Ha`ng gia? o+? VN (ba'o VN)

[Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>]

Theo Tho+`i ba'o kinh te^' VN, 19/2/87


Ha`ng gia? kho^ng tha mo^.t ai

Tra^`n Le^

Ca^`n co' bie^.n pha'p ba?o ve^. nu+o+`i tie^u du`ng

La^u nay ha`ng gia? ta'c oai, ta'c qua'i, khuynh dda?o thi. tru+o+`ng,
ga^y tai ha.i kho^ng nho? ddo^'i vo+'i ngu+o+`i tie^u du`ng. Vie^.c xu+?
ly' dda~ ra'o rie^'t, nhie^`u ke? ba^'t lu+o+ng dda~ bi. tru+`ng pha.t.
Song, quye^`n lo+.i chi'nh dda'ng cu?a ngu+o+`i tie^u du`ng va^~n bi. dde
doa., bi. xa^m pha.m co^ng khai. 

Xe't cho cu`ng, do lua^.t pha'p va^~n co`n ke~ ho+?, ne^n nhu+~ng te^n
lu+`a dda?o va^~n co' the^? lo.t lu+o+'i. Tru+o+'c lo+.i nhua^.n be'o bo+?
tu+` ha`ng gia? nhie^`u khi ga^'p 100 - 200%, cho ne^n va^~n to^`n ta.i
ca? ddo^.i ngu~ sa?n xua^'t va` kinh doanh ha`ng gia?. 

Ha`ng gia?...tra(m hoa ddua no+? 

Ha`ng gia? vu+`a ga^y thie^.t ha.i to lo+'n, vu+`a la`m gia?m su't lo`ng
tin cu?a NTD ddo^'i vo+'i ngu+o+`i sa?n xua^'t ha`ng tha^.t. Ha`ng no^.i
nha'i ha`ng ngoa.i la` chuye^.n bi`nh thu+o+`ng nhu+ng ga^`n dda^y la.i
pho^` bie^'n ti`nh tra.ng ha`ng ngoa.i... gia? ngoa.i. Chu? ye^'u loa.i
na`y nha^.p tu+` Trung Quo^'c va` Ho^`ng Ko^ng. Cuo^'i na(m ngoa'i, co'
di.p sang mo^.t so^' no+i bie^n gio+'i Vie^.t Nam - Trung Quo^'c, to^i
gia^.t mi`nh khi th y xa` pho`ng bo^.t Viso, Daso cu?a Vie^.t Nam cha^'t
dda^`y ca'c cu+?a ha`ng. Ho?i ra mo+'i vo+~ le~ la` do xa` pho`ng cu?a ta
cha^'t lu+o+.ng to^'t, ne^n ma^'y anh Ta^`u la'u ca' dda~ la`m gia?.
Tu+o+ng tu+., xa` pho`ng Dove ne^'u nha^.p tu+` ca'c nu+o+'c G7 (ke^? ca?
My~) ddu+o+.c ddi.nh gia' 25.000 dd/cu.c (theo ba?ng gia' cu?a Bo^. ta`i
chi'nh), nhu+ng ne^'u nha^.p tu+` Trung Quo^'c, Ho^`ng Ko^ng thi` chi? co'
3.000 dd/cu.c! Ta^'t ca? dde^`u ho+.p le^., co' dda^`y ddu? gia^'y to+`
nha^.p ha`ng tu+` Trung Quo^'c. Co'... tro+`i mo+'i bie^'t pha^?m ch t
cu?a no' ra sao, vi` ta^'t ca? dde^`u "made in USA"! Kho^ng hie^?u ha`ng
ra`o kie^?m hoa' o+? cu+?a kha^?u co' "su+. co^'" na`o kho^ng ma` loa.i
ha`ng la^.p lo+` kie^?u na`y va^~n tra`n va`o? 

