hi all, assume: negative integer is represented in digital computer as 2 complement and assume 4 bits computer so -3 looks like: 1101 and 1101 = 13 as a positive number (forget the sign bit) 13 = 16 - 3 so in general if we have n-bits computer, a negative integer number b in 2 complement is 2**n + b (in postive representation). the above statement is intuitively true. Comment anyone ???. PDP