Chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ (fwd)

[Hong Lam Vu <vuh000@goofy.zdv.Uni-Mainz.de>]

Hi kak bak, ho^m no. nha` ta no'i chuye^.n kha' ha(ng ve^` de^` ta`i
chi'nh ta? chu+~ kuo^k ngu+~. Nay kie^'m duw.k 1 ba`i ve^` li.ch su+?
chu+~ Vie^.t ta zu`ng nga`y nay forward la.i cho kak bak no'i chuye^.n
tie^'p. 

La^m

PS: tui vie^'t chi'nh ta? "mo+'i" cho vui va^.y tho^i chu+' tui cu`ng
dda?ng ba?o thu? vo+'i ba'c Aiviet trong vu. ca?i ca'ch chi'nh ta? ddo'. 

------------------------------
Qua' Tri`nh Hi`nh Tha`nh va` Pha't Trie^?n Chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~


Tru+o+'c khi chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ ra ddo+`i, chu'ng ta dda~ du`ng chu+~ Ha'n,
 chu+~ No^m
[1]. Chu+~ Ha'n la` chu+~ Ta`u nhu+ng ddo.c theo gio.ng Vie^.t, kha'c ha(?n
 gio.ng
cu?a nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i Ta`u ma(.c du` nu+o+'c Vie^.t dda~ tra?i qua ha`ng nga`n
 na(m ddo^
ho^.. Vi` truye^`n tho^'ng da^n to^.c kho^ng the^? dde^? bi. ddo^`ng ho'a,
 chu+~ No^m ra
ddo+`i\. Chu+~ No^m du`ng nhu+~ng chu+~ Ha'n ghe'p la.i dde^? ghi tie^'ng
 Vie^.t vi` va^.y
chu+~ No^m co' ra^'t nhie^`u ne't. Chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ [2] ma` nga`y nay chu'ng
 ta
du`ng la` loa.i chu+~ du`ng nhu+~ng ma^~u tu+. La Tinh ghe'p tha`nh. Trong ta^'t
ca? nhu+~ng nu+o+'c A' Cha^u, chi? co' Vie^.t Nam va` Phi Lua^.t Ta^n la` hai
 nu+o+'c
du`ng ma^~u tu+. La Tinh trong chu+~ vie^'t. DDa^y la` co' pha?i la` mo^.t
 ddie^`u
hay, mo^.t nie^`m ha~nh die^.n hay kho^ng? Chu'ng ta ha~y thu+? ba`n xem.

Ba`n ve^` lo+.i chu'ng ta kho^ng phu? nha^.n ddu+o+.c su+. i'ch lo+.i va` tie^.n nghi cu?a chu+~
Quo^'c Ngu+~ so vo+'i chu+~ Ha'n va` No^m. Tie^.n nghi thu+' nha^'t la` de^~ ho.c, chi? ca^`n
va`i tha'ng la` mo.i ngu+o+`i co' the^? ddo.c va` vie^'t ddu+o+.c chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~. Trong khi
ddo' ho.c chu+~ Ha'n ca^`n mo^.t tho+`i gian da`i va` pha?i nho+' tu+`ng chu+~ mo^.t vi` chu+~
Ha'n la` mo^.t loa.i chu+~ tu+o+.ng hi`nh. Ho.c chu+~ No^m co`n kho' ho+n vi` chu+~ No^m la`
nhu+~ng ke^'t ho+.p cu?a chu+~ Ha'n va` co' ra^'t nhie^`u ne't. Ma(.t kha'c, trong vie^.c
in, pha't ha`nh sa'ch ba'o, chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ chi? ca^`n va`i chu.c ma^~u tu+. dde^? ghe'p
la.i; trong khi ddo' chu+~ No^m va` chu+~ Ha'n co' ha(`ng ha` sa so^' "ma^~u tu+." kha'c
nhau\.