Ne^'u cu+' tin va`o tra(m nghi`n kie^?u qua?ng ca'o tre^n tivi va` ba'o
chi', thi` nhie^`u khi NTD cha(?ng bie^'t ne^n mua thu+' gi`, du`ng thu+'
gi`. Cha(?ng co' ha`ng hoa' na`o la.i kho^ng ddu+o+.c cam ddoan la`
"tuye^.t ha?o", la` "to^'t nh t". La lie^.t ca'c cu+?a ha`ng ddo^`ng ho^`
tu+. vo^? ngu+.c la` ddo^.c quye^`n cu?a ca'c ha~ng ddo^`ng ho^` no^`i
tie^'ng Thuy. Sy~, ho?i ra mo+'i bie^'t cha(?ng ai co' gi y to+` uy?
nhie^.m cu?a Thuy. Sy~. Vu+`a qua, CA Ha` No^.i dda~ kha'm pha' vu. buo^n
la^.u ha`ng va.n ddo^`ng ho^` va` linh kie^.n ddo^`ng ho^` Thuy. Sy~, ma`
tha^.t ra la` cu?a ca'c "lo`" o+? Trung Quo^'c, Ho^`ng Ko^ng. O^ng Pha.m
Va(n Hoanh (qua^.n Ta^n Bi`nh, Tp.HCM) vo^'n "me^" ddo^`ng ho^` Omega,
ne^n co^' da`nh du.m 2,5 trie^.u ddo^`ng dde^? mua mo^.t chie^'c o+? cu+?a
ha`ng Tuye^'t Lan cho+. Ta^n Bi`nh. Nhu+ng chi? ddu+o+.c va`i nga`y thi`
ca'i ddo^`ng ho^` automatique bie^'n tha`nh automa... la('c. Ba` Le^ Thi.
Thu.c o+? pho^' Tra^`n Quang Kha?i (qua^.n I - Tp.HCM), mua mo^.t ma'y
ddie^`u hoa` nhie^.t ddo^. hie^.u Philco ta.i cu+?a ha`ng ky~ nghe^. la.nh
Phu+o+ng Ddo^ng, so^' 436 Hai Ba` Tru+ng Tp.HCM. Chi? su+? du.ng ddu+o+.c
4 nga`y dda~ pha?i su+?a, ro^`i cha.y tie^'p 2 nga`y thi` he^'t ddie^`u
hoa`. Rie^ng ca'c loa.i phu. tu`ng xe ma'y thi` la.i ca`ng "tra(m hoa ddua
no+?". Khi ddi mua, NTD ddu+o+.c cam ddoan la` ha`ng Nha^.t xi.n, ma`
tha^.t ra la` ha`ng... co.p. Ha`ng ddie^.n tu+? cu~ng va^.y. Nhie^`u ha~ng
no^`i tie^'ng bi. bo'p me'o nha~n hie^.u mo^.t ca'ch tra('ng tro+.n, ma^~u
ma~ nha'i y chang: National tha`nh Nacional, Notional, Nationa; Hitachi
bie^'n ra Hitasi, Hitach; Toshiba hoa' tha`nh Tosiba, Toshita; Sony tha`nh
Soni, Sonny, Suny; Panasonic ddu+o+.c ca?i tha`nh Panasonis, Panasoanic,
Pasonic. Tro` "dda'nh la^.n con dden" na`y dda~ lu+`a ddu+o+.c kho^ng i't
ngu+o+`i ham re?. 

