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Tri' thu+'c la` gi` ?
Hi,
Tha^'y mo.i ngu+o+`i no'i ve^` tri' thu+'c, to^i xin post mo^.t
ddoa.n trong "Tha^n pha^.n tri' thu+'c" cu?a Vu~ Ta`i Lu.c dde^?
go+.i mo+? nhu+~ng ddie^?m nhi`n tham chie^'u ve^` kha'i nie^.m
tri' thu+'c. Co' pha?i cu+' co' ba(`ng Ph.D., Master etc. la` co'
the^? vo^~ ngu+.c xu+ng danh "tri' thu+'c" ? Tha^.t la` a'c mo^.ng
khi tha^'y loa.i Ta^`n Co^'i mo+ co' nga`y ddu+o+.c go.i la` "tri'
thu+'c".
Cheers,
Tran Minh Tien
************************************************************************
Nguo^`n go^'c cu?a danh tu+`
Pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c la` tru+.c nghi~a di.ch tu+` chu+~ Intellectuel
cu?a Pha'p. Tra tu+. ddie^?n dde^? ti`m lo+`i gia?i cu?a chu+~ ddo' chi?
tha^'y ghi va('n ta('t: pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c la` ngu+o+`i hoa(.c vi`
thi. ha?o hoa(.c vi` nghe^` nghie^.p quan ta^m dde^'n nhu+~ng co^ng vie^.c
tinh tha^`n. (Personne qui s'occupe par gout ou par profession des choses
de l'esprit). Theo Ho^` Thu Nguye^n vie^'t trong ta^.p Trung-Quo^'c Co^?
DDa.i Tri' Thu+'c thi` pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c la` nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i hie^?u
tru+o+'c, bie^'t tru+o+'c (tie^n tri tie^n gia'c) ro^`i ddem su+. hie^?u
bie^'t ho.c ho?i cu?a mi`nh co^'ng hie^'n cho tie^'n bo^. nha^n loa.i, xa~
ho^.i da^n to^.c. No'i chung ngu+o+`i sa'ng ta.o tu+ tu+o+?ng ky~ thua^.t,
tri' thu+'c go.i la` pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c.
Co^? xu+a Hy La.p du`ng danh tu+` tri' gia? (sophist) hay a'i tri'
gia? (philosopher). Ngu+o+`i La Ma~ du`ng danh tu+` va(n si~ (ideologue).
O+? Trung Quo^'c co' nhie^`u danh tu+` kha'c nhau dde^? chi? pha^`n tu+?
tri' thu+'c: Nho, Si, Tha'nh Hie^`n, Va(n nha^n, Ho.c si~ ro^`i go^.p
chung la.i du+o+'i danh tu+` Ngu+o+`i DDo.c Sa'ch (ddo^.c thu+ nha^n).
Ngu+o+`i tri' thu+'c ra^'t kho' co' mo^.t hi`nh da.ng ro~ re^.t, ne^'u
ba?o nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i co' ba(`ng ca^'p la` tri' thu+'c thi` nhu+~ng
ngu+o+`i tu+. ho.c (autodidacte) thi` sao ? Va? la.i ca'c ba^.c Tha^`y
cu?a nhie^`u thuye^'t lo+'n xu+a nay dda so^' cha(?ng co' ba(`ng ca^'p chi
he^'t. Cu~ng kho^ng the^? ba?o nha^'t ddi.nh mo^.t o^ng gia'o su+ dda.i
ho.c tri' thu+'c ho+n o^ng gia'o su+ trung ho.c v.v...
Hi`nh da.ng ngu+o+`i tri' thu+'c la.i ca`ng kho^ng ro~ re^.t khi
ngu+o+`i ta muo^'n ti`m no' thuo^.c giai ca^'p na`o ? Mu+'c so^'ng ra sao?
