Re: GS Luo+ng Di`nh Cu?a and his best product

[To Long Thanh <to.6@osu.edu>]

At 11:43 AM 3/7/97 -0600, Aiviet Nguyen wrote:
> Ai bie^'t ve^` ngu+o+`i ke^' nhie^.m O^ng Cu?a: Mr. Bu`i Huy Dda'p?
>Co' pha?i la` second best product hay kho^ng? Cheers, Aiviet.

	Toi chi nho loang thoang la Bac Bui Huy Dap (BHD) la` Vien truong Vien
Khoa hoc KTNN tu lau lam, co le tu da.o 1960 cho den nhung nam 1980 hoac
muon hon vai nam sau nua. Ba'c co hai nguoi con, 1 trai (lon hon toi vai
tuoi) du hoc o Duc va` sau na`y (co le den tan bay gio) lam viec tai Cong
Ty Giong Cay Trong VN, va` 1 con ga'i (thua tuoi toi thi phai) khong ro hoc
va lam gi`. Bac lam o Vien nhung sa'ng den toi ve tai nha` o Ba` Trieu. Hai
nguoi con hoc tren Hanoi va thinh thoang co xuong Vien (Van dien) choi.
	Toi khong nho chinh xac (nguoi nha toi noi chuyen!), chung nhu khoang giua
nhung nam 1980 Bac BHD bi om va liet nua nguoi, roi khoi thi ve nha` nghi?
va lam viec tai nha (nghe dau co chan gi do trong Quoc Hoi), ke nhiem Bac
BHD la GS Dao the Tuan (hien nay van lam nhung thoi dieu ha`nh).
	Toi con nho+' khoang nhung nam 79-80, Bac BHD hay sang Truong DHNN I giang
ve sinh tha'i ho.c (ecology), hoi do' mon nay la` moi vi trong nuoc chu+a
ai noi toi, tha^`y ba` di Lien Xo va Dong Au ve cung chua biet ve ca'i
na`y. Nguoi nghe rat dong!
	Vua roi, co may ba`i ba'o Xuan, lai thay co bai cua Bac BHD, toi hoi chot
da. vi thuc ra nghi la Bac da qua doi, vay ma` Bac van con hoat dong!
	Nho dau ke do vi lau qua' roi, post lai bai cho ai quan tam xem.
	Cheers, Thanh.
----------
	FWD tu VKS

	Lu'a nu+o+'c Vie^.t nam 

         Gia'o su+ Bu`i Huy DDa'p

Trong ba ca^y lu+o+ng thu+.c quan tro.ng nha^'t: lu'a mi`, lu'a nu+o+'c va`
ngo^; lu'a nu+o+'c la` ca^y ddu+o+.c thua^`n ho'a tru+o+'c o+? trung ta^m
DDo^ng - Nam a', cu~ng la` trung ta^m so+'m nha^'t cu?a bo^'n trung ta^m
no^ng nghie^.p dda^`u tie^n tre^n tra'i dda^'t: DDo^ng - Nam a', Trung
DDo^ng, Trung My~ va` ba('c Trung Quo^'c. 

Tha^.t ra, co' hai loa`i lu'a nu+o+'c dda~ ddu+o+.c thua^`n ho'a: lu'a
cha^u a' (oryja sativa) ddu+o+.c thua^`n ho'a so+'m o+? cha^u a' va` lu'a
cha^u Phi (oryja brevigulata) ddu+o+.c thua^`n ho'a muo^.n ho+n nhie^`u.
Lu'a cha^u a' ddu+o+.c tro^`ng pho^? bie^'n tre^n the^' gio+'i hie^.n nay,
ke^? ca? o+? cha^u Phi. Co`n lu'a cha^u Phi chi? ha.n che^' o+? lu.c ddi.a
na`y, tre^n mo^.t die^.n ti'ch nho?. Nghie^n cu+'u nguo^`n go^'c cu?a lu'a
cha^u a' tru+o+'c dda^y, nhie^`u nha` khoa ho.c dda~ cho ddo' la` DDo^ng -
Nam a', ro^`i cu. the^? ho+n la` DDo^ng Du+o+ng, ro^`i dde^'n a^'n DDo^.;
mo^.t so^' ta'c gia? Trung Quo^'c la.i cho la` o+? ddo^`ng ba(`ng Qua?ng
DDo^ng ro^`i ddo^`ng ba(`ng Chie^'t Giang. DDe^'n nay, nhie^`u ta`i lie^.u
kha?o co^? ho.c, di truye^`n
ho.c, thu+.c va^.t ho.c, no^ng ho.c... trong va` ngoa`i nu+o+'c dda~ xa'c
ddi.nh ddi.a ddie^?m thua^`n ho'a lu'a cha^u a' la` mo^.t ve^.t da`i tu+`
cha^n phi'a ddo^ng da~y
Hi-ma-lay-a qua a't-sam, bie^n gio+'i Mi-an-ma - Tha'i-lan, ba('c Vie^.t
Nam. Ca^y
lu'a cha^u a' dda~ ddu+o+.c thua^`n ho'a sau mo^.t so^' loa.i cu? ho. ra'y
(khoai nu+o+'c, khoai so.) va` ba^`u bi' va`o tho+`i dda' giu+~a, tho+`i
va(n ho'a Ho`a Bi`nh. Nha` kha?o co^? ho.c My~ W.Solheim, tu+`ng nghie^n
cu+'u kha?o co^? ho.c DDo^ng - Nam a' go.i ddo' la` "cuo^.c ca'ch ma.ng
no^ng nghie^.p so+'m nha^'t cu?a loa`i ngu+o+`i" (1977). 

