Giao luu+ Vietnam-Champa tho+`i ky` Tra^`n (Part 2)

[hduc@airmoon.epa.nsw.gov.au]

Hello all,

Pha^`n 1 to^i tri`nh ba`y va`i ne't ve^` ti'nh cha^'t Vie^.t co^? (Viet 
essence) trong ta^m thu+'c tho+`i Tra^`n. Dda^y la` su+. ke^'t tu.c tu+` 
ddo+`i Ly' qua nhie^`u trie^`u dda.i vua ma` su+. the^? hie^.n ro~ re^.t 
va` no^?i ba^.t nha^'t la` du+o+'i trie^`u vua Tra^`n Nha^n To^ng.

Trong ba`i na`y to^i tri`nh ba`y ve^` nhu+~ng a?nh hu+o+?ng va` giao lu+u 
va(n ho'a Cha`m-Vie^.t du+o+'i tho+`i Tra^`n. Su+. giao lu+u na`y la` 
ke^'t qua? cu?a nhu+~ng co^.ng hu+o+?ng ta^m thu+'c va` va(n hoa' ngo^.i 
cuo^`n co^? cu?a 2 da^n to^.c cu`ng nguo^`n ma` o+? ddo+`i Tra^`n la` 
tie^u bie^?u cu?a ti'nh cha^'t Vie^.t ga('n lie^`n vo+'i dda(.c ti'nh 
DDo^ng Nam A'. 

Vi` no'i ve^` va^'n dde^` giao lu+u co^.ng hu+o+?ng ta^m thu+'c Cha`m Vie^.t, 
to^i se~ chu' tro.ng nhie^`u ve^` phu+o+ng die^.n va(n hoa' (cultural 
perspective) ho+n la` phu+o+ng die^.n chi'nh tri. (political perpective). 

Ve^` phu+o+ng die^.n ngoa.i giao va` chi'nh tri., trong tho+`i ddie^?m 
du+o+'i nha` Tra^`n, Champa o+? va`o the^' nguy ki.ch cu?a li.ch su+? mi`nh 
o+? DDo^ng Nam A'. Chie^'n tranh vo+'i Mo^ng co^?, Khmer va` sau na`y 
Dda.i Vie^.t chu+a ke^? tru+o+'c ddo' vo+'i Java.

DDe^? mo+? dda^`u, to^i xin tri'ch mo^.t va`i ddoa.n trong ba`i cu?a GS Cao 
Xua^n Pho^? (Paper presented at the Eight Conference International 
Association of Historians of Asia, 25-29 August 1980, Kuala 
Lumpur "Vietnam in her South East Asian Context - A historical cultural 
view") :

"..
By then, the inhabitants of South East Asia gradually occupied the plains 
and midlands along large rivers such as the Mekong, the Menam, the 
Salween, the Irrawady, the Read River, the Ma River.. (and their 
tributaries) and it was these rivers that, like the thread in a necklace, 
linked them together. The South China Sea, with sea current monsoons 
blowing in established regime, linked the inhabitants of coastal areas in 
the continent, as well as mainlanders, and islanders, together. Rivers 
and sea, in South East Asia, were not only characteristic elements which 
contributed to create the South East Asia life style, but also served as 
strings linking the inhabitants of different parts of the continent, as 
well as those living in the mainland and on islands, together. So even 
prior to the penetration of the Indian and Chinese cultures, South East 
Asia already took place as an accomplished identity.
.."

" While the peoples in the South of the Indochinese peninsula and off 
shore islands received elements of the Indian culture to gradually their 
social organization (BUILDING), those in the Northern part of the 
Indochinese peninsula, especially the Viets, had to withstand a 
sinicization (DEFENDING) while compelled to receive the Chinese culture..."

"The Viets, under Ly-Tran dynasties, on their road of nation building, 
took a particular interest in the sea. One should remmber that since the 
Dong Son epoch, they had assembled threee cultural elements : plains, 
sea, uplands within a crude yet accomplished mechanism which was later 
shattered in the course of a millenium of Chinese domination..
and now she is re-integrated the great family of South-East Asia. It was 
perfectly natural that after liberation and having returned to the other 
peoples of South East Asia, the Viets received the later's cultural 
achievements to enhance their status as though it was a family affair. 
There were no antagonism nor opposition there. What wonder to see the 
holy bird Garuda come to roost on stone pedestals of the Ly-Tran 
dynasties (11th - 14th centuries), the giant guardians at Phat Tich 
pagoda (a vestige of the Ly dynasty - 11th century) bear so much likeness 
with the dvarapalas in Dong Duong (Champa) or Javanese drums hanging 
before the chests of Kinnaris of the Ly dynasty. And buddhism under the 
Ly dynasty could very well take pride in the "Thao Duong" Zen sect 
iniated by a Cham bronze by that name."