Thu+o+`ng la`m nghe^` nghie^.p gi` ? Be^n Pha'p cha(?ng ha.n dda so^'
cha^'p nha^.n pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c quy tu. va`o hai loa.i hi`nh (type):
a- Tri' thu+'c gia'o du.c (intellectuel enseignant)
b- Tri' thu+'c vie^'t va(n (intellectuel ecrivant)
Nhu+ng va^~n co' mo^.t so^' ngu+o+`i kho^ng chi.u, va` cho ra(`ng
nhu+~ng ba'c si~, ky~ su+ la`m nghe^` chuye^n mo^n cu?a mi`nh va^~n co'
the^? la` mo^.t pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c chu+'. Ta.i ca'c nu+o+'c cha^.m
tie^'n tu`y theo tri`nh ddo^. co' no+i vo+'i su+'c ho.c bo^? tu'c dda~
ddu+o+.c ki'nh tro.ng to^n xu+ng la` pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c ro^`i.
Ca^u ho?i ai ddu+o+.c la`m pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c la` ca^u ho?i
kha' phu+'c ta.p dda~ la`m ru+'c dda^`u ca'c su+? gia va` ca'c nha` xa~
ho^.i ho.c kho^ng i't, ru't cu.c dde^'n ba^y gio+` ho. va^~n pha`n na`n
chu+a ti`m ddu+o+.c mo^.t thu+.c the^? cho tri' thu+'c (substantifier).
Nhu+ng ve^` ddo+`i so^'ng cu?a ngu+o+`i tri' thu+'c thi` ro~ re^.t
no' lie^n quan ra^'t nhie^`u dde^'n chi'nh tri. . Ta.i A^u Cha^u no' ra
ddo+`i bo+?i mo^.t vu. chi'nh tri. so^i no^?i. Ca'c nha` va(n Emile Zola,
Anatole France, Halevy, Buinot, Leon Blum v.v... ky' chung ba?n kha'ng
nghi. ddo^'i vo+'i vu. su+? oan dda.i u'y Dreyfuss. Thu? tu+o+'ng
Clemenceau dda~ go.i kha'ng nghi. na`y la` Tuye^n Ngo^n Cu?a Tri' Thu+'c
(Manifestation Des Intellectuels). Tu+` ddo' chu+~ intellectuel ddu+o+.c
mo.i ngu+o+`i thu+o+?ng thu+'c, no' ddu+o+.c ke^? nhu+ mo^.t danh tu+`
mo+'i me? vi` danh tu+` na`y kho^ng he^` tha^'y ghi trong tu+. ddie^?n
Larousse in na(m 1866 - 78 hay cuo^'n dda.i ba'ch khoa in na(m 1885 -
1902, ngu+o+`i ta chi? tha^'y chu+~ intellectuatisme ghi trong cuo^'n
Vocabulaire Philosophigue cu?a Lalande ma` tho^i. Nhu+ va^.y la` chu+~
pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c khai sinh ba(`ng mo^.t tha'i ddo^. chi'nh tri. .
Edgar Morin dda~ nghi~ ra^'t ddu'ng khi vie^'t ca^u na`y:
"Nha` va(n vie^'t ve^` cuo^'n tie^?u thuye^'t la` nha` va(n, nhu+ng
khi o^ng ta no'i ve^` nhu+~ng tra ta^'n ddau kho^? o+? Algerie thi` o^ng
ta la` mo^.t ngu+o+`i tri' thu+'c.
(L'ecrivain qui ecrit un roman est ecrivain, mais s'il parle de la
torture en Algerie, il est intellectuel)
Phu+o+ng Ta^y nhu+ the^', phu+o+ng DDo^ng cu~ng va^.y, theo ta^m ly'
co^? truye^`n cu?a ngu+o+`i Trung Quo^'c thi` nhu+~ng danh tu+` co' chu+'a
ti'nh ca'ch ve^` tri' thu+'c thu+o+`ng da`nh cho nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i co' su+.
nghie^.p to^'t. Ti? du. go.i vua Nghie^u, vua Thua^'n la` Tha'nh Vu+o+ng,
go.i ca'c Te^? Tu+o+'ng Qua?n Tro.ng , Lu+u Ba' O^n, Ngu.y Tru+ng v.v...
la` Hie^`n.
