Introduction to Database and Knowledge-Base Systems

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This book provides a comprehensive yet concise coverage of the concepts and technology of database systems and their evolution into knowledge bases. The traditional material on database systems at senior undergraduate level is covered. An understanding of concepts is emphasized avoiding extremes in formalism or detail.

Rather than be restricted to a single example used over an entire book, a variety of examples are used. These enable the reader...

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More About This Book

Overview

This book provides a comprehensive yet concise coverage of the concepts and technology of database systems and their evolution into knowledge bases. The traditional material on database systems at senior undergraduate level is covered. An understanding of concepts is emphasized avoiding extremes in formalism or detail.

Rather than be restricted to a single example used over an entire book, a variety of examples are used. These enable the reader to understand the basic abstractions which underlie description of many practical situations.

A major portion of the book concerns database system technology with focus on the relational model. Various topics are discussed in detail, preparing the ground for more advanced work.

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Product Details

  • ISBN-13: 9789810206208
  • Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company, Incorporated
  • Publication date: 3/26/1992
  • Series: Series in Computer Science
  • Pages: 344
  • Product dimensions: 6.10 (w) x 8.48 (h) x 0.70 (d)

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Preliminaries and Overview 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Database Environment 3
1.3 Architecture of Database Systems 5
1.4 Data Models 6
1.4.1 Entity Relationship Model 7
1.4.2 Database Languages 9
1.5 Structuring Database Systems 11
1.5.1 Functional Architecture 11
1.5.2 The Client-Server Architecture 13
1.5.3 Personal Computer Database Systems 15
1.5.4 Online Transaction Processing Systems 16
1.6 From Databases to Knowledge-Bases 18
1.7 Summary 19
Exercises 20
Bibliographic Notes and References 21
Chapter 2 The Relational Model 23
2.1 The Relational Data Model 23
2.1.1 ER Model and Relational Model 27
2.2 Integrity Rules 29
2.3 Functional Dependency 30
2.4 Normal Forms for Relations 32
2.4.1 First Three Normal Forms 32
2.4.2 Boyce-Codd Normal Form 38
2.5 Summary 39
Exercises 39
Bibliographic Notes and References 41
Chapter 3 Relational Operations and Further Normalization 43
3.1 Relational Algebra Operators 44
3.1.1 Basic Operators 44
3.1.2 Derived Operators 46
3.2 Relational Calculus 48
3.3 Multivalued Dependencies 50
3.4 The Fourth Normal Form 55
3.5 Lossless Join Decomposition 56
3.6 Join Dependency 61
3.6.1 The Fifth Normal Form 62
3.7 Summary 62
Exercises 63
Bibliographic Notes and References 65
Chapter 4 Relational Database Languages and Systems 67
4.1 SQL 68
4.1.1 Operations on Single Tables 71
4.1.2 Queries Involving more than One Table 72
4.1.3 Nested Queries 73
4.1.4 Aggregate Functions 76
4.1.5 Other Operations 77
4.1.6 Shortcomings of SQL 79
4.2 QUEL 80
4.2.1 Aggregate Operations 84
4.2.2 Other Operations 85
4.3 Query-By-Example 86
4.3.1 Aggregate Operators 89
4.3.2 Other Operations 89
4.3.3 Recursive Queries 90
4.4 Criteria for Evaluating Relational Database Systems 91
4.5 Summary 97
Exercises 97
Bibliographic Notes and References 99
Chapter 5 Hierarchical and Network Models 101
5.1 The Hierarchical Data Model 103