Qua? va^.y, ngoa`i hi`nh tu+o+.ng ro^`ng pho^? bie^'n tre^n no'c ca'c 
dde^`n, chua`.., khi ta dde^'n chu`a Ngo.c DD`inh (Ha` So+n Bi`nh) se~ 
tha^'y o+? vi. tri' tru. co^.t tre^n bo^'n go'c cu?a nhie^`u be^. dda', 
hi`nh da'ng nhu+~ng con Garuda mi`nh ngu+o+`i dda^`u chim. Nhu+~ng hoa my~ 
tre^n bu+'c tra.m go^~ con Kinnari, mi`nh chim dda^`u ngu+o+`i, o+? chu`a 
Tha'i La.c (Ha?i Hu+ng) da^n hoa ta^'u nha.c vo+'i nhu+~ng nha^n va^.t 
trung ta^m la` vu~ nu+~, la` nha.c co^ng.

Kie^'n tru'c, hoa va(n, ddie^u kha('c, tu+o+.ng trong nghe^. thua^.t 
Tra^`n co' pha^?m cha^'t da^n gian. Phong ca'ch a^'y chuo^.ng nhu+~ng 
hi`nh kho^'i va` ddu+o+`ng ne't  ma^.p va` khoe?. Ca'i ma^.p va` khoe? 
o+? dda^y ddu+o+.c the^? hie^.n trong nhu+~ng kho^'i ca(n va` la(?n, 
nhu+~ng ddu+o+`ng thanh va` ma.nh, vo+'i mo^.t ca^'u tru'c hi`nh kho^'i 
tinh lo.c va` gia?n di., khie^'n cho ta^'t ca? nhu+~ng tu+o+.ng na`y no'i 
chung dde^`u vu+~ng cha?i ma` kho^ng na(.ng ne^`, ung dung, ddu+o+`ng 
be^. ma` kho^ng ti~nh. 
(My~ thua^.t dddo+`i Tra^`n, NXB Va(n Hoa', Ha` No^.i, 1977).

Phong ca'ch na`y hoa`n toa`n hoa` ho+.p vo+'i hi`nh the^? phong ca'ch 
Champa trong nhu+~ng kie^'n tru'c Cham sau khi ga.t lo.c ddi nhu+~ng bie^?u 
tu+o+.ng A^'n hoa'.

Champa vi the^' trong ddo+`i Ly'-Tra^`n tro+? tha`nh nhu+ tra.m chuye^?n 
-ga.ch no^'i giu+~a Ddai. Vie^.t va` co^.ng ddo^`ng ca'c da^n to^.c vu`ng 
DDo^ng Nam A'. An?h hu+o+?ng va` giao lu+u cu?a va(n hoa' Cha`m va`o mo^.t 
dda^'t Vie^.t co' ti'nh ca'ch ddo'n nha^.n hay bo^? sung chu+' kho^ng 
mie^~n cu+o+~ng nhu+ va(n ho'a Ha'n. DDe^? hie^?u ro~ the^m ve^` luo^`ng 
nha^.n tre^n, ta ha?y xem xe't mo^.t va`i khi'a ca.nh va(n hoa' va` con 
ngu+o+`i du+o+'i tho+`i Tra^`n.

