Readings in Database Systems / Edition 2

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Overview

Readings in Database Systems, 3rd Edition is the most up-to-date compilation of papers to explore DBMS applications which were first published in the now classic "Red Book" in 1988. Dr. Stonebraker and Dr. Hellerstein have selected a spectrum of papers on the roots of the field, which include classic papers from the ‘70’s on the relational model to timely discourses on future directions. This new streamlined edition includes 46 papers that cover much of the significant research and development in the database field, organized by area of technology.

Expert introductory analysis of each section topic of the book is provided by leaders of the DBMS field along with a discussion of each reading.


  • Third edition is completely revised and streamlined to include the most significant new and classic papers along with introductory materials
  • Coverage spans the entire field of database, including relational implementation, transaction management, distributed database, parallel database, objects and databases, data analysis, and benchmarking
  • Offers a new section on objects and databases including selections on object oriented databases as well as Object-Relational databases
  • Lecture notes available on Morgan Kaufmann Web Site updated by the authors to include each paper
  • The definitive book on DBMS applications

Readings in Database Systems, 3rd Edition is the most up-to-date compilation of papers to explore DBMS applications which were first published in the now classic "Red Book" in 1988. Dr. Stonebraker and Dr. Hellerstein have selected a spectrum of papers on the roots of the field, which include classic papers from the '70's on the relational model to timely discourses on future directions. This new streamlined edition includes 46 papers that cover much of the significant research and development in the database field, organized by area of technology.

Expert introductory analysis of each section topic of the book is provided by leaders of the DBMS field along with a discussion of each reading.

From the Preface: "The main purpose of this collection is to present a technical context for research contributions and to make them accessible to anyone who is interested in database research. This book is intended as an introduction for students and professionals wanting an overview of the field. It is also designed to be a reference volume for anyone already active in database systems. This set of readings represents what we perceive to be the most important issues in the database area: the core material for any DBMS professional to study." Third edition is completely revised and streamlined to include the most significant new and classic papers along with introductory materials

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Editorial Reviews

Booknews
A comprehensive collection of previously published articles illustrating the breadth and depth of database technology. It contains 59 articles, of which 32 are new to this edition. The new papers reflect areas where there has been substantial activity in the last few years, including active databases, parallelism, transaction management, and storage systems. Editor Stonebraker provides introductions to each of the volume's 12 chapters. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
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Product Details

Read an Excerpt

Chapter 5: Parallel Database Systems

The success of parallel database systems is due to a failed idea called the database machine. In the eighties, there were innumerable proposals to provide specialized hardware support to make databases run faster. None of these turned out to be economical-the lesson learned was that special-purpose hardware is too expensive relative to commodity hardware, which has economy of scale in its production. Put differently, it is cheaper to buy an overpowered general-purpose machine off the shelf than it is to build a special-purpose, lean-and-mean database machine. A postmortem database machine research appears in [BORA83].

Database machine research was not a total wash, however, because some of the key ideas could be implemented in software rather than hardware. Chief among these was the use of parallelism, which is the focus of this chapter.

There are three basic architectural options for multiprocessor parallelism, namely, shared memory, shared disk, and shared nothing. In a shared memory configuration, a collection of processors is attached to the memory bus and each can access a common shared memory. This architecture is quite popular in the UNIX and NT server marketplace, with hardware offerings from essentially all UNIX vendors as well as most PC vendor and RDBMSs from essentially all the big DBMS vendors. A second option uses processors with private memory that access a shared disk system. This shared disk architecture was popular in the failed "massively parallel" systems of the early nineties from Thinking Machines Intel, and N-cube. The VAXcluster is a more conventional shared disk architecture; IBM's Parallel Sysplex isanother. The third option is to connect a collection of processors with private memory and disks on a local area network or specialized interconnect and then run a shared nothing parallel database system on the configuration, IBM is SP-2 is a machine with a shared nothing architecture, but shared nothing database systems are also run on clusters of standard UNIX or NT workstations connected by a high-speed LAN. Shared nothing RDBMSs include NCR's Teradata (a pioneer in the area), IBM's DB2/PE, and Informix Dynamic Server with Extended Parallel Option.

In all three architectures, little or no custom hardware is oriented toward supporting the DBMS. Rather, a conventional hardware multiprocessor is utilized by the DBMS software-hence the term software database machine. The relative merits of shared nothing, shared memory, and shared disk architectures have been hotly debated by the research community [GAWL87, CARe94]. What seems to be emerging as conventional wisdom is that a hybrid of shared memory and shared nothing techniques is what makes most sense, given current technical and commercial constraints.

