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More About This Textbook
Overview
Database Administration, Second Edition , is the definitive, technology-independent guide to the modern discipline of database administration. Packed with best practices and proven solutions for any database platform or environment, this text fully reflects the field’s latest realities and challenges. Drawing on more than thirty years of database experience, Mullins focuses on problems that today’s DBAs actually face, and skills and knowledge they simply must have.
Mullins presents realistic, thorough, and up-to-date coverage of every DBA task, including creating database environments, data modeling, normalization, design, performance, data integrity, compliance, governance, security, backup/recovery, disaster planning, data and storage management, data movement/distribution, data warehousing, connectivity, metadata, tools, and more.
This edition adds new coverage of “Big Data,” database appliances, cloud computing, and NoSQL. Mullins includes an entirely new chapter on the DBA’s role in regulatory compliance, with substantial new material on data breaches, auditing, encryption, retention, and metadata management. You’ll also find an all-new glossary, plus up-to-the-minute DBA rules of thumb.
Editorial Reviews
From the Publisher
“I’ve forgotten how many times I’ve recommended this book to people. It’s well written, to the point, and covers the topics that you need to know to become an effective DBA.”
—Scott Ambler, Thought Leader, Agile Data Method
“This is a well-written, well-organized guide to the practice of database administration. Unlike other books on general database theory or relational database theory, this book focuses more directly on the theory and reality of database administration as practiced by database professionals today, and does so without catering too much to any specific product implementation. As such, Database Administration is very well suited to anyone interested in surveying the job of a DBA or those in similar but more specific roles such as data modeler or database performance analyst.”
—Sal Ricciardi, Program Manager, Microsoft
“One of Craig’s hallmarks is his ability to write in a clear, easy-to-read fashion. The main purpose of any technical book is to transfer information from writer to reader, and Craig has done an excellent job. He wants the reader to learn—and it shows.”
—Chris Foot, Manager, Remote DBA Experts and Oracle ACE
“A complete and comprehensive listing of tasks and responsibilities for DBAs, ranging from creating the database environment to data warehouse administration, and everything in between.”
—Mike Tarrani, Computer Consultant
“I think every business manager and every IT manager should have a copy of this book.”
—Dan Hotka, Independent Consultant and Oracle ACE
“This book by Craig Mullins is wonderfully insightful and truly important. Mullins describes the role and duties of data administrators and database administrators in modern organizations with remarkable insight and clarity.”
—Michael Tozer, Author and former U.S. Navy officer
From The Critics
Combining tutorial and reference elements, this guide provides a non- product-based description of database administration techniques and practices. It defines the job of the database administrator (DBA), underscoring the necessity of a DBA for a database management system (DBMS) implementation to succeed, then proceeds chronologically through every task the DBA is likely to encounter. The book can be used as a text for database administration, as the basis for setting up a DBA group, to augment a DBMS-specific text or manual, and to help upper-level management explain why the DBA position is necessary. Mullins is a data management strategist in the private sector. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, ORProduct Details
Related Subjects
Meet the Author
Craig S. Mullins is president and principal consultant of Mullins Consulting, a leading data and database management consultancy. Mullins has more than thirty years of experience in all facets of database administration and development, in industries ranging from manufacturing and finance to education and research. He covered database administration as research director for Gartner Group and authored DB2 Developer’s Guide, Sixth Edition, the number-one guide to DB2 for z/OS. Mullins publishes The Database Site (thedatabasesite.com) and presents at industry events worldwide. IBM named him Information Management Champion for his work in the DB2 community.
Read an Excerpt
A database management system (DBMS) is used to create databases. Most of today's applications deploy databases to store information such as names, addresses, and account balances. This information can be accessed and manipulated by application programs to perform business processes like payroll processing, sales processing, and customer billing. Every DBMS requires database administration to ensure efficient and effective use of databases by applications. This means that any user of Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, DB2, Informix, Sybase, MySQL, Teradata, PostgreSQL, Ingres and any other popular DBMSs will benefit from the information in this book.
This book provides the industry's first non-product-based description of database administration techniques and practices. Many organizations have multiple DBMS products and will benefit from a consolidated view of database administration that does not focus on the internals and nuances of each particular product. Such a view is presented in this text.