Ngu+o+`i tie^u du`ng tie^`n ma^'t ta^.t mang

Nguy hie^?m nha^'t la` thuo^'c chu+~a be^.nh va` thu+.c pha^?m gia?. Theo
so^' lie^.u chi'nh thu+'c cu?a Bo^. y te^', na(m 1996 dda~ pha't hie^.n
1560 ma^~u thuo^'c kho^ng dda.t ch t lu+o+.ng (1278 ma^~u sa?n xua^'t
trong nu+o+'c, 292 ma^~u cu?a nu+o+'c ngoa`i); 172 ma^~u thuo^'c gia? (106
ma^~u trong nu+o+'c, 66 ma^~u nu+o+'c ngoa`i). Dda^'y la` chi? ti'nh so^'
ma^~u thuo^'c ddu+o+.c kie^?m nghie^.m, co`n so^' kho^ng ddu+o+.c kie^?m
nghie^.m lo+'n ho+n ra^'t nhie^`u va` va^~n ddang tro^i no^`i tre^n thi.
tru+o+`ng. Ha`ng a(n uo^'ng cu~ng dda da.ng... ro+?m. Su+~a dda^.u na`nh
la` mo^.t da^~n chu+'ng. Theo danh sa'ch dda(ng ky' cha^'t lu+o+.ng sa?n
pha^?m ta.i Chi cu.c tie^u chua^?n ddo lu+o+`ng ch t lu+o+.ng Tp. HCM va`
Trung ta^m TCDdLCL khu vu+.c 3, co' 40 ddo+n vi. sa?n xua^'t su+~a dda^.u
na`nh (dde^'n nay chi? co`n 23 ddo+n vi.). Nhie^`u co+ so+? nha'i nhau
ve^` bao bi`, ma`u sa('c. Rie^ng te^n go.i dda~ co' to+'i 4 nha~n dde^`u
mang te^n Sa`i Go`n, 7 nha~n gio^'ng he^.t ve^` ma`u sa('c va` tri`nh
ba`y; 2 nha~n kho^ng ghi nga`y sa?n xua^'t. Theo qui ddi.nh, ha`m lu+o+.ng
protid kho^ng ddu+o+.c du+o+'i 15 g/li't, nhu+ng chi? co' 11/23 ma^~u
kie^?m nghie^.m dda.t ye^u ca^`u. 12 ddo+n vi. kho^ng dda.t vi` pha loa~ng
dde^? thu nhie^`u lo+.i. Ve^` ha`m lu+o+.ng lipid, theo qui ddi.nh kho^ng
ddu+o+.c lo+'n ho+n 2 g/li't, nhu+ng ddo+n vi. tha^'p nha^'t la` 2,1
g/li't va` cao nha^'t la` 13 g/li't. Do ca'c chai su+~a kho^ng ddu+o+.c
ba?o qua?n to^'t (ho+? na('p, vo+~ mie^.ng) ne^n so^' vi khua^?n xa^m
nha^.p tre^n ml la` 24.000 con, trong khi chi? tie^u cho phe'p pha?i nho?
ho+n 100 con. Ai lo+~ uo^'ng, nh t la` tre? em, co' the^? bi. be^.nh
ddu+o+`ng ruo^.t. 

