Prospects are dim that an air interdiction campaign
 against LOC's leading out of Haiphong
 alone could cut off the flow of seaborne imports
 and isolate Haiphong.

Political considerations aside, the combined
 interdiction of land and water routes, including
 the mining of the water approaches to the major
 ports and the bombing of ports and transshipment
 facilities, would be the most effective type of
 interdiction campaign. This program would increase
 the hardships imposed on North Vietnam and raise
 further the costs of its support of the war in
 the South. It would, however, not be able to cut
 off the flow of essential supplies and, by itself,
 would not be the determining factor in shaping
 Hanoi's outlook toward the war.

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