The book defines the job of database administrator and outlines what is required of a database administrator, or DBA, in clear, easy-to-understand language. The book can be used
Every organization that deploys databases using a DBMS needs to understand the concepts outlined in this book. Many small- to medium-sized organizations attempt to implement DBMS products without a DBA. This book explains the practice of database administration and underscores the necessity of a DBA for DBMS implementation to succeed. Other organizations implement only subsets of the database administration practices that are covered in this book. With a thorough reading of Database Administration: The Complete Guide to Practices and Procedures, it will become quite clear that a comprehensive approach to database administration is required. This book examines and explains each of the components that comprise this discipline.
As technology advances, new IT techniques emerge that impact the discipline of database administration. Two such areas are Internet-enabled database access and the storage of procedural logic in the DBMS in the form of triggers, user-defined functions, and stored procedures. Because the impact of these newer technologies and techniques on the role of the DBA is examined in this book, even seasoned database professionals will find the book useful. Indeed, the book will be helpful for any and all of the following folks:
Because this book covers heterogeneous database administration without focusing on just one DBMS, it can be used by organizations to set up a DBA function when more than one DBMS product is being used. This is particularly important because the single-DBMS shop is a rarity these days. Analysts estimate that most medium- to large-sized organizations have from three to ten different DBMS products in use—all requiring administration.
Additionally, DBA is currently a very hot job. In many cases, DBAs demand and obtain very high salaries. As such, many technicians aspire to become DBAs, and this book will help them to do just that. If you are an IT professional with an interest in becoming a DBA, this book will help you to achieve that objective.
Other books about database administration are available, but they approach the subject from the perspective of a single DBMS. Many of these books are quite good. I wrote one myself about DB2. This book is not intended to replace such books, but to augment them with an independent treatment of database administration tasks.
How to Use This Book
This book can be used as both a tutorial and a reference. The book is organized to proceed chronologically through DBA tasks that are likely to be encountered. Therefore, if you read the book sequentially from Chapter 1 through Chapter 23, you will get a comprehensive sequential overview of the DBA job. Alternatively, you can read any chapter independently because each chapter deals with a single topic. References to other chapters are clearly made if other material in the book would aid the reader's understanding.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments xxxv
About the Author xxxvii
Chapter 1: What Is a DBA? 1
Why Learn Database Administration? 3
A Unique Vantage Point 4
The Management Discipline of Database Administration 9
Evaluating a DBA Job Offer 14
Database, Data, and System Administration 15
DBA Tasks 20
DBMS Release Migration 29
The Types of DBAs 31
Staffing Considerations 37
Multiplatform DBA Issues 42
Production versus Test 44
The Impact of Newer Technology on DBA 46
DBA Certification 56
The Rest of the Book 58
Review 58
Chapter 2: Creating the Database Environment 61
Defining the Organization’s DBMS Strategy 61
Installing the DBMS 75
Upgrading DBMS Versions and Releases 82
Database Standards and Procedures 92
DBMS Education 103
Summary 104
Review 104
Suggested Reading 105
Chapter 3: Data Modeling and Normalization 107
Data Modeling Concepts 108
The Components of a Data Model 113
Discovering Entities, Attributes, and Relationships 124
Conceptual, Logical, and Physical Data Models 125
What Is Normalization? 128
The Normal Forms 128
Normalization in Practice 135
Additional Data Modeling Issues 135
Summary 136
Review 137
Suggested Reading 138
Chapter 4: Database Design 141
From Logical Model to Physical Database 141
Database Performance Design 150
Denormalization 160
Views 175
Data Definition Language 177
Temporal Data Support 177
Summary 180
Review 181
Suggested Reading 182
Chapter 5: Application Design 185
Database Application Development and SQL 186
Defining Transactions 205
Locking 210
Batch Processing 221
Summary 222
Review 222
Suggested Reading 223