5.1.1 Translating Entity-Relationship Representations 104
5.1.2 Logical Relationships 104
5.1.3 Database Definition 107
5.2 Hierarchical Data Manipulation 107
5.3 The Network Model 111
5.3.1 From Hierarchy to Network 111
5.3.2 Background 111
5.3.3 Network Model Data Structures 113
5.3.4 The DBTG Set 115
5.3.5 Data Definition Language 116
5.4 Network Data Manipulation 118
5.5 Conclusion 125
5.6 Summary 126
Exercises 126
Bibliographic Notes and References 128
Chapter 6 Physical Data Organization 131
6.1 Basic Concepts 131
6.1.1 Addressing 134
6.1.2 Performance Measures 135
6.2 Heap Storage 136
6.3 Indexed Sequential Organization 137
6.3.1 Multi-level Indexes 141
6.3.2 Tree Structures 142
6.4 The B-Tree Organization 145
6.4.1 B+trees 153
6.5 Hashed Files 153
6.5.1 Basic Hashing Scheme 154
6.5.2 Problems with the Basic Scheme 157
6.6 Extendible Hashing 158
6.7 Linear Hashing 163
6.8 Multi-key Organizations 166
6.9 Grid Files 168
6.10 Partitioned Hash Functions 170
6.11 Summary 172
Exercises 173
Bibliographic Notes and References 175
Chapter 7 Elements of Database Design 177
7.1 Requirement Analysis 179
7.2 Conceptual Modeling 180
7.2.1 The Extended Entity-Relationship Model 181
7.2.2 Conceptual Representation with the EER Model 183
7.3 Data Modeling 187
7.4 Transaction Analysis 188
7.5 Database Performance 189
7.5.1 Tools for Physical Database Design 192
7.6 Summary 194
Exercises 194
Bibliographic Notes and References 195
Chapter 8 Protection and Preservation of Databases 197
8.1 Transactions 197
8.2 Integrity Control 199
8.2.1 Integrity Constraints 201
8.2.2 Integrity Constraints in SQL 204
8.2.3 Integrity Features in INGRES 206
8.3 Security 207
8.3.1 Views 210
8.3.2 View Definition and Authorization in SQL 211
8.3.3 Security Features in INGRES 214
8.4 Database Recovery 216
8.4.1 Log-based Recovery Schemes 218
8.4.2 Shadow Paging 223
8.5 Summary 224
Exercises 224
Bibliographic Notes and References 226
Chapter 9 Concurrency Control 229
9.1 Transactions and Serializability 230
9.2 Concurrency Control through Locking 236
9.2.1 Deadlocks 238
9.2.2 Avoiding Deadlocks 241
9.2.3 Deadlock Detection and Resolution 243
9.2.4 Locking Modes 244
9.3 Timestamping 245
9.4 Summary 248
Exercises 249
Bibliographic Notes and References 250
Chapter 10 Distributed Database Systems 253
10.1 Features of Distributed Database Systems 254
10.2 Structuring Distributed Databases 256
10.3 Query Optimization 258
10.3.1 Semijoin Programs 261
10.4 Concurrency Control 263
10.4.1 Concurrency Control based on Locking 263
10.4.2 Handling Deadlocks 265
10.4.3 Timestamping 267
10.5 Recovery 267
10.5.1 Two-phase Commit Protocol 269
10.6 Implementations 270
10.7 Summary 270
Exercises 271
Bibliographic Notes and References 272
Chapter 11 Deductive Databases 275
11.1 Introduction 275
11.1.1 Structure 276
11.1.2 Architecture 277
11.2 Basic Elements 277
11.3 Database Systems and Prolog 280
11.3.1 Inference and Query Processing in Prolog 280
11.3.2 Prolog for Database Queries 282
11.3.3 Limitations of Prolog for Database Usage 285
11.4 Datalog 286
11.5 Query Processing Strategies 287
11.5.1 Recursive Query Processing 288
11.5.2 Naive Evaluation 289
11.5.3 Semi-Naive Evaluation 290
11.5.4 Magic Sets 291
11.6 Implementations 296
11.7 Summary 296
Exercises 297
Bibliographic Notes and References 298
Chapter 12 Object-Oriented Database Systems 301
12.1 Introduction 301
12.2 Object-Oriented Programming Languages 303
12.3 Features of Object-Oriented Database Systems 306
12.4 Querying Object-Oriented Databases 313
12.5 Implementations 316
12.6 Summary 317
Bibliographic Notes and References 317
Index 321
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