Ngu+o+`i vu+o+.n o^-mo^ ha-bi't bie^'t che^' ta.o co^ng cu. ba(`ng dda'
dde~o tho^ so+ dda~ xua^'t hie^.n o+? DDo^ng Phi ca'ch dda^y 2,6 trie^.u
na(m va` dda~ dde^? la.i nhu+~ng di chi? ma` kha?o co^? ho.c dda~ pha't
hie^.n: di chi? O^.n-ddo^-ua^y o+? Tan-da-ni-a vo+'i nie^n dda.i 1,7
trie^.u na(m, di chi? O^.-mo^ o+?  di chi? Ku-bi Pho^-ro^ o+? Ke^-ni-a
vo+'i nie^n dda.i 2,6 trie^.u na(m. Ngu+o+`i tha^.t o^-mo^ xa-pie^n xua^'t
hie^.n muo^.n ho+n nhie^`u, chi? ca'ch dda^y tre^n du+o+'i 4 va.n na(m,
cu~ng so+'m nha^'t o+? DDo^ng-Nam a', va` chi? ba('t dda^`u co' no^ng
nghie^.p va`o tho+`i
va(n ho'a Ho`a Bi`nh. Tie^'n si~ no^ng ho.c (IRRI) so sa'nh, ne^'u ti'nh
tho+`i
gian tu+` lu'c ngu+o+`i vu+o+.n che^' ta.o co^ng cu. xua^'t hie^.n, dde^'n
lu'c ngu+o+`i tha^.t co' no^ng nghie^.p la` 24 gio+`, thi` chi? va`i ba
phu't cuo^'i cu`ng, o^-mo^ xa-pie^n mo+'i tro+? tha`nh no^ng da^n. 

Nhu+ va^.y la` nghe^` tro^`ng lu'a Vie^.t Nam dda~ co' li.ch su+? ra^'t
la^u ddo+`i. No^ng da^n Vie^.t Nam, a^'n DDo^., Tha'i-lan, Mi-an-ma la`
nhu+~ng no^ng da^n tro^`ng lu'a dda^`u tie^n tre^n the^' gio+'i. Manh nha
tu+` tho+`i va(n ho'a Ho`a Bi`nh co`n la` va(n ho'a hang ddo^.ng vo+'i
tri`nh ddo^. "tie^`n no^ng nghie^.p" tho^ so+, dde^'n tho+`i ca'c Vua Hu`ng
ca'ch dda^y ho+n 4000 na(m, nghe^` tro^`ng lu'a Vie^.t Nam dda~ tu+` dda^'t
ba(`ng hay ddo^`i thoa?i phu` sa co^? trung du Ba('c Bo^. tie^'n da^`n
xuo^'ng cha^u tho^? phu` sa mo+'i tha^'p ho+n va` pha't trie^?n vo+'i
nhu+~ng "ru't lui" cu?a bie^?n trong tho+`i ky` ho^-lo^-xen muo^.n, ca'ch
dda^y 2000-4000 na(m va` su+. la^'n to+'i cu?a cha^u tho^? so^ng Ho^`ng
dde^'n bo+` bie^?n nga`y nay. Tu+` vu`ng phu` sa co^? cao xuo^'ng cha^u
tho^? tha^'p ddu+o+.c bo^`i dda('p bo+?i phu` sa so^ng va` phu` sa bie^?n
mo+'i, ngu+o+`i Vie^.t co^? dda~ chinh phu.c cha^u tho^? so^ng Ho^`ng vo+'i
ca^y lu'a nu+o+'c. Nghe^` tro^`ng lu'a a^'y dda~ tha`nh co+ so+? sa?n
xua^'t cu?a ne^`n va(n ho'a DDo^ng So+n dda(.c sa('c vo+'i nhu+~ng tro^'ng
ddo^`ng DDo^ng So+n ra^'t dde.p. Mo^.t phie^n ba?n cu?a tro^'ng ddo^`ng
Ngo.c Lu~ dde.p nha^'t dda~ ddu+o+.c Nha` nu+o'c ta ta(.ng LHQ va`o di.p
ky? nie^.m 50 na(m tha`nh la^.p to^? chu+'c na`y, va` ddang ddu+o+.c tru+ng
ba`y trang tro.ng o+? tru. so+? LHQ o+? Niu Oo'c. Cu`ng vo+'i lu'a nu+o+'c
dda~ hi`nh tha`nh va` pha't trie^?n ne^`n va(n minh no^ng nghie^.p so^ng
Ho^`ng lan to?a ra ca? nu+o+'c, trong suo^'t chie^`u sa^u ha`ng nga`n na(m
li.ch su+? tro+? tha`nh ne^`n va(n minh lu'a nu+o+'c Vie^.t Nam. Ne^`n va(n
ho'a Mai Pha (vu`ng La.ng So+n), pha't hie^.n mo+'i dda^y dda~ ro.i the^m
mo^.t so^' tia sa'ng va`o tho+`i bi`nh minh cu?a dda^'t nu+o+'c. 