Ti`nh tra.ng bo+m nu+o+'c va`o gia su'c, gia ca^`m dde^? ta(ng tro.ng
lu+o+.ng; u+o+'p ha`n the, pha^?m ma`u, hoa' ch t ddo^.c ha.i nhu+ muo^'i
die^m, ure^... dde^? ta.o ve? tu+o+i to^'t gia?, dda'nh lu+`a ngu+o+`i
mua, dda~ ga^y ha^.u qua? nghie^m tro.ng. Vi' du. o+? p 3, xa~ Bi`nh
Cha'nh, huye^.n Bi`nh Cha'nh Tp.HCM, nga`y 6/10/96 ba('t ddu+o+.c 42 lo+.n
bi. bo+m nu+o+'c. Chi? mo^.t tha'ng sau, la.i ba('t ddu+o+.c 43 con cu~ng
nhu+ va^.y ta.i p 3, xa~ Bi`nh Hu+ng be^n ca.nh. So+? di~ kho' nga(n
cha(.n ddu+o+.c ti`nh tra.ng na`y la` vi` chi'nh quye^`n ca'c c p chu+a
co' ddie^`u khoa?n na`o dde^? xu+? ly' loa.i ha`nh vi ddo'. Thie^'t nghi~,
ngoa`i vie^.c xu+? pha.t ba(`ng tie^`n tha^.t na(.ng, co`n pha?i co'
bie^.n pha'p truy to^' tru+o+'c pha'p lua^.t. Ma(.t kha'c, cu~ng ca^`n co'
bie^.n pha'p xu+? ly' thi.t ke'm pha^?m ch t ta.i cho+.. Chi'nh tu+`
nhu+~ng so+ ho+? na`y, thi.t lo+.n ke'm pha^?m ch t va^~n tu+. do lu+u
tho^ng tre^n thi. tru+o+`ng ca? nu+o+'c, tha^.t su+. ga^y lo nga.i cho
mo.i ngu+o+`i. Su+~a tu+o+i cu~ng co' ti`nh tra.ng tu+o+ng tu+.. Mo^?i
nga`y va('t su+~a bo` 2 la^`n, ngu+o+`i ta dda~ pha the^m va`o su+~a
nguye^n ch t mo^.t lu+o+.ng nu+o+'c m 40 - 50% dde^? su+~a kho^ng bi. hu+.
Nhu+ng lu+o+.ng nu+o+'c na`y kho^ng theo mo^.t ty? le^. mie^~n la` co'
lo+.i. Su+~a ddu+o+.c chuye^?n dde^'n no+i ba'n le?. Ta.i dda^y, la.i
ddu+o+.c pha the^m nu+o+'c, ddu+o+`ng, bo^.t tho+m, bo^.t cho^'ng mo^'c,
ro^`i cho va`o tu? la.nh hoa(.c dde^? ra ngoa`i. Va^.y la` su+~a bi.
loa~ng, nhu+ng nha` ha`ng se~ pha the^m nu+o+'c co^'t du+`a dde^? su+~a
va^~n co' ve? be'o nga^.y, dda'nh lu+`a NTD. 

Tho+`i buo^`i co^ng nghie^.p hoa', thu+.c pha^?m ddo'ng ho^.p, ddo'ng go'i
qua? la` thua^.n tie^.n. Nhu+ng do kho^ng qua?n ly' cha(.t che~ ne^n
thu+.c pha^?m ddo'ng ho^.p o^` a.t tra`n nga^.p thi. tru+o+`ng, trong ddo'
kho^ng i't ddo^` ho^.p qua' ha.n, kho^ng ghi ha.n su+? du.ng, co' hie^.n
tu+o+.ng gi? se't, phu`, tho^'i. Mo+'i dda^y, o+? Tp.HCM dda~ thu giu+~
100.425 ho^.p, trong so^' 120.768 ho^.p thu+.c pha^?m ca'c loa.i dda~
he^'t ha.n su+? du.ng, do co^ng ty XNK Phu' Ye^n nha^.p uy? tha'c cu?a
co^ng ty TNHH Tha`nh Co^ng, ta.i so^' 211 Nguye^~n Tha'i ho.c, Tp. HCM.
Co^ng ty O'Kim Tie^`n qua^.n 5, Tp.HCM dda~ su+?a la.i ha.n du`ng cu?a
5711 ho^.p ca' mo`i va` 431 ho^.p pate^ heo do Trung Quo^'c sa?n xua^'t.
Co^ng ty TNHH my~ pha^?m Dda.i Phu' Sy~ dda~ da`nh 12 t n "qua` bie^'u"
cu+'u tro+. ddo^`ng ba`o bi. lu~ lu.t va` nga`nh gia'o du.c huye^.n Bi`nh
Cha'nh 12 t n ba'nh snack nha^.p kha^?u dda~ he^'t ha.n su+? du.ng, kho^ng
tie^u thu. ddu+o+.c. Theo tho^'ng ke^ chu+a dda^`y ddu?, na(m 1995 ca?
nu+o+'c dda~ co' 1.500 ngu+o+`i bi. ngo^. ddo^.c thu+.c a(n, 19 ngu+o+`i
bi. che^'t. Chi'n tha'ng dda^`u na(m 19996, rie^ng Tp. HCM dda~ co' 256
ngu+o+`i bi. ngo^. ddo^.c ( ta(ng 166 ngu+o+`i so vo+'i na(m 1995). 22.520
tru+o+`ng ho+.p bi. tie^u cha?y do a(n pha?i thu+'c a(n ke'm pha^?m
cha^'t. Con so^' na`y chu+a ti'nh dde^'n ca'c tru+o+`ng ho+.p tu+. chu+~a,
hoa(.c chu+~a o+? be^.nh vie^.n tu+. 

