CS 537-2 Spring 2004: Review for Final Exam

Instructor: Anoop Gupta

• Page Tables
  • All page table organizations like for PDP-11, SPARC (multi-level), Inverted Page Table
  • Harware caching using TLB
    
  • 'Bits' in the Page Table
• Page Replacement
  • Frame Allocation for a Single Process - FIFO, RAND, OPT, LRU, NRU, SLRU, Second Chance (CLOCK)
  • Frame Allocation for Multiple Processes
  • Concept of Virtual Time
  • Page Fault Rate
  • Relation with page frames allocated
  • Effect on CPU Utilization and Thrashing
  • Working Set Model and Using Page Fault Rate for Load Control
  • Page Replacement Algorithms: Fixed Allocation, Page Fault Freq, Working Set, Clock, WSClock
• Paging Details
  • Page size: Small Vs Large Page Size
  • Restarting Instruction (Overview)
  • Fault Handling

• Multics (understand the diagram)
• Intel x86 (Overview)

• Disk Hardware - Axle, Actuator, Arm, Platter, Cylinder, Track, Sector, Head
  • Kinds of delay
  • Total Latency = Rotational + Seek
  • Phisical Formatting Vs Logical Formatting
• Disk Scheduling - Total delay; Algorithms: SSTF, Elevator (LOOK), One way Elevator (CLOOK)

• The User Interface to Files - Naming, File Structure, File Types, Access Modes, File Attributes, Operations
• The User Interface to Directories - unambiguous hierarchy, absolute Vs relative pathname
• Implementing File Systems
  • Files - Contiguous, Linked List, Disk Index(FAT), File Index
  • Directories - table mapping; inumber; Hard Links
  • Symbolic Links - how they differ from Hard Links in implementation and in security
  • Mounting and mount in NFS
  • Special Files - naming Devices
  • Long File Names
  • Space Management
    • Block Size and Extents - Small Vs Large, Internal/External fragmentation
    • Free Space - Bit Vector Vs Free List
  • Reliability
    • Bad-block Forwarding
    • Back-up Dumps - Physical Vs Logical
    • Consistency Checking
    • Transactions - order of execution; commit and abort; logging - redo/undo; Write Ahead Logging (Full recovery - redo committed and undo aborted); Shadowing
• Performance
• Disk cache/buffer pool
• LRU on Buffer pool
• Read ahead
  

• Special attention to RAID 0, 1, 3 and 5
• Disk Mirroring and Striping for reliability
• Parity for Fault Tolerance (Error Recovery)

• Worm, Virus and Trojans
• Design Principles, Authentications
• Protection Mechanisms - objects, principals, rights, domains
• ACL - AFS permissions, mode bits, setuid bit;  
• Capabilities - protected pointer like file descriptor in Unix

• Encryption
• Key Distribution
• Key Distribution Problem
• Use of same (private) key for encryption and decryption
• Use of KDC and the 5 message algorithm
• Public Key Encryption
• Pair of keys (P,S)
• Need for Digital Signatures and Certificate, Certificate Authority