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Preface to the second edition | ||
Preface | ||
1 | Why database? | 1 |
1.1 | The file processing approach | 2 |
1.2 | The database approach | 6 |
1.3 | A database as a model | 8 |
1.4 | ANSI/SPARC architecture | 14 |
1.5 | Advantages and disadvantages of database systems | 16 |
1.6 | The modelling process | 18 |
2 | Elements of data | 20 |
2.1 | Fundamentals | 24 |
2.2 | Semantics and constraints | 35 |
2.3 | Data structure diagrams | 38 |
2.4 | Alternative approaches | 42 |
3 | Data analysis | 50 |
3.1 | Systems descriptions | 50 |
3.2 | Top-down analysis - the entity-relationship (E/R) approach | 51 |
3.3 | Bottom-up analysis - the determinacy approach | 60 |
3.4 | Integrity constraints | 64 |
3.5 | Complementarity of approaches | 68 |
3.6 | More complex structures | 70 |
3.7 | Connection traps | 72 |
3.8 | Other techniques | 76 |
4 | Data modelling | 83 |
4.1 | Data models | 85 |
4.2 | The classical data models | 86 |
4.3 | Data definition and manipulation | 105 |
4.4 | Expressive power | 133 |
4.5 | Constraints in data models | 134 |
5 | Normalization and synthesis | 143 |
5.1 | Redundancy | 143 |
5.2 | Normalization | 156 |
5.3 | The synthetic approach | 181 |
5.4 | Minimal normalized schema | 195 |
5.5 | Synthesis versus normalization | 196 |
5.6 | Consequences of normalization | 199 |
6 | Implementation and exploitation | 207 |
6.1 | DL/1 - a hierarchic language | 208 |
6.2 | The CODASYL standard | 211 |
6.3 | Structured Query Language - SQL | 222 |
6.4 | A case study - a marina database | 246 |
7 | Advanced data models | 266 |
7.1 | Data modelling | 266 |
7.2 | Some advanced data models | 273 |
7.3 | Objects and object-orientation | 283 |
7.4 | Implementation concerns | 305 |
8 | Databases in perspective | 310 |
8.1 | What price databases? | 311 |
8.2 | The database environment | 312 |
8.3 | Threats to the database | 314 |
8.4 | Concurrency | 319 |
8.5 | Distribution | 320 |
9 | Further reading | 322 |
10 | Answer pointers for selected problems | 329 |
Index | 347 |