Shared memory is the easiest platform to code for. You can run a conventional single-site DBMS on the architecture and depend on the operating system to multiplex DBMS threads or processes onto the available processors. Most commercial DBMSs have been adapted easily to this architecture, and linear speedup with the number of processors has been widely observed. Since shared memory hardware is now a commodity product in both the UNIX and NT market, DBMSs will routinely exploit the parallelism that is naturally available in this configuration. As long as a user requires only a few processors' worth of power, a shared memory system is the simplest, cheapest solution.

Shared nothing is the architecture of choice for maximum scalability. The hardware infrastructure is inexpensive and scales arbitrarily: unlike shared memory systems that are constrained by the number of processors that can share a memory bus, a shared nothing system can accommodate arbitrary numbers of processors. All of the very large databases used for decision support are shared nothing; no other architecture can accommodate terabytes of data and thousands of complex queries. A hidden advantage of shared nothing is that a system can grow as you use it. You can buy 20 machines in year one, and if that is not enough you can buy 20 more in year two. This is not merely a convenience, the machines you buy in year two will have better price/performance than the ones from year one, so the ability to postpone scaling the system is a big economic gain, Contrast this with the shared memory approach, in which you can either buy a 20-way processor in year one and throw it away in favor of a 40-way processor in year two, or buy a 40-way processor in year one but utilize it to capacity only in year two, by which time it is year-old technology.

Shared disk systems offer no particularly persuasive arguments for their support. They are not easy to program (as shared memory systems are). and they do not scale the way that shared nothing systems do. They present numerous technical challenges. For example. each processor must be able to set locks in a common lock table. but there is no shared memory in which to physically store the table. This requires that the table be partitioned and fancy algorithms run to guarantee reasonable locking costs. Similar issues, apply to the buffer pool; a detailed discussion of this area is contained in [CARE91, WANG91]. In addition, crash recovery is difficult in this environment especially when you try to recover one processor, while allowing N-1 that never crashed to continue normal operation. . . .

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Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgements
A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks 5
System R: Relational Approach to Database Management 16
The Design and Implementation of INGRES 37
A History and Evaluation of System R 54
Retrospection on a Database System 69
Operating System Support for Database Management 83
R-Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure for Spatial Searching 90
Generalized Search Trees for Database Systems 101
An Evaluation of Buffer Management Strategies for Relational Database Systems 113
Join Processing in Database Systems with Large Main Memories 128
Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 141
Query Rewrite Optimization Rules in IBM DB2 Universal Database 153
Granularity of Locks and Degrees of Consistency in a Shared Data Base 175
On Optimistic Methods for Concurrency Control 194
Concurrency Control Performance Modeling: Alternatives and Implications 201
Efficient Locking for Concurrent Operations on B-Trees 224
Principles of Transaction-Oriented Database Recovery 235
ARIES: A Transaction Recovery Method Supporting Fine-Granularity Locking and Partial Rollbacks Using Write-Ahead Logging 251
The Design of a POSTGRES Storage System 286
The ConTract Model 298
R*: An Overview of the Architecture 329
R* Optimizer Validation and Performance Evaluation for Distributed Queries 351
Transaction Management in the R* Distributed Database Management System 362
The Dangers of Replication and a Solution 372
Mariposa: A Wide-Area Distributed Database System 382
Parallel Database Systems: The Future of High Performance Database Systems 403
The Gamma Database Machine Project 417
AlphaSort: A Cache-Sensitive Parallel External Sort 435
Coloring Away Communication in Parallel Query Optimization 448
The ObjectStore Database System 467
QuickStore: A High Performance Mapped Object Store 481
Client-Server Caching Revisited 493
The Database Language GEM 504
Inclusion of New Types in Relational Data Base Systems 516
The POSTGRES Next-Generation Database Management System 524
Improved Query Performance with Variant Indexes 543
Data Cube: A Relational Aggregation Operator Generalizing Group-By, Cross-Tab, and Sub-Totals 555
An Array-Based Algorithm for Simultaneous Multidimensional Aggregates 568
Fast Algorithms for Mining Association Rules 580
Online Aggregation 593
A Measure of Transaction Processing Power 609
The OO7 Benchmark 622
The Sequoia 2000 Storage Benchmark 632
Database Metatheory: Asking the Big Queries 651
Database Systems: Achievements and Opportunities 661
Strategic Directions in Database Systems - Breaking Out of the Box 672
Index 681
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