Chapter 6: Design Reviews 227
What Is a Design Review? 227
Types of Design Reviews 232
Design Review Output 239
Additional Considerations 240
Summary 241
Review 241
Suggested Reading 242
Chapter 7: Database Change Management 243
Change Management Requirements 244
Types of Changes 247
Impact of Change on Database Structures 250
Summary 262
Review 263
Suggested Reading 263
Chapter 8: Data Availability 265
Defining Availability 267
Cost of Downtime 271
Availability Problems 274
Ensuring Availability 287
Summary 296
Review 297
Suggested Reading 298
Chapter 9: Performance Management 299
Defining Performance 299
Service-Level Management 308
Types of Performance Tuning 311
Performance Tuning Tools 313
DBMS Performance Basics 315
Summary 316
Review 316
Suggested Reading 317
Chapter 10: System Performance 319
The Larger Environment 320
DBMS Installation and Configuration Issues 327
System Monitoring 345
Summary 346
Review 346
Suggested Reading 347
Chapter 11: Database Performance 349
Techniques for Optimizing Databases 349
Database Reorganization 365
Summary 371
Review 371
Suggested Reading 372
Chapter 12: Application Performance 373
Designing Applications for Relational Access 373
Relational Optimization 374
Additional Optimization Considerations 391
Reviewing Access Paths 394
SQL Coding and Tuning for Efficiency 399
Summary 407
Review 407
Suggested Reading 408
Chapter 13: Data Integrity 409
Types of Integrity 409
Database Structure Integrity 410
Semantic Data Integrity 414
Temporal Database Systems 444
Summary 446
Review 447
Suggested Reading 448
Chapter 14: Database Security 449
Data Breaches 449
Database Security Basics 451
Granting and Revoking Authority 456
Authorization Roles and Groups 466
Other Database Security Mechanisms 468
Encryption 470
SQL Injection 473
Auditing 477
External Security 478
DBMS Fixpacks and Maintenance 480
Summary 481
Review 481
Suggested Reading 482
Chapter 15: Regulatory Compliance and Database Administration 483
A Collaborative Approach to Compliance 486
Metadata Management, Data Quality, and Data Governance 488
Database Auditing and Data Access Tracking 490
Data Masking and Obfuscation 496
Database Archiving for Long-Term Data Retention 498
Closer Tracking of Traditional DBA Tasks 507
Summary 511
Review 511
Suggested Reading 512
Chapter 16: Database Backup and Recovery 515
The Importance of Backup and Recovery 515
Preparing for Problems 516
Backup 517
Recovery 537
Alternatives to Backup and Recovery 554
Summary 557
Review 557
Suggested Reading 558
Chapter 17: Disaster Planning 559
The Need for Planning 559
General Disaster Recovery Guidelines 563
Backing Up the Database for Disaster Recovery 569
Disaster Prevention 575
Summary 576
Review 576
Suggested Reading 577
Chapter 18: Data and Storage Management 579
Storage Management Basics 579
Files and Data Sets 583
Space Management 587
Fragmentation and Storage 595
Storage Options 596
Planning for the Future 608
Summary 609
Review 609
Suggested Reading 610
Chapter 19: Data Movement and Distribution 613
Loading and Unloading Data 614
EXPORT and IMPORT 622
Bulk Data Movement 623
Distributed Databases 626
Summary 633
Review 634
Suggested Reading 635
Chapter 20: Data Warehouse Administration 637
What Is a Data Warehouse? 637
Administering the Data Warehouse 640
Summary 658
Review 658
Suggested Reading 659
Chapter 21: Database Connectivity 661
Multitier, Distributed Computing 661
Network Traffic 670
Databases, the Internet, and the Web 675
Summary 681
Review 682
Suggested Reading 682
Chapter 22: Metadata Management 685
What Is Metadata? 685
Types of Metadata 689
Repositories and Data Dictionaries 691
Summary 696
Review 696
Suggested Reading 697
Chapter 23: DBA Tools 699
Types and Benefits of DBA Tools 699
Examine Native DBA Tools 728
Evaluating DBA Tool Vendors 729
Summary 733
Review 733
Chapter 24: DBA Rules of Thumb 735
Write Down Everything 735
Keep Everything 736
Automate! 737
Share Your Knowledge 739
Analyze, Simplify, and Focus 741
Don’t Panic! 742
Measure Twice, Cut Once 743
Understand the Business, Not Just the Technology 743
Don’t Become a Hermit 745
Use All of the Resources at Your Disposal 745
Keep Up-to-Date 746
Invest in Yourself 747
Summary 748
Final Exam 748
Appendix A: Database Fundamentals 753
What Is a Database? 753
Why Use a DBMS? 754
Summary 759
Appendix B: The DBMS Vendors 761
The Big Three 762
The Second Tier 763
Other Significant Players 763
Open-Source DBMS Offerings 764
Nonrelational DBMS Vendors 765
NoSQL DBMS Vendors 765
Object-Oriented DBMS Vendors 766
PC-Based DBMS Vendors 766
Appendix C: DBA Tool Vendors 769
The Major Vendors 769
Other DBA Tool Vendors 770
Data Modeling Tool Vendors 771
