[Va(n ho'a] TRIE^'T LY' LA(NG TA^?M HUE^'

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TRIE^'T LY' LA(NG TA^?M HUE^'

Ca'ch dda^u ga^`n 80 na(m, mo^.t ngu+o+`i phu+o+ng ta^y la` Eberhard
dda~ vie^'t :

"Hue^' la` mo^.t trung ta^m du li.ch ha^'p da^~n, no+i co' Kinh tha`nh,
Hoa`ng tha`nh va` la(ng ta^?m, co' su+'c cuo^'n hu't su+. chu' y' dda(.c
bie^.t cu?a du kha'c va`  ca'c nha` my~ thua^.t. Chi? rie^ng la(ng ta^?m
cu?a ca'c nha` vu Nguye^~n kho^ng tho^i cu~ng ddu? gia' tri. ddo^'i
vo+'i cuo^.c du li.ch ro^`i, theo y'  chung, la(ng ta^?m Hue^' dde.p
ho+n la(ng ta^?m cu?a ca'c nha` vua Minh o+? Trung Quo^'c"

Ma~i dde^'n nga`y nay, y' kie^'n chung cu?a nhu+~ng nha` la`m co^ng ta'c
va(n hoa' nghe^. thua^.t trong nu+o+'c va` tre^n the^' gio+'i mo+'i
kha(?ng ddi.nh ra(`ng la(ng ta^?m Hue^' la` mo^.t tha`nh tu+.u ru+.c
ro+~ nha^'t cu?a ne^`n kie^'n tru'c co^? Vie^.t Nam.

Trie^`u Nguye^~n (1802-1945) co' dde^'n 13 vua, nhu+ng  vi` nhu+~ng ly'
do li.ch su+? phu+'c ta.p khac nhau ne^n hie^.n nay Hue^' chi? co' 7 khu
la(ng ta^?m. DDo' la` ca'c la(ng Gia Long, Minh Ma.ng, Thie^.u Tri.,
Du.c DDu+'c (o+? dda^y co`n co' hai vua Tha`nh Tha'i va` Duy Ta^n), Tu+.
DDu+'c, DDo^`ng Kha'nh va` Kha?i DDi.nh. Theo y' ddo^` quy hoa.ch kie^'n
tru'c kinh ddo^ nha` Nguye^~n va`o dda^`u the^' ky? XIX, 7 khu la(ng
a^'y na(`m trong mo^.t vu`ng kha' rie^ng bie^.t o+? phi'a Ta^y Hue^',
nhi`n tu+` vi. tri' Trung u+o+ng cu?a Co^' ddo^. Nhie^`u the^? hie^.n di
ti'ch ta.i cho^? cho tha^'y vua la` dda^'ng chi' to^n ddu+o+.c bie^?u
tru+ng ba(`ng ma(.t tro+`i cao ca?. Va` hi`nh a?nh ma(.t tro+`i la(.ng
la` bie^?u thi. kha'i nie^.m vua ba(ng ha`. Khi dda~ ba(ng ha` , vua
cu`ng ma(.t tro+`i ddi ve^` phi'a ta^y dde^? an gia^'c nga`n thu no+i
nu'i ddo^`i ti~nh mi.ch. o+? go'c tro+`i ye^n a? ddo' co' do`ng so^ng 
Hu+o+ng e^m dde^`m cha?y qua.

Theo quan nie^.m "tu+'c vi. tri. la(ng", pha^`n lo+'n ca'c la(ng ta^?m
ddie^`u ddu+o+.c xa^y du+.ng khi nha` vua co`n o+? tre^n ngai va`ng.
Ha^`u he^'t nha^n lu+.c, va^.t lu+.c cu?a Nha` nu+o+'c va` na(ng lu+.c
cu?a chi'nh nha` vua nu+~a dde^`u ddu+o+.c ddo^? ra trong nhie^`u na(m
dde^? thu+.c hie^.n. Chu? dde^` tu+ tu+o+?ng nghe^. thua^.t do nha` vua
ddu+a ra, ddo^` a'n kie^'n tru'c do vua duye^.t kha'n va` chi'nh nha`
vua cu~ng thu+o+`ng ddi gia'm sa't thi co^ng.