Tra^`n Quo^'c Vu+o+.ng trong ba`i "Ba('c Tha'i - Anh la` ai" trong 'Theo 
do`ng li.ch su+?" co' dde^` ca^.p dde^'n giao thoa va(n hoa' nhu+ sau :
"..
Kho^ng the^? hie^?u ddu+o+.c Ba('c Ninh va(n hie^'n ne^'u kho^ng ca('t 
nghi~a no' la` mo^.t hie^.u qua? giao thoa, giao hoa` va(n hoa' Vie^.t, 
Ha'n, A^'n, Cha`m.. trong suo^'t mo^.t ky` gian li.ch su+? tu+` tho+`i 
co^? dda.i dde^'n Ly'-Tra^`n.. Kho^ng co' Si~ Nhie^'p, Kha^u Da` La (ty` 
khuu+ A Xa Le^ tu+'c Tha^`y DDen, A^'n DDo^.), Ti Ni DDa Luu+ Chi, Vo^ 
Ngo^n Tho^ng va` nhie^`u tu` binh-nghe^. si~ Cha`m dde^'n tu. cu+ o+? Luy 
La^u, Long Bie^n, Phu` DDo^?ng.. thi` cu~ng kho' ma` co' mo^.t truye^`n
tho^'ng va(n hie^'n Kinh Ba('c cu?a tho+`i tu+. chu? nhu+ ta hie^.n 
tha^'y. DDa(`ng sau mo^.t Nguye^~n No^.n cu+ si~ Phu` DDo^?ng, la` mo^.t 
nguo+`i Cha`m Phan Ma Lo^i "gio?i cuo+~i ngu+.a" nhu+ Ngo^n Tho^ng, DDa 
Ba?o va` co^.ng ddo^`ng Cha`m no+i ddo' thi` kho^ng the^? co' Phu` 
DDo^?ng Thie^n Vu+o+ng, huye^`n ti'ch Gio'ng va` Ho^.i Gio'ng ho^m nay.. 
To^i cu~ng co' the^? no'i nhu+ va^.y ve^` pho tu+o+.ng Pha^.t ba(`ng dda' 
va` nhu+~ng ddie^u kha('c dda' tuye^.t vo+`i o+? chu`a Pha^.t Ti'ch : 
Dda^'y la` nghe^. thua^.t Vie^.t, ca'i dde.p DDa.i Vie^.t dda~ bie^'t 
ho^.i nha^.p nhie^`u ye^'u to^' ngoa.i sinh Ha'n, DDu+o+`ng, Champa.."

Ne^'u chia va(n ho'a la`m hai loa.i va(n hoa da^n gian va` va(n hoa' ba'c 
ho.c, thi` giao luu+ Cham-Viet dda.t nhie^`u trong la~nh vu+.c da^n gian 
trong khi ddo' giao thoa Ha'n-Vie^.t o+? va`o la~nh vu+.c ba'c ho.c. Tuy 
va^.y ti'nh cha^'t da^n gian cu~ng kho^ng thie^'u ti'nh cha^'t ba'c ho.c 
trong ne^`n va(n minh DDa.i Vie^.t. 

Tro+? la.i Tra^`n Quo^'c Vu+o+.ng :
"..
Quan ho. la` a^m nha.c da^n gian Kinh Ba('c nhu+ng ca'c nha` nha.c ho.c 
Tra^`n Va(n Khe^, Thanh Ba?o ma'ch to^i ra(`ng gio+'i nha.c ho.c Nga va` 
Ta^y A^u no'i vo+'i hai vi. a^'y ra(`ng Quan ho. co' ra^'t nhie^`u cha^'t 
ba'c ho.c ve^` ddie^.u thu+'c va` giai ddie^.u. Ta ne^n nho+' a^m nha.c 
Champa dda~ ddu+o+.c Nha.c Phu? ddo+`i DDu+o+`ng su+u ta^.p va` nghie^n 
cu+u'. Ly' Nha^n To^ng tro+? tha`nh nha.c si~ la` do bie^'t "hoa` 
DDu+o+`ng Pha.n nhi. a^m". Quan ho. hi`nh tha`nh , co' nghe^. si~ a^m 
nha.c Cha`m go'p co^ng, go'p su+'c
.."

Cu~ng theo An Nam Chi' Lu+o+.c, o+? Tha(ng Long ddo+`i Tra^`n, ve^` nha.c 
thi` co' tro^'ng co+m (te^n chu+~ Ha'n la` "Pha.n co^?") go^'c o+? 
Chie^m Tha`nh truye^`n qua Vie^.t Nam. Hi`nh tro^'ng tro`n da`i, 
nghie^`n co+m dda('p va`o giu+~a ma(.t tro^'ng ro^`i da'nh, tie^'ng ra 
trong tre?o, ro~ ra`ng. Tro^'ng a^'y ho`a vo+'i ta^'t tie^u (tie^u), 
tie^? qua?n (sa'o), tie^?u ba.t (na~o ba.t), dda.i co^'c (mo~ to) go.i 
la` dda.i nha.c.
("Ha` No^.i nghi`n xu+a", Tra^`n Quo^'c Vu+o+.ng, Vu~ Tua^'n San, 1975)

