Multimedia Database in Perspective

I: Requirements for a Multimedia Database.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Multimedia.- 1.3 Some Characteristics.- 1.3.1 Content-Based Retrieval.- 1.3.2 Quality of Service.- 1.3.3 Synchronisation.- 1.4 Architecture.- 1.5 Contents.- 1.5.1 Part I: Requirements for a Multimedia Database.- 1.5.2 Part II: Client Components.- 1.5.3 Part III: Server Components.- 1.5.4 Part IV: Environment.- 2 Current and Emerging Applications.- 2.1 A Multimedia Publication Environment.- 2.2 Multimedia and Database System Support for Systems Engineering.- 2.3 A Multimedia Calendar of Event Teleservice.- 2.4 The QBIC System.- 2.5 Multimedia Document Archives.- 2.6 The Informedia Project.- 2.7 Some Virtual World Applications.- 2.8 Other Emerging Applications.- 3 Multimedia and its Impact on Database System Architectures.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Characteristics.- 3.2.1 Types of Multimedia Data.- 3.2.2 Temporal Aspects.- 3.2.3 Media Representation.- 3.2.4 Data Volume.- 3.2.5 Data Modelling.- 3.2.6 Resources.- 3.2.7 User Interaction.- 3.2.8 Querying Multimedia Information.- 3.2.9 Typical Database Management Functionality.- 3.3 Building Blocks for Multimedia Database Systems.- 3.3.1 The Notion of Multimedia Database Management Systems.- 3.3.2 Multimedia Data Models.- 3.3.3 Exploiting Traditional Database System Technology.- 3.3.4 A Reference Architecture for Multimedia Database Systems.- 3.4 Conclusions.- II: Client Components.- 4 User Interaction in a Virtual World Environment.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Characteristics.- 4.2.1 Terminology.- 4.2.2 Basic Architecture.- 4.2.3 Model Representation.- 4.3 Virtual Environment Building Blocks.- 4.3.1 Effectors.- 4.3.2 Software.- 4.3.3 Interface Aspects.- 4.4 Virtual Worlds and Databases.- 4.4.1 General Characteristics of Virtual World Databases.- 4.4.2 Very Large Virtual Environments.- 4.5 Conclusions.- 5 Searching Distributed Hypermedia.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Background Information.- 5.2.1 Internet.- 5.2.2 Hypertext and Hypermedia.- 5.2.3 WWW.- 5.3 Searching and Browsing.- 5.4 Requirements for Search Support.- 5.4.1 Harvest.- 5.4.2 Semantics.- 5.4.3 Our Use of Harvest.- 5.5 Locating Publication Servers.- 5.5.1 Membership-Based Locating.- 5.5.2 Publication-Based Locating.- 5.5.3 Subscription-Based Locating.- 5.6 Searching.- 5.7 Browsing.- 5.8 Architectural Issues.- 5.8.1 Search Client.- 5.8.2 Publication Server.- 5.8.3 Disseminators.- 5.8.4 Index Facilities.- 5.8.5 Query Processing.- 5.8.6 Reducing Network Traffic.- 5.9 Conclusions.- III: Server Components.- 6 The SQL3 Server Interface.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 SQL3: An Overview.- 6.2.1 Functions and Procedures.- 6.2.2 SQL3 Type System.- 6.2.3 Binary Large Objects (BLOBs).- 6.2.4 Other Facilities.- 6.3 Assessment of SQL3 Facilities.- 6.3.1 SQL3 as an Implementation Vehicle.- 6.3.2 SQL3-Based Type Definitions for MM Objects.- 6.3.3 Limitations of SQL3.- 6.4 Summary.- 7 The SGML/HyTime Server Interface.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 SGML.- 7.3 HyTime.- 7.4 Case Study.- 7.4.1 The Case.- 7.4.2 Examples of HyTime Documents.- 7.5 Application in Practice.- 8 Content-Based Querying.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Multimedia Object Modelling and Similarity-Based Querying..- 8.2.1 Multimedia Description Model.- 8.2.2 Multimedia Interpretation Model.- 8.3 Content-Based Retrieval in Text Document Database Systems.- 8.3.1 Similarity Measures for Text Retrieval.- 8.3.2 Query Expansion Using Concept Relationships.- 8.4 Content-Based Querying in Image Database Systems.- 8.4.1 Image Similarity Based on Global Image Features.- 8.4.2 Image Similarity Based on Image Subobject Features.- 8.5 Searching in Video Database Systems.