Repository Vendors 772
Data Movement and Business Intelligence Vendors 773
Appendix D: DBA Web Resources 775
Usenet Newsgroups 775
Mailing Lists 776
Web Sites, Blogs, and Portals 778
Appendix E: Sample DBA Job Posting 785
Job Posting 785
Bibliography 793
Database Management and Database Systems 793
Data Administration, Data Modeling, and Database Design 799
Database Security, Protection, and Compliance 802
Data Warehousing 804
SQL 805
Object Orientation and Database Management 807
Operating Systems 807
Related Topics 808
DB2 812
IMS 813
MySQL 813
Oracle 814
SQL Server 815
Sybase 816
Other Database Systems 817
Glossary 819
Index 853
Preface
A Database Management System (DBMS) is used to create databases. Most of today's applications deploy databases to store information like names, addresses, account balances, etc. This information can be accessed and manipulated by application programs to perform business processes (like payroll processing, sales processing, and customer billing). Every DBMS requires database administration to ensure efficient and effective usage of databases by applications. This means that every user of Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, DB2, Informix, Sybase, mySQL, Teradata, PostgreSQL, Ingres and any other popular DBMS will benefit from the information in this book.
Many organizations have multiple of these products and will benefit from a consolidated view of DBA that does not focus on the internals and nuances of each particular DBMS product. Such a view is presented in this text.This book provides the industry's first non-product based description of database administration techniques and practices. The book defines the job of database administrator and outlines what is required of a DBA in clear, easy-to-understand language. The book can be used:
Every organization that deploys databases using a DBMS needs to understand the concepts outlined in this book. Many small to medium organizations attempt to implement DBMS products without DBA. This book explains the practice of DBA and can be used to educateorganizations as to the necessity of DBA in order for DBMS implementation to succeed. Other organizations implement only subsets of the DBA practices that are covered in this book. With a thorough reading of Database Administration: Practices and Procedures, it will become quite clear that a comprehensive approach to DBA is required. This book examines and explains each of the components that comprise the discipline of database administration.
As technology advances new IT techniques emerge that impact the discipline of DBA. Two such areas are Internet-enabled database access and storing procedural logic in the DBMS in the form of triggers, user-defined functions, and stored procedures. Because the impact of these newer technologies and techniques on the role of the DBA is examined in this book, even seasoned database professionals will find the book useful. Indeed, the book will be helpful for any and all of the following folks:
Because this book covers heterogeneous database administration without focusing on just one DBMS, it can be used by organizations to set up a DBA function when more than one DBMS product is being used. This is particularly important because Gartner Group, the industry analyst firm, estimates that most medium to large organizations have from 3 to 10 different DB require administration. The single-DBMS shop is a rarity these days.
Additionally, DBA positions are currently very hot, with DBAs demanding and obtaining very high salaries. As such, many technicians aspire to become DBAs and this book will help them to do just that. If you are an IT professional with interest in becoming a DBA, this book will help you to achieve that objective.Other books about database administration are available, but they approach the subject from the perspective of a single DBMS. Many of these books are quite good. I wrote one myself for DB2. This book is not intended to replace such books, but to augment these books with an independent treatment of database administration tasks.
How to Use This book
This book can be used as both a tutorial and a reference. The book is organized to proceed chronologically through DBA tasks that are likely to be encountered. So, if you read the book sequentially from Chapter 1 through Chapter 23 you will get a comprehensive chronological overview of the DBA job. Or you can read any chapter independently if you wish because each chapter deals with a single subject matter. References to other chapters are clearly made where appropriate if other material in the book would aid the reader's understanding.