Kie^'n tru'c co^? Vie^.t nam no'i chung la` kie^'n tru'c phong ca?nh,
co`n go.i la` kie^'n tru'c ca?nh va^.t hoa'. Nghe^. thua^.t kie^'n tru'c
na`y dda.t dde^'n ddi?nh cao o+? la(ng ta^?m Hue^'. Va`o tha(m la(ng
ta^?m Hue^', ngu+o+`i ta co' ca?m gia'c nhu+ ddi cho+i o+? co^ng vie^n
my~ le^. giu+~a cho^'n nu'i ru+`ng bao la, o+? ddo' co' the^? nghe
tha^'y ddu+o+.c chim ho't, hoa no+?, suo^'i cha?y, tho^ng reo.

Nhu+ng tre^n dda^y chi? mo+'i la` mo^.t ma(.t cu?a va^'n dde^`. Muo^'n
ly' gia?i dde^? bie^'t ta.i sao la.i co' ddu+o+.c nghe^. thua^.t ta.o
hi`nh ta.o ca?nh nhu+ va^.y o+? la(ng ta^?m ca'c vua Nguye^~n, thie^'t
tu+o+?ng chu'ng ta pha?i ti`m hie^?u ve^` quan nie^.m ve^` su+. so^'ng
va` ca'i che^'t, nghi~a la` trie^'t ly' sa^u sa('c ve^` cuo^.c ddo+`i
a^?n ta`ng dda(`ng sau nhu+~ng gi` tha^'y ddu+o+.c khi ho. na(`m
xuo^'ng. o+? dda^y ngoa`i nhu+~ng hi`nh tu+o+.ng cu. the^? ma` mo.i
ngu+o+`i thu+o+?ng thu+'c ddu+o+.c ba(`ng tru+.c gia'c co`n co' nhu+~ng
ca'i tru+`u tu+o+.ng va` sie^u nhie^n ca^`n pha?i va^.n du.ng dde^'n tu+
duy mo+'i co' the^? nha^.n thu+'c va` ca?m thu.. DDo' la` tu+ tu+o+?ng
xua^'t pha't tu+` nha^n sinh quan cu?a mo^.t tho+`i ky` li.ch su+?.
Chu'ng ta pha?i dda(.t la(ng ta^?m Hue^' va`o trong bo^'i ca?nhli.ch
su+? tu+ tu+o+?ng ca'c the^' ky? tru+o+'c cu?a gio+'i tri' thu+'c no'i
chung va` ca'c vua Nguye^~n no'i rie^ng.

Theo quan nie^.m duy ta^m, ho. cho ra(`ng che^'t chu+a pha?i la` he^'t.
Cho ne^n la(ng ta^?m Hue^' kho^ng pha?i chi? la` cho^'n mo^. ddi.a u
buo^`n. Bo^' cu.a ma(.t ba(`ng la(ng ta^?m na`o cu~ng chia la`m hai
pha^`n chi'nh : pha^`n la(ng va` pha^`n ta^?m. Khu vu+.c la(ng la` khu
cho^n thi ha`i nha` vua. Khu vu+.c ta^?m la` cho^~ xa^y nhie^`u mie^'u
ddie^.n, la^`u, ga'c, ddi`nh, ta. dde^? lu'c co`n so^'ng nha` vua thi?nh
thoa?ng ro+`i Hoa`ng cung le^n dda^y tie^u khie^?n. Co' the^? xem khu
vu+.c ta^?m la` Hoa`ng cung thu+' hai cu?a o^ng vua ddang ta.i vi.. sau
khi nha` vua ba(ng ha`, ta^'t ca? ca'c co^ng tri`nh kie^'n tru'c trong
khu vu+.c ta^?m va^~n ba?o lu+u y nguye^ndde^? tho+` phu.ng dda^'ng
qua^n vu+o+ng. Xem nhu+ vua va^~n co`n so^'ng, dda'm phi ta^`ng cung
nu+~ trong Hoa`ng cung cu~ng pha?i le^n dda^y a(n o+? dde^? kho'i
hu+o+ng tho+` phu.ng cho dde^'n tro.n kie^'p ngu+o+`i. Ho. pha?i "su+.
tu+? nhu+ su+. sinh, su+. vong nhu+ su+. to^`n" vo+'i ta^'t ca? nhu+~ng
y' nghi~a cu?a gia'o ddie^`u na`y vo+'i lo`ng trung tha`nh, su+. chung
thu?y cu?a ho. ddo^'i vo+'i vi. "Tie^n dde^'" vu+`a ve^` the^' gio+'i
be^n kia. Nhu+ va^.y sau khi nha` vua ba(ng ha`, la(ng ta^?m mo+'i tro+?
tha`nh co~i so^'ng cu?a ngu+o+`i dda~ che^'t.

