[lit] Haiku, the^' gio+'i cu?a n~ ta^m ho^`n ca?m tho^ng

[AnHai Doan <anhai@cs.washington.edu>]

>From VHNT:
                
       HAIKU, THE^' GIO+'I CU?A NHU+~NG TA^M HO^`N CA?M THO^NG
              
                                  "The rest is silence."        
				  Hamlet _ Shakespeare     	 
 

     Khai pha' ve^` ne^`n va(n ho'a phu+o+ng DDo^ng no'i chung, hay ne^`n
va(n ho.c Nha^.t ba?n no'i rie^ng, se~ la` mo^.t thie^'u so't ne^'u kho^ng
no'i ve^` the^? loa.i tho+ Haiku. Haiku la` mo^.t da.ng ddoa?n tho+ cua?
ngu+o+`i Nha^.t mang ti'nh a^? n du. va` nhu+~ng phe'p so sa'nh du`ng
dde^? die^~n dda.t mo^.t gia^y phu't no^.i ta.i na`o dd'o trong ta^m
ho^`n. No' tha^.t nga('n. No'i theo ca'ch no'i cu?a ngu+o+`i Nha^.t la`
nga('n nha^'t the^' gio+'i. Mo^.t ba`i tho+ Haiku chi? go^`m ba do`ng, ch
u+'a ddu+.ng nhu+~ng a^m tie^'t nha^'t ddi.nh, thu+o+`ng khoa?ng 17 hoa(.c
19 a^m tie^'t (Nha^.t ngu+~). 

		Trong chie^'c le^`u co? mu`a xua^n
		Kho^ng co' gi` ,
         	La` ta^'t ca?  .
			      Yamacuchi Sodo	

       Ca'i ma lu+.c cu?a nhu+~ng ba`i tho+ Haiku co' le~ na(`m o+? hai
ddie^`u co+ ba?n, ddo' la` su+. phu. thuo^.c va`o na(ng lu+.c nha^.n
thu+'c cu?a ngu+o+`i ddo.c, mang ho. dde^'n ga^`n ho+n nhu+~ng thu+.c ta.i
hie^?n nhie^n, ddo+n gia?n; va ` ca'i kha? na(ng pha't trie^?n y' tu+o+?ng
cu?a ho. khi ddo.c va` suy ga^~m. DDo' la` nhu+~ng dda(.c ti'nh ma` Haiku
la` da.ng tho+ ke'n cho.nngu+o+`i ddo.c, bo+?i no' ddo`i ho?i ngu+o+`i
ddo.c mo^.t na(ng lu+.c ta^.p trung y' tu+o+?ng cu`ng vo+'i chu't i't
kha'i nie^.m ve^` thie^`n. 

	Haiku ddu+o+.m nhie^`u nhu+~ng tu+ tu+o+?ng va` trie^'t ly' nha`
Pha^.t, ve^` Nha^n qua? ,Lua^n ho^`i va` ca'i be^? kho^? cu?a do`ng ddo+`i
ma` sinh, la~o, be^.nh,tu+? la` nhu+~ng ma('t xi'ch vo^ cu`ng ta^.n. Va`
ca? Kho^?ng gia'o va` La~o gia'o cu~ng ddo'ng mo^.t vai tro` quan tro.ng
trong tu+ tu+o+?ng cu?a Haiku. Ke^'t ho+.p tu+` nhu+~ng a?nh hu+o+?ng
tre^n dda~ mang la.i cho Haiku mo^.t di. bie^.t va(n ho'a tha^.t dda(.c
sa('c. Chu'ng dda~ khai sa'ng nhu+~ng tu+ tu+o+?ng cu?a Basho, Issa,
Buson, Shiki- Tu+' DDa.i Su+ cu?a Haiku Nha^.t ba?n- cu~ng nhu+ cu?a
nhu+~ng nha` tho+ Haiku kha'c. Thu+? ddo.c mo^.t ba`i tho+ Haiku ba^'t hu?
cu?a Matsue Basho, mo^.t thie^`n su+ va` la` mo^.t te^n tuo^?i vi~ dda.i
cu?a va(n ho.c Nha^.t ba?n: 

		        Ca'i ao xu+a cu~
	                Con e^'ch nha~y va`o,
		        Nghe vang ma(.t nu+o+'c 
                                    Matsue Basho