Ba?o ve^. ngu+o+`i tie^u du`ng la` tra'ch nhie^.m toa`n xa~ ho^.i

Hie^.n co' ca'c co+ quan co' chu+'c na(ng gia?i quye^'t quye^`n lo+.i cho
ngu+o+`i tie^u du`ng nhu+ co+ quan tie^u chua^?n, ddo lu+o+`ng ch t
lu+o+.ng, qua?n ly' thi. tru+o+`ng, bo^. pha^.n qua?n ly' ch t lu+o+.ng
ha`ng hoa' cu?a So+? thu+o+ng ma.i, ca?nh sa't kinh te^', toa` kinh te^',
toa` hi`nh su+.. o+? Ha` No^.i va` Tp.HCM co`n co' Va(n pho`ng tie^'p
nha^.n khie^'u na.i cu?a ngu+o+`i tie^u du`ng. Nhu+ng tre^n thu+.c te^'
ra^'t i't tru+o+`ng ho+.p ngu+o+`i tie^u du`ng khie^'u na.i. Ta^m ly'
chung do nga.i khie^'u kie^.n, nga.i cha.y he^'t cu+?a na`y dde^'n cu+?a
kha'c ma` va^~n cha(?ng ddu+o+.c gi`. Thu+.c te^' chi? co' 1/50 ngu+o+`i
mua pha?i ha`ng gia? dda~ khie^'u kie^.n. 

O^ng Ddo^? Gia Phan, Chu? nhie^.m Va(n pho`ng ngu+o+`i tie^u du`ng o+? Ha`
No^.i, cho bie^'t: "Va(n pho`ng sa(~n sa`ng nha^.n ddo+n va` giu'p
ngu+o+`i tie^u du`ng. Nhu+ng do ti'nh cha^'t cu?a mo^.t to^` chu+'c qua^`n
chu'ng, ne^n chu'ng to^i kho^ng the^? dde^` ra bie^.n pha'p gia?i quye^'t.
Chu'ng to^i chi? la`m ca^`u no^'i giu+~a ngu+o+`i tie^u du`ng va` ngu+o+`i
ba'n ha`ng, ngu+o+`i sa?n xua^'t, dde^? ddi to+'i mo^.t su+. thoa?
thua^.n". O^ng cu~ng hy vo.ng se~ co' ddie^`u kie^.n dde^? thu+o+`ng
xuye^n cung c p kie^'n thu+'c, tho^ng tin ca^`n thie^'t ve^` ha`ng hoa',
thi. tru+o+`ng cho ngu+o+`i tie^u du`ng. Ta^'t nhie^n, Va(n pho`ng ca^`n
pha?i ddu+o+.c trang bi. nhu+~ng phu+o+ng tie^.n kie^?m nghie^.m hie^.n
dda.i, co' ddo^. tin ca^y. cao. Song quan tro.ng va` ca^`n ho+n ca? la`
pha?i ddu+a v n dde^` ba?o ve^. quye^`n lo+.i cu?a ngu+o+`i tie^u du`ng
tha`nh mo^.t bo^. lua^.t, pha?i co' mo^.t co+ quan chuye^n mo^n tu+` trung
u+o+ng dde^'n ddi.a phu+o+ng co' dda^`y ddu? chu+'c na(ng va` quye^`n ha.n
kie^?m tra, gia'm sa't va` xu+? ly' li~nh vu+.c na`y.