Ve^` sinh hoa.t o+? kinh tha`nh Tha(ng Long du+o+'i ddo+`i Tra^`n, su+' 
gia? Nguye^n Tra^`n Phu lu+u la.i 52 nga`y na(m 1293, dda~ ta? chi tie^'t 
qua ba`i An Nam Tu+'c su+.. Vua quan nha` Tra^`n thu+o+`ng ddi vo~ng hay 
kie^.u. Vo~ng ca'nh du`ng mo^.t ma?nh va?i da`i ho+n mo^.t tru+o+.ng 
la^'y 2 do'ng go^? tro`n da`i 5 ta^'c, treo 2 dda^`u ta^'m va?i va`o hai 
do'ng go^~ nho+` mo^.t so+.i da^y thu+`ng, ro^`i la.i la^'y mo^.t ddo`n 
tre to xo? qua 2 da^y thu+`ng a^'y, hai ngu+o+`i khie^n hai dda^`u ddo`n. 
Ca'ng tho+`i a^'y go.i la` "Dde^` Nha", mo^.t tu+` go^'c Cha`m-Ma~ Lai.

Vua du`ng kie^.u ho^`ng, ta'n ddo?, ta'm ngu+o+`i khie^n. Khi ddi voi 
thi` tre^n lu+ng voi ba`y ddu? ye^n cu+o+ng ba`nh ngo^`i, go.i la` "la 
nga", cu~ng mo^.t tu+` go^'c Cha`m-Ma~ Lai.

Xu+' Nguye^n, Tru+o+ng La^.p Dda.o, na(m 1291 co' ke^? trong ba`i "Ha`nh 
Lu.c" ve^` vua Tra^`n Nha^n To^ng o+? kinh tha`nh Tha(ng Long. Vua tie^'p 
su+' va` ddo.c chie^'u xong, xuo^'ng ddie^.n Ta^.p Hie^`n dda~i ye^'n. Tre^n 
ba`n tie^.c, ba`y la lie^.t ca'c ba't mo'n a(n, thi.t ca', ha?i sa?n va` 
hoa qua? quy' la.. Vua Tra^`n ung dung ngo^`i nhai tra^`u, tra^`u te^m, 
cau bo^? va` vo^i ha`u, co' ddua mo+`i su+' gia?.

Ve^` phu+o+ng die^.n ta^m linh, Pha^.t gia'o pha't trie^?n ma.nh me~ 
du+o+'i tho+`i Tra^`n vo+'i su+. u?ng ho^. cu?a gio+'i quy' to^.c Tra^`n 
va` coi nhu+ la` quo^'c gia'o. Ngoa`i nhu+~ng thie^`n ta(ng tu+` nha` 
Nguye^n Trung Hoa, co`n co' nhie^`u nha` su+ A^'n DDo^., Trung A' co' 
khuynh hu+o+'ng Ma^.t gia'o dde^'n Vie^. Nam, nhu+ nha` su+ Du Chi Ba` 
Lam dde^'n hai la^`n va`o tho+`i Nha^n To^ng va` Anh To^ng, nha` su+ Bo^` 
Dde^` Tha^'t Ly' (Bodhisri) dde^'n tho+`i Minh To^ng. Tru'c La^m dde^. 
nhi. to^?, ddu+o+.c thu+o+.ng hoa`ng Nha^n To^ng sai ddi ti`m nha` su+ 
A^'n co' te^n la` Ban DDe^` DDa O^ Tra Tha^'t Lo+.i (Panditausasri ?).
(Lic.h su+? Pha^.t gia'o Vie^.t Nam, Nxb Khoa ho.c Xa~ ho^.i, 1991).

Pha^.t gia'o pha't trie^?n lan ro^.ng trong mo.i ta^`ng lo+'p nha^n da^n 
hoa` ho+.p vo+'i mo^.t ta^m linh ba?n ddi.a Vie^.t ta.o le^n mo^.t kie^'n 
tru'c van hoa' hoa`i ho`a vo+'i va(n hoa' phu+o+ng Nam. Va(n hoa' ddo+`i 
Tra^`n la` bie^?u hie^.n cua? su+. nha^.p chung cu?a hai ta^m linh na`y. 
Cu~ng va^.y, su+. suy thoa'i cu?a Pha^.t giao' va` su+. tha('ng the^' cu?a 
Nho gia'o ba('t dda^`u tu+` the^' ky? 14 do ta^`ng lo+'p u?ng ho^. 
Pha^.t gia'o ma.nh me~ la` qui' to^.c Tra^`n dda~ ma^'t da^`n uy lu+.c 
chi'nh tri. va` kinh te^'. 