	Basho ddang die^~n dda.t mo^.t khoa?nh kha('c cu?a su+. tie^'p
die^.n vo+'i thu+.c ta.i. Da^~u cho o^ng cha(?ng he^` tha^'y con e^'ch,
khi nghe tie^'ng ddo^.ng cu?a no' nha~y va`o ma(.t ho^` ti~nh la(.ng, ca?
mo^.t vu`ng du+ a^m cu?a vu~ tru.  vo.ng ve^` vo+'i o^ng. Toa`n bo^. ca'i
y' nghi~a cu?a su+.to^`n ta.i na(`m o+? dda^y. Ca'i a^m thanh nha^'t
tho+`i dda~ khua^'y ddo^.ng mo^.t su+. im la(.ng vi~nh ha(`ng. Mo^.t
tie^'ng ddo^.ng na`o ddo' co'the^? la`mda^'y trong ta^m thu+'c ta bao
ddie^` u. Basho dda~ die^~n dda.t mo^.t su+.  pha?n u+'ng dda^`y y' nghi~a
dde^'n thu+.c ta.i bo+?i ca'i khoa?nh kha('c ma` o^ng dda~ ho'a tha^n vo+i
ca'i ddie^`u o^ng nghe va` tru+.c ca?m ddu+o+.c ca'i ba?n cha^'t va` y'
nghi~a cu?a no'. 

	Haiku xa~y ra tha^.t ddo+n gia?n nhu+ va^.y , o+? mo.i no+i, mo.i
lu'c khi con ngu+o+`i ddo^'i die^.n vo+'i vu~ tru. ba(`ng tri thu+'c va`
ba(`ng chi'nh nhu+~ng tra.ng tha'i xu'c ca~m cu?a ho. vo+'i no'. Ho+n
nu+~a , Haiku kho^ng chi? cho ta ca' i khoa?nh kha('c ca?m nghie^.m rie^ng
cu?a ta'c gi?a, ma` co`n tie^'p tu.c pha't trie^?n cho ta nhu+~ng phu't
gia^y cu?a chi'nh mi`nh.  DDie^?m chi'nh cu?a Haiku la` nhu+~ng da^~n
da('t su+. vie^.c, hie^.n tu+o+.ng xa~y ra vo+'i mi`nh dde^? san xe? vo+
'i ngu+o+`i kha'c. Mo^.t ca'ch dde^~ truye^`n ta?i ca'i the^' gio+'i quan
va` nha^n sinh quan cu?a mi`nh dde^'n ngu+o+`i kha'c.Co' le~ vi` va^.y ma`
no' lan ro^.ng dde^'n ca? Ta^y phu+o+ng vo+'i nhu+~ng tra`o lu+u tho+
Haiku trong va`i tha^. p nie^n ga^`n dda^y. Haiku dda~ to^`n ta.i o+?
Nha^.t tu+` nhie^`u the^' ky? nay va` va^~n tie^'p tu.c pha't trie^?n o+?
dda^y, cu~ng nhu+ tre^n toa`n the^' gio+'i. 

		Giu+~a ca'nh ddo^`ng
         	Ta nghe tie^'ng tha^`m thi`
         	Nhu+~ng bo^ng tuye^'t, bo^ng tuye^'t
		             	  Richard Wright

      Nghe^. thua^.t thu+o+`ng vu+o+.t qua nhu+~ng co^.t mo^'c bie^n
gio+'i. Khi mo.i ngu+o+`i, da^~u cu`ng trong mo^.t xa~ ho^.i hay nhu+~ng
xa~ ho^.i kha'c nhau , bie^'t chia xe~ mo^.t su+. vie^.c hay hie^.n
tu+o+.ng mang mo^.t y' nghi~a na`o ddo ' trong cuo^.c so^'ng cu?a ho.,
tu+'c la` ho. tie^'n to+'i su+.  ca?m nha^.n ve^` ngu+o+`i kha'c to^'t
ho+n.  Co' the^? ddo' la` Haiku, bo+?i mo^.t ne't dda(.c tru+ng khie^m
nhu+o+`ng na`o ddo', no' se~ giu'p chu'ng ta ddive^` mo^.t the^' gio+'i
vo+'i nhu+~ng ta^m ho^`n ca?m tho^ng nhau ho+n, ba^'t ke^? ta^`ng lo+'p
hay da^n to^.c na`o. 

				DDINH YE^N THA?O