Nha^n to^' chi pho^'i co^ng vie^.c pha^n chia ra hai khu vu+.c trong quy
hoa.ch ma(.t ba(`ng la(ng ta^?m Hue^' va` ta.o ra phong ca'ch kie^'n
tru'c gia`u ti'nh nghe^. thua^.t dda~ xua^'t pha't tu+` quan nie^.m
"sinh ky' tu+? quy" (so^'ng gu+?i tha'c ve^`) cu?a con ngu+o+`i thu+o+?
a^'y. Co^? nha^n cho ra(`ng cuo^.c so^'ng tre^n co~i tra^`n ai chi? la`
ca'i ta.m bo+., du` tho. ddu+o+.c tra(m na(m cu~ng cho'ng qua nhu+
gia^'c mo^.ng, va.n hu+~u dde^`u vo^ thu+o+`ng, na(ng thay ddo^?i hi`nh
tra.ng nhu+ dda'm phu` va^n. 

Kie^'n tru'c la(ng ta^?m Hue^' co' ngo^n ngu+~ rie^ng bie^.t va` y'
nghi~a sa^u xa cu?a no'. Co' tha^'u hie^?u thi` mo+'i gia?i thi'ch
ddu+o+.c ta.i sao o+? cho^'n a^m pha^`n la.i co' ca? he^. tho^'ng cung
ddie^.n dde^? a(n cho+'i hu+o+?ng thu., co' ca? nha` ha't dde^?
thu+o+?ng thu+'c nghe^. thua^.t sa^n kha^'u va` sa('c dde.p gia nha^n,
mo+'i ly' gia?i ddu+o+.c ta.i sao mo^.t pha^`n no^.i tha^'t cung Thie^n
DDi.nh o+? la(ng Kha?i DDi.nh gio^'ng nhu+ mo^.t vie^.n ba?o ta`ng my~
thua^.t.

Kie^'n tru'c la(ng ta^?m Hue^' co`n cho tha^`y mo^.t tha'i ddo^. thanh
tha?n kho^ng ngoan ddo^'i vo+'i ca'i che^'t ta^'t nhie^n pha?i dde^'n
vo+'i ddo+`i ngu+o+`i. La(ng va` ta^?m co' no+i chi? ga^`n nhau gang
ta^'t. Ca'c vua dde^'n cho+i trong khu vu+.c ta^?m, nhi`n qua ca'i
huye^.t dda`o sa(~n o+? khu vu+.c la(ng ma` cha(?ng he^` co' chu't ba(n
khoa(n lo so+., ngu+o+.c la.i ho. va^~n so^'ng ung dung tu+. ta.i.
Tha^'u hie^?u quy lua^.t tu+. nhie^n cu?a ddo+`i ngu+o+`i, vui ve?
tru+o+'c ca'i che^'t va` sa(~n sa`ng cho+` cho tu+` tha^`n dde^'n ddu+a
ho. ve^` the^' gio+'i be^n kia. Vi` ddo' la` ngo^i nha` vi~ng cu+~u,
no+i an gia^'c nga`n thu, co~i tru+o+`ng sinh ba^'t die^.t. 

To'm la.i, nho+` co' chu? dde^` tu+ tu+o+?ng ba('t nguo^`n tu+` nha^n
sinh quan to^?ng ho+.p cu?a ca'c do`ng trie^'t ho.c DDo^ng phu+o+ng va`
nho+` ta`i na(ng nghe^. thua^.t tuye^.t die^.u cu?a ca'c nha` kie^'n
tru'c Vie^.t nam ddu+o+ng tho+`i, la(ng ta^?m Hue^' dda~ tro+? tha`nh
nhu+~ng ddoa' hoa nghe^. thua^.t dda^`y hu+o+ng sa('c no+? ra giu+~a
cho^'n ddo^`i nu'i xu+' Hue^' va` mang phong ca'ch rie^ng bie^.t ddo^.c
dda'o so vo+'i ca'c loa.i hi`nh kie^'n tru'c mo^. ta'ng tre^n hoa`n
ca^`u.