O+? cuo^'i nha` Tra^`n va` dda^`u nha` Ho^`, tho+`i ky` huy hoa`ng cu?a 
Pha^.t gia'o mo+'i cha^'m du+'t.

"Che^' ddo^. so+? hu+~u ruo^.ng dda^'t lo+'n ddie^`n trang tha'i a^'p 
ba('t dda^`u tan ra~. Ca'c quan la.i xua^'t tha^n nho ho.c "ba.ch die^.n 
thu+ sinh", dda.i die^.n cho ta^`ng lo+'p ddi.a chu? nho?, ba('t dda^`u 
na('m ca'c vi. tri' quan tro.ng trong bo^. ma'y nha` nu+o+'c. Nho gia'o 
vo+'i che^' ddo^. khoa cu+? da^`n da^`n tha('ng the^'. Nhie^`u nha` nho 
nhu+ Tru+o+ng Ha'n Sie^u, Le^ Qua't ba('t dda^`u lo+'n tie^'ng co^ng 
ki'ch Pha^.t gia'o"

Trong so^' nhu+~ng  nha^n va^.t tie^u bie^?u cu?a ddo+`i Tra^`n, ta se~ 
nha^.n tha^'y co' mo^.t va`i nha^n va^.t tho^ng hie^?u tie^'ng Cha`m nhu+ 
Tra^`n Quang Kha?i, Tra^`n Nha^.t Dua^.t (xem Phan Huy Chu' - Li.ch Trie^`u 
Hie^'n Chu+o+ng Loa.i Chi' - Nha^n Va^.t Chi'). Tra^`n Nha^.t Dua^.t 
kho^ng nhu+~ng gio?i tie^'ng Cha`m va` ca'c ngo^n ngu+~ ha?i dda?o 
nhu+ Sa'ch Ma~ Ti'ch (ga^`n Java nga`y nay) ma` co`n ca'c ngo^n ngu+~ da^n 
to^.c mie^`n nu'i va` tie^'ng To^'ng nu+~a. O^ng cu~ng thu+o+`ng co+?i voi 
dde^'n tho^n DDa-da-li (sau go.i tre^.ch la` tho^n Ba` Gia`) no+i co' 
nhie^`u ngu+o+`i Cha`m tu` binh ddi.nh cu+ ga^`n Tha(ng Long dde^? no'i 
chuye^.n va` ca ha't suo^'t nga`y. 

Tho+`i Nha^n To^ng, su+' gia? nu+o+'c Sa'ch Ma~ Ti'ch sang co^'ng, kho^ng 
ti`m dda^u ddu+o+.c ngu+o+`i phie^n di.ch. Ca? Tha(ng Long, chi? mo^.t mi`nh 
Tra^`n Nha^.t Dua^.t di.ch ddu+o+.c.
 
Ne^'u ta co`n ke^? the^m la` Tra^`n Nha^.t Dua^.t co' vo+. ngu+o+`i Thanh 
Hoa', mo^.t vu`ng la` cu+?a ngo~ giao luu+ va(n hoa' 2 nu+o+'c. Co+ so+? 
ha^.u due^. cu?a Tra^`n Nha^.t Dua^.t sau na`y la` o+? vu`ng 
nay`. (TQV co' no'i the^m la` trong ba`i cu?a Quatrich Wales "The Dong Son
genius and the evolution of Cham Art", Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 
1949 dde^` ca^.p ve^` va(n ho'a ba?n ddi.a Cha`m la` di sa?n cu?a va(n ho'a 
DDo^ng So+n, ddo' la` chu+a no'i dde^'n su+. giao lu+u giu+~a va(n ho'a 
Sa Huy`nh va` va(n ho'a DDo^ng So+n).

