chemokine receptors were first described on leukocytes it is now appreciated that chemokine receptors are also expressed by many other cells including endothelial and epithelial cells . p since the first description of chemokine receptors on malignant cells in 2001 an extensive literature has developed describing the expression and function of chemokine receptors in many malignancies . these studies support the initial hypothesis that malignant cells use chemokine receptors to migrate to distant sites of ligand expression and that expression of certain receptors is associated with a poor prognosis . it has also become apparent that malignancies of different tissues may use a diverse profile of chemokine receptors and that the same receptor may mediate metastasis to different sites in tumors of different histological origins . receptor function may also maintain survival and expansion of the primary tumor .