Tu+` sau ho^.i nghi. thu+o+.ng ddi?nh the^' gio+'i ve^` mo^i tru+o+`ng o+?
Ri-o^ ddo+ Gia-na^y-ro^, tha'ng 6-1992, va^'n dde^` pha't trie^?n be^`n
vu+~ng no^ng nghie^.p dda~ tro+? tha`nh ye^u ca^`u tru+o+'c ma('t cu?a mo.i
nu+o+'c, nha^'t la` ca'c nu+o+'c ddang pha't trie^?n. To^? chu+'c sinh
tha'i va` mo^i tru+o+`ng the^' gio+'i (WOED) dda~ ddi.nh nghi~a: No^ng
nghie^.p be^`n vu+~ng khai tha'c ta`i nguye^n thie^n nhie^n, nha(`m tho?a
ma~n nhu ca^`u cu?a the^' he^. hie^.n ta.i, ma` kho^ng ga^y a?nh hu+o+?ng
xa^'u cho ca'c the^' he^. mai sau. 

Nhu+ va^.y, nghe^` tro^`ng lu'a Vie^.t Nam co' tri`nh ddo^. be^`n vu+~ng.
La`ng Tu+' Xa~ o+? vu`ng dda^'t to^? Phong Cha^u dda~ co' di chi? cu?a ca?
bo^'n giai ddoa.n pha't trie^?n cu?a va(n ho'a DDo^ng So+n; va(n ho'a
Phu`ng Nguye^n lu'c kho+?i dda^`u, va(n ho'a DDo^`ng DDa^.u khi dda~ hi`nh
tha`nh, va(n ho'a Go` Mun khi pha't trie^?n, va` va(n ho'a DDo^ng So+n khi
cu+.c thi.nh. Ruo^.ng lu'a nu+o+'c o+? la`ng na`y dda~ co' tuo^?i ho+n 4000
na(m, va` o+? la`ng na`y va^~n co`n nhu+~ng tu.c le^. ve^` "ru+o+'c lu'a
kha^u" "le^~ ca^y lu'a" tu+` tho+`i Vua Hu`ng dde^? la.i. Cu~ng nhu+ va^.y
ta`i lie^.u kha?o co^? ho.c, ta`i lie^.u li.ch su+? ve^` mo^.t so^' ddi`nh
la`ng
o+? ddo^`ng ba(`ng so^ng Ho^`ng hoa(.c ddo^`ng ba(`ng ba('c Trung Bo^. cho
bie^'t ruo^.ng lu'a nu+o+'c o+? dda^y dda~ ddu+o+.c khai pha' tu+` ho+n
2000-3000 na(m tru+o+'c. No^ng da^n ta dda~ co' ca^u: 

Co^' co^ng so^'ng ma^'y nghi`n na(m,
DDe^? xem thu+?a ruo^.ng ma^'y tra(m ngu+o+`i ca`y. 