Ta cu~ng bie^'t the^m ra(`ng ngu+o+`i Cha`m kho^ng nhu+~ng ddi.nh cu+ o+? 
Thanh Ho'a hay ga^`n Tha(ng Long ma` co`n o+? ngay nhu+~ng cho^'n nhu+ 
Kinh Ba('c (Ba('c Ninh-Ba('c Giang nga`y nay). Ca'i no^i cu?a nga`n na(m 
va(n va^.t. Ngu+o+`i Cha`m ha^`u nhu+ hoa` ddo^`ng (integrated) vo+'i 
ngu+o+`i Vie^.t trong mo^.t mo^i tru+o+`ng kho^ng xa la. la('m du+o+'i 
ddo+`i Tra^`n. A?nh hu+o+?ng cu?a ngu+o+`i Cha`m va`o va(n hoa' Vie^.t nam 
co' the^? ke^? nhu+ kie^'n tru'c dddi`nh dde^`n, nha.c, quan ho. nhu+ 
dda~ dde^` ca^.p o+? tre^n.

La.i no'i ve^` vua Tra^`n Nha^n To^ng, sau khi xuo^'ng vua la`m Thai' 
Thu+o+.ng hoa`ng va` ve^` nu'i Ye^n Tu+? thu+o+`ng da.o cho+i va` cu~ng co' 
tie^'p xu'c vo+'i mo.i gio+'i o+? vu`ng Luy Lo^i, Kinh Ba('c. Su+. giao 
thie^.p cu?a Nha^n To^ng mang ti'nh ca'ch dda.o, va(n va` ta^m thu+'c. Co' 
the^? qua nhu+~ng su+. giao tie^'p na`y, ngu+o+`i Cha`m ca?m nha^.n va` danh 
tie^'ng cu?a dda.o si~ Tra^`n Nha^n To^ng vang dde^'n Champa. 

Tra^`n Nha^n To^ng tha'ng 11 na(m 1301 ddi cho+i o+? ca'c ddi.a phu+o+ng Champa 
trong 8 tha'ng da`i va` no+i dda^u cu~ng ddu+o+.c dd'on tie^'p no^`ng ha^.u 
coi nhu+ ngu+o+`i nha` (DVSKTT va` Nguyen Duy Hinh "Ye^n Tu+?-Vua 
Tra^`n-Tru'c La^m Suy nghi~ su+? ho.c", trong Nghien Cuu Lich Su, 2, 173, 
3-4/1977).

Di~ nhie^n khi thu+o+.ng hoa`ng Nha^n To^ng khi ddi tha(m thu' kha('p dda^'t 
Champa trong mo^.t tho+`i gian da`i, cha('c cha('n dde^`u co' su+. tha'p 
tu`ng cu?a nhu+~ng tu si~ ngu+o+`i Vie^.t go^'c Cha`m hoa(.c ngu+o+`i Vie^.t 
tho^ng tie^'ng va` va(n ho'a ho. Su+. ngu+o+~ng mo^. cu?a da^n Champa 
vo+'i thu+o+.ng hoa`ng dda~ da^~n to+'i vie^.c vua Champa Che^' Ma^n 
(Jaya Simhavarman III) dde^` nghi. vo+'i thu+o+.ng hoa`ng tha('t cha(.c quan 
he^. cha(.t che? cu?a hai da^n to^.c ba(`ng cuo^.c ho^n nha^n lich su+? 
Simhavarman-Huye^`n Tra^n co^ng chua'. 

Thu+o+.g hoa`ng Tra^`n Nha^n To^ng ra^'t ta'n ddo^`ng vo+'i y' kie^'n na`y 
va` xu'c tie^'n mo^.t lie^n minh Cha`m-Vie^.t. Chi? co' vua Tra^`n Anh To^ng 
va` mo^.t so^' ca^.n tha^`n dde^`u kho^ng muo^'n va` mie^~n cu+o+~ng theo 
y' thu+o+.ng hoa`ng. Lie^n minh Cha`m-Vie^.t vi` the^' chi? vu+~ng khi co`n 
Tra^`n Nha^n To^ng va` Simhavarman.