Ta^'t nhie^n Nghie^u, Thua^'n, Qua?n Tro.ng, Lu+u Ba' O^n, Ngu.y
Tru+ng la` nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i ho.c va^'n ca? thi` kho^ng no'i la`m chi.
DDe^'n nhu+ Trie^.u Pho^? suo^'t ddo+`i chu+a ddo.c he^'t quye^?n sa'ch
ru+o+~i cu~ng ddu+o+.c go.i la` Hie^`n trong khi Tra^`n Ha^.u Chu?, Tha.ch
Ki'nh DDu+o+`ng, Ta^`n Co^'i dde^`u la` ca'c tay ho.c va^'n cu+. pha'ch
ma` ngu+o+`i ddo+`i sau chi? nha('c dde^'n vo+'i y' nie^.m ghe't bo? ho^n
qua^n, gian tha^`n Ha'n gian. Co`n ca'c ba^.c va.n the^' su+ nhu+ Kho^?ng
Tu+?, Ma.nh Tu+?, La~o Tu+?, DDo^~ Phu?, Ly' Ba.ch DDa`o Uye^n Minh v.v...
thi` tre^n du+o+'i mo^.t lo`ng ye^u ki'nh.
Tu+` la^u ngu+o+`i phu+o+ng DDo^ng ye^u ki'nh pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c
o+? su+' ma.ng ky~ su+ ta^m ho^`n, kie^'n tru'c su+ lich su+? va` gio^`ng
ca^'y va(n ho'a, nghi~a la` nhu+~ng pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c co' lie^n quan
dde^'n chi'nh tri. .
[......]
To^ DDo^ng Pha nhie^`u la^`n bi. gia'ng chu+'c va` bi. lu+u dda^`y
vi` cho^'ng kho^ng la.i vo+'i ta^.p ddoa`n chi'nh tri. Vu+o+ng An Tha.ch,
o^ng cha'n chu+o+`ng vo+'i tha^n pha^.n tri' thu+'c ba(`ng ba`i tho+ sau
dda^y:
Nha^n gia du+o+~ng tu+? ye^u tho^ng minh.
Nga~ bi tho^ng minh ngo^. nha^'t sinh.
DDa?n nguye^.n sinh nhi ngu tha? lo^~\.
Vo^ tai vo^ na.n dda'o co^ng khanh.
Nghi~a la`:
Ngu+o+`i ta nuo^i con, mong con tho^ng minh.
Nhu+ ta dda^y thi` tho^ng minh chi'nh la` mo^.t ddie^`u la^`m to
cho ddo+`i ta\.
Ta chi? mong sinh ra ddu+'a con vu+`a ngu vu+`a lo^~ ma~ng.
Nhu+ va^.p no' va^~n co' the^? la`m quan to ma` kho^ng bi. tai
na.n kho^'n kho^?\.
Su+' ma.ng cu?a tri' thu+'c la` ddi ti`m cha^n ly' va` phe^ pha'n
(L'intellectuel a mission de chercher la ve'rite' et de juger). Chi'nh
vi` pha?i thu+.c hie^.n su+' ma.ng na`y ma` pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c bi.
ba.c dda~i va` ddo^? sa't.
Chi'nh vi` mang su+' ma.ng na`y ma` pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c dda~
ba('t vo+'i mo^.t loa.i tho'i quen la` thu+o+`ng xuye^n ddo^'i la^.p.
[.....]
Sa'ch Trang Tu+? che'p:
Co' ngu+o+`i te^n la` Chu Bi`nh Man chi' lo+'n la('m muo^'n ho.c
ddie^`u gi` kha'c thie^n ha., ti`m kie^'m ma^'y na(m mo+'i ti`m ra o^ng
tha^`y te^n la` Chi Ly I'ch ra^'t gio?i ve^` khoa gie^'t ro^`ng. Chu Bi`nh
Man mu+`ng qua', dde^'n ba'i to^n la`m to^n su+\.