Co' na(ng sua^'t khoa?ng 3-4 ta./ha va`o dda^`u Co^ng nguye^n (ti'nh theo
sa'ch Co^? kim chi' ma` Le^ Quy' DDo^n dda~ tri'ch da^~n trong Va^n dda`i
loa.i ngu+~), ddo^`ng ba(`ng so^ng Ho^`ng chi? cho na(ng sua^'t 13
ta./ha/na(m 1942; sau ddo^?i mo+'i,
na(m 1993, ddo^`ng ba(`ng na`y dda~ dda.t na(ng sua^'t bi`nh qua^n 46,8
ta./ha cho mo^~i vu. lu'a trong na(m. Na(m 1996, ddo^`ng ba(`ng so^ng
Ho^`ng vo+'i vu. lu'a xua^n dda~ dda.t 52,7 ta./ha, va` Tha'i Bi`nh 67
ta./ha. DDu+o+.c khai tha'c ca'ch dda^y
300 na(m, ddo^`ng ba(`ng so^ng Cu+?u Long dde^'n na(m 1945 va^~n cho na(ng
sua^'t 14 ta./ha vo+'i che^' ddo^. lu'a mu`a mo^.t vu.. Na(m 1995 vo+'i
ddo^?i vu., co' lu'a ddo^ng xua^n va` lu'a he` thu, ddo^`ng ba(`ng so^ng
Cu+?u Long dda~ dda.t na(ng sua^'t
bi`nh qua^n 42,5 ta./ha. 

Nghe^` tro^`ng lu'a Vie^.t Nam la^u ddo+`i co' ngay su+'c xua^n mo+'i vo+'i
lu'a xua^n o+? mie^`n ba('c va` lu'a ddo^ng xua^n o+? mie^`n nam, nha^'t
la` o+? ddo^`ng ba(`ng so^ng Cu+?u Long dda~ sa?n xua^'t to+'i 50% sa?n
lu+o+.ng tho'c ca? nu+o+'c. 

Su+'c xua^n cu?a ca'c vu`ng lu'a nu+o+'c ta co`n the^? hie^.n o+? su+.
chuye^?n di.ch co+ ca^'u ca^y tro^`ng, co+ ca^'u sa?n xua^'t. o+? ddo^`ng
ba(`ng, ngu+o+`i ta dda~ pha't trie^?n he^. sinh tha'i no^ng nghie^.p VAC
(vu+o+`n - ao - chuo^`ng). o+? mie^`n ddo^`i nu'i, he^. sinh tha'i no^ng
nghie^.p RVAC (ru+`ng-vu+o+`n-ao-chuo^`ng) dda~ xua^'t hie^.n tha('ng lo+.i
o+? nhie^`u no+i. DDa^y la` nhu+~ng bo^ng hoa xua^n tu+o+i tha('m tre^n
ddo^`ng ruo^.ng tru+o+'c dda^y chi? ddo+n ddie^.u tro^`ng lu'a hay tre^n
ca'c vu`ng ddo^`i nu'i do^'c, dda^'t kho^ ca(`n. Na(m 1996, lu'a co`n
chie^'m 67% to^?ng die^.n ti'ch gieo tro^`ng ca? nu+o+'c. Ty? le^. na`y se~
co`n gia?m vo+'i
su+. pha't trie^?n ca'c loa.i ca^y tro^`ng kha'c, nha^'t la` o+? mie^`n
nu'i, va` chuye^?n di.ch co+ ca^'u ca^y tro^`ng o+? ddo^`ng ba(`ng, trong
qua' tri`nh co^ng nghie^.p ho'a, hie^.n dda.i ho'a no^ng tho^n. Tu+` va(n
minh lu'a nu+o+'c, chu'ng ta se~ chuye^?n sang ne^`n va(n minh co^ng-no^ng
nghie^.p dda canh, toa`n die^.n, ro^`i tu+`ng bu+o+'c to+'i ne^`n va(n minh
co^ng nghie^.p khi su+. nghie^.p co^ng nghie^.p ho'a, hie^.n dda.i ho'a
dda^'t nu+o+'c hoa`n tha`nh vo+'i vie^.c va^.n du.ng
tho^ng minh nhu+~ng tha`nh tu+.u mo+'i cu?a no^ng ho.c va` co^ng nghie^.p
sinh ho.c. 

Xua^n na`y, xua^n dda^`u tie^n sau DDa.i ho^.i VIII, mo+? dda^`u giai
ddoa.n pha't trie^?n mo+'i cu?a nghe^` tro^`ng lu'a nu+o+'c ta, ddang hu+'a
he.n nhu+~ng tha('ng lo+.i mo+'i.