Ta cu~ng bie^'t tru+o+'c ddo', vua Che^' Ma^n dda~ ddo^`ng minh vo+'i vua 
Tra^`n cho^'ng Mo^ng Co^? va` tu+` cho^'i kho^ng cho chie^'n thuye^`n 
Mo^ng Co^? ghe' Champa tre^n ddu+o+`ng ddi chinh pha.t Java. Co' the^? no'i 
Jaya Simhavarman III nha^.n ddu+o+.c ra the^' chie^'n lu+o+.c cu?a 
nu+o+'c Champa giu+~a ca'c the^' lu+.c quanh Champa. Va` dde^? ba?o dda?m 
sinh to^`n cu?a Champa, ne^n dda~ ho`a min`h ti`m ba.n ddo^`ng minh. 
Tru+o+'c khi cu+o+'i Huye^`n Tra^n, Jaya Simhavarman III dda~ cu+o+'i 
co^ng chu'a Java tha`nh hoa`ng ha^.u Tapasi. Huye^`n Tra^n co^ng chu'a 
tro+? tha`nh hoa`ng ha^.u thu+' hai te^n Paramesvari.
(G. Coedes, The indianised states of Southeast Asia, 1968, University of 
Hawaii). 

Sau khi thu+o+.ng hoa`ng Nha^n To^ng va` Simhavarman III ma^'t, lie^n 
minh Cha`m-Vie^.t da^`n da^`n ddo^? vo+?. Tra^`n Anh To^ng kho^ng tha^'y 
ddu+o+.c the^' chie^'n lu+o+.c cu?a y' tu+o+?ng Nha^n To^ng. Sau na`y da^?n 
to+'i cuo^.c chie^'n tranh mo^.t ma^'t mo^.t co`n giu+~a Dda.i Vie^.t va` 
Champa. Dda.i Vie^.t suye^'t bi. tan du+o+'i su+. ta^'n co^ng lie^n tu.c 
cu?a vua Champa Che^' Bo^`ng Nga. May thay, va^.n nu+o+'c co`n cao nho+` 
ca'c mu?i te^n cua? tu+o+'ng Tran Khac Trung va` va^.n Champa dda~ to+'i 
lu'c ta`n.
(Tra^`n Anh To^ng thu+o+`ng hay la^~n tro^'n ddi cho+i dde^m va` uo^'ng 
ruo+.u say, co' la^`n bi. thu+o+.ng hoa`ng Nha^n To^ng quo+? tra'ch khi 
tha(m cung. Co' la^`n Nha^n To^ng ddi dde^'n cung vua cu`ng vo+'i tho+. 
dde^? thi'ch hi`nh ro^`ng va`o ngu+o+`i nhu+ng Anh To^ng vo+` lu'c thu+o.ng 
hoa`ng va` tuy` tu`ng kho^ng dde^? y', le?n ddi ma^'t)  

Cu~ng va^.y, su+? gia Ngo^ Si~ Lie^n va` ca'c quan du+o+'i ddo+`i Le^ 
chuo^.ng nho ho.c dda~ chi? tri'ch nghie^m kha('c ha`nh ddo^.ng cu?a 
thu+o+.ng hoa`ng Tra^`n Nha^n To^ng da^~n dde^'n cuo^.c ho^n nha^n 
Simhavarman-Huye^`n Tra^n. Nhu+ng to^i cho ddo' la` nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i he.p 
ve^` ca'i nhi`n.

To'm la.i, trong ba`i nay` to^i tri`nh ba`y giao luu+ va(n hoa' 
Champa-Vietnam du+o+'i ddo+`i Tra^`n. Su+. giao luu+ na`y the^? hie^.n 
ma.nh me~ trong va(n hoa' da^n gian Vie^.t Nam. Va(n hoa' ddo+`i Tra^`n 
to? re~ ne't va(n minh ba?n cha^'t Vie^.t. Dda^y cu~ng la` tho+`i ky` ma` 
a?nh hu+o+?ng tu+` Nam A' qua nu't Champa the^? hie^.n dda^.m ne't va` 
dde^? la.i mo^.t du+ a^m qua ca'c trie^`u dda.i ke^' tie^'p tu+` ddo+`i Le^ 
dde^'n ddo+`i Nguye^~n khi Nho Giao' chie^'m li?nh vi. tri' quan tro.ng 
trong trie^`u ddi`nh, ta^`ng lo+'p quan la.i va` bo^. ma'y chi'nh quye^`n.

Trong ba`i sau, to^i se~ ba`n ve^` ti'nh cha^'t Vie^.t va` ba`i ho.c li.ch 
su+~.

(Pha^`n 3 : To^?ng lua^.n va` vie^~n ca?nh li.ch su+?
References : O. Wolters  "What else may Ngo Si Lien mean ?. A 
matter ofdistinctions in the fifteen century" (In Sojourners and Settlers ed. by
Anthony Reid, 1996) 

(to be continued)

Cheers,

Hiep Nguyen