Chi Ly I'ch ddem ta^'t ca? bi' quye^'t gie^'t ro^`ng da^.y Chu
Bi`nh Man. Ngu+o+`i ho. Chu cu~ng cu+.c cha(m chi? ho.c, o^ng ba'n he^'t
gia nghie^.p quye^'t tha`nh ta`i cha(?ng nga.i to^?n phi'\.
Tha`nh ta`i ro^`i, ga(.p ai ho. Chu cu~ng no'i ve^` ca'ch gie^'t
ro^`ng, mo^? ro^`ng, ca('t tie^'t, mo'c ma('t lo.c xu+o+ng ro^`ng the^'
na`o\. Kho^'n no^~i chu+a ai tro^ng tha^'y ro^`ng bao gio+` ne^n mo.i
ngu+o+`i chi? cu+o+`i\. Chu Bi`nh Man va^~n hu+'a he.n se~ co' mo^.t nga`y
gie^'t ro^`ng cho ba` con xem dde^? ma` kha^m phu.c tuye^.t ky~ duy nha^'t
tre^n ddo+`i\. Nhu+ng nga`y ddo' cha(?ng bao gio+` to+'i vo+'i ngu+o+`i
ho. Chu\.
DDa so^' pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c cu~ng chi.u tha^n pha^.n gie^'t
ro^`ng cu?a Chu Bi`nh Man ma` o^m ta`i na(ng la.c lo~ng bo+ vo+ giu+~a
cuo^.c ddo+`i, cuo^'i cu`ng ddem no' va`o ho`m cho^n xuo^'ng da^'t. La`
pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c vo+'i nhie^.m vu. hie^?u tru+o+'c bie^'t tru+o+'c,
ho. pha?i ddi ra ngoa`i nhu+~ng ta^`m thu+o+`ng dde^? tu+. ddu+'ng va`o
ca'i the^' thie^?u so^' (je suis de ces intellectuels pour qui le ro^le
est d'e^tre dans la minorite' _ Drieu La Rochelle). Karl Marx la` mo^.t
ngu+o+`i gie^'t ro^`ng vi~ dda.i, cuo^'n Tuye^n Ngo^n Cu?a Chu? Nghi~a
C.S. tho+`i ddo' thu+.c la` mo^.i ky~ thua^.t gie^'t ro^`ng tuye^.t
die^.u\. La.c lo~ng bo+ vo+, ngu+o+`i tri' thu+'c ddau kho^? vi` ba^'t
lu+.c kho^ng thay ddo^?i ddu+o+.c thu+.c ta.i, nhu+ng thu+.c ra a?nh
hu+o+?ng cu?a no' ra^'t lo+'n. Nhie^`u chi'nh kha'ch dda~ tu+`ng la` ho.c
tro` cu?a ca'c vi. gia'o su+, dda~ chi.u a?nh hu+o+?ng cu?a ca'c va(n
pha^?m . J.F. Kennedy luo^n luo^n nha('c dde^'n Harold Laski\. Ra^'t
nhie^`u ddie^`u gia?ng da.y o+? dda.i ho.c dda~ ddu+o+.c ddem a'p du.ng
va`o ha`nh chi'nh. Chu? nghi~a kinh te^' "Keynessienne" tu+`ng bi. che^
bo? na(m 1935 nhu+ng dde^'n na(m 1955 no' la.i la` kinh ddie^?n cho tu+
ba?n mo+'i, la` khuo^n va`ng thu+o+'c ngo.c cu?a ca'c nha` la~nh dda.o
Ta^y phu+o+ng. Ro^`ng kho^ng ma^'y khi hie^.n ra cho con ngu+o+`i co'
thua^.t gie^'t no' ddu+o+.c to? ta`i na(ng.