- 8.5.1 Automatic Shot Detection.- 8.5.2 Video Information Modeling and Querying.- 8.6 Conclusions.- 9 Query Processing.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Access and Storage.- 9.2.1 Multimedia Storage Techniques.- 9.2.2 Multimedia Access Methods.- 9.3 Dimensions in Multimedia Query Processing.- 9.3.1 Query Predicates.- 9.3.2 Active and Passive Components.- 9.3.3 Exact Match/Partial Match.- 9.3.4 Approximation Degree.- 9.3.5 Extensibility.- 9.4 An Example: The MULTOS Approach.- 9.4.1 Storage and Access Methods.- 9.4.2 Query Language.- 9.4.3 Query Processing Strategy.- 9.4.4 An Example of Query Processing.- 9.4.5 Images as Active Components.- 9.5 Open Issues.- 9.5.1 Cost Models and Estimation.- 9.5.2 Integration of Different Approximation Strategies.- 9.6 Conclusions.- 10 Indexing of Multimedia Data.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Survey.- 10.2.1 Query By Image Content.- 10.2.2 Multi-Dimensional Indexing - SAMs.- 10.3 Basic Idea.- 10.4 1-D Time Series.- 10.4.1 Distance Function.- 10.4.2 Feature Extraction and Lower-Bounding.- 10.4.3 Introduction to DFT.- 10.4.4 Energy-Concentrating Properties of DFT.- 10.4.5 Experiments.- 10.5 2-D Color Images.- 10.5.1 Image Features and Distance Functions.- 10.5.2 Lower-bounding.- 10.5.3 Experiments.- 10.6 Extension: Sub-Pattern Matching.- 10.6.1 Sketch of the Approach - ‘ST-index’.- 10.6.2 Experiments.- 10.7 Conclusions.- IV: Environment.- 11 Operating System Support.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 General Design Characteristics.- 11.2.1 Quality of Service.- 11.2.2 Synchronisation.- 11.2.3 Scheduling and Interrupt Processing.- 11.2.4 Thread Management.- 11.2.5 Interprocess Communication.- 11.2.6 Distributed File Systems.- 11.3 Multimedia Operating System Projects.- 11.3.1 Pandora and Medusa.- 11.3.2 The DASH project.- 11.3.3 SUMO.- 11.3.4 WANDA.- 11.3.5 YARTOS.- 11.3.6 ARTS.- 11.3.7 Real-Time Mach.- 11.3.8 Real-Time Extensions to UNIX.- 11.4 Multimedia Storage Projects.- 11.4.1 The Etherphone Storage System.- 11.4.2 Swift.- 11.4.3 Zebra.- 11.4.4 RAID-II.- 11.4.5 UCSD Multi Media File Server.- 11.4.6 The Lancaster Continuous Media Storage Server.- 11.4.7 UCB Continuous Media File System.- 11.5 PEGASUS.- 11.5.1 Nemesis.- 11.5.2 Pegasus File Server.- 11.6 Discussion and Directions for Future Work.- 11.7 Conclusions and Summary.- 12 Communication Support.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Prool Support for Continuous Streams.- 12.2.1 Flow Control.- 12.2.2 Error Correction.- 12.2.3 Forward Error Correction.- 12.3 Quality-of-Service Specification.- 12.3.1 Quality-of-Service at Layer 2.- 12.3.2 Quality-of-Service at the Network Layer.- 12.3.3 Quality-of-Service at the Transport Layer.- 12.3.4 Quality-of-Service at the Application Layer.- 12.4 Stream Synchronisation.- 12.4.1 Media Layer.- 12.4.2 Stream Layer.- 12.4.3 Object Layer.- 12.5 Multicast for Multimedia.- 12.5.1 Multimedia Systems Require Multicast Support.- 12.5.2 Multicast in LANs.- 12.5.3 Multicast in ATM.- 12.5.4 Multicast at the Network Layer.- 12.6 Conclusions.- 13 Critical Success Factors.- 13.1 Introduction..- 13.1.1 Objectives and Scope of this Chapter.- 13.1.2 Overview of this Chapter.- 13.2 Multimedia Applications.- 13.2.1 The End-User’s Perspective.- 13.2.2 Economic Sectors.- 13.3 Impact and Value of Multimedia Telematics Applications.- 13.3.1 Impact of Multimedia Telematics Applications.- 13.3.2 Value of Multimedia Applications.- 13.4 Critical Success Factors for Multimedia.- 13.4.1 Diversity and Integration of Media.- 13.4.2 Multimedia Technology.- 13.4.3 Introduction and Diffusion.- 13.4.4 Resulting Value.- 13.4.5 Resulting Organisational Changes.- 13.4.6 Acceptance of the Application.- 13.5 Implications for Database Systems.- 13.6 Summary and Conclusions.- List of Authors.