Ba`n ve^` ha.i thi` kho^ng nhie^`u la('m. Vo+'i chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~, chu'ng ta kho^ng pha^n
bie^.t ddu+o+.c mo^.t so^' chu+~ ddo.c gio^'ng nhau, vie^'t gio^'ng nhau, nhu+ng la.i co'
nghi~a kha'c nhau\. Ne^'u vie^'t theo chu+~ Ha'n thi` chu'ng ta co' the^? pha^n bie^.t
ddu+o+.c (thi' du. nhu+ chu+~ Minh co' nghi~a la` sa'ng nhu+ Minh Ma^~n, chu+~ Minh co'
nghi~a la` mo+` mo+` nhu+ chu+~ U Minh). Ve^` phu+o+ng die^.n nghie^n cu+'u, vi` chu+~ Ha'n
la` loa.i chu+~ tu+o+.ng hi`nh, cho ne^n ta co' the^? pha^n ti'ch nhu+~ng chu+~ vie^'t ma`
gia?i thi'ch lo^'i suy nghi~ cu?a ngu+o+`i xu+a qua phu+o+ng pha'p chie^'t tu+..

Ba`n ve^` co' hay kho^ng ha~nh die^.n ve^` du`ng chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ so vo+'i chu+~ No^m
va` chu+~ Ha'n la` mo^.t va^'n dde^` quan tro.ng. Nhie^`u ngu+o+`i ma(.c ca?m cho ra(`ng
chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ la` loa.i chu+~ "mu+o+.n" nhu+~ng ma^~u tu+. La Tinh va` do ngu+o+`i
ngoa.i quo^'c sa'ng che^' vi` va^.y kho^ng co' gi` la` ha~nh die^.n khi du`ng chu+~
Quo^'c Ngu+~. Chu'ng to^i kho^ng ddo^`ng y'. Thu+' nha^'t la` chu+~ Ha'n la` chu+~ cu?a
ngu+o+`i Ta`u ma` chu'ng ta dda~ bi. e'p buo^.c pha?i du`ng trong va`i nga`n na(m,
vi` su+. e'p buo^.c na`y ne^n cha o^ng ta dda~ "dde?" chu+~ No^m, loa.i chu+~ du`ng
chu+~ Ha'n dde^? vie^'t va` ddo.c theo gio.ng Vie^.t. Chu+~ No^m, chu+~ Ha'n va` chu+~
Quo^'c Ngu+~ dde^`u la` chu+~ mu+o+.n. Thu+' hai la` chu+~ No^m do ngu+o+`i "mi`nh" che^'
ra co`n chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ la` do ngu+o+`i A^u Cha^u\. Chu'ng to^i cu~ng kho^ng
ddo^`ng y' ve^` ddie^?m na`y vi` dda^y kho^ng the^? la` co^ng vie^.c mo^.t va`i ngu+o+`i co'
the^? la`m ddu+o+.c. Chu'ng ta se~ tro+? la.i va^'n dde^` na`y\. To'm la.i chu'ng ta
kho^ng co' gi` la` tu+. ti ma(.c ca?m khi du`ng chu+~ vie^'t mu+o+.n cu?a nu+o+'c kha'c
vi` ddo' gio^'ng nhu+ la` mo^.t qui lua^.t tu+` DDo^ng sang Ta^y\. Nu+o+'c ta mu+o+.n
chu+~ Ha'n dde^? hoa`n tha`nh chu+~ No^m, chu+~ Pha'p, Bo^` DDa`o Nha, Y' dde^? hoa`n
tha`nh chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~. Co`n Pha'p, Anh, Bo^` DDa`o Nha, v.v. mu+o+.n chu+~
Latin dde^? hoa`n tha`nh chu+~ cu?a ho.; ngu+o+`i Pha'p ha~nh die^.n ve^` chu+~ vie^'t
cu?a ho., Nga thi` do anh em Kirille di.ch quye^?n tha'nh kinh dde^? truye^`n
dda.o va` dde? ra chu+~ Slaves. Ngu+o+`i Nga tro.ng anh em Kirille, chu'ng ta
tro.ng A\. de Rhodes, Barbosa thi` dda^u co' gi` la..

Qua' tri`nh hi`nh tha`nh va` pha't trie^?n cu?a chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ co' the^? chia tha`nh
ba giai ddoa.n: giai ddoa.n pho^i thai, gian ddoa.n ca?i tie^'n va` giai ddoa.n
tru+o+?ng tha`nh.

I\. Giai DDoa.n Pho^i Thai: The^' Ky? 16-17

A\. Nguye^n Nha^n

Ba('t dda^`u tu+` the^' ky? 16, chu? nghi~a tu+ ba?n pha't trie^?n ma.nh me~ o+? A^u
Cha^u\. Ca'c co^ng ty thu+o+ng ma~i mo.c le^n nhu+ na^'m. Ngu+o+`i A^u Cha^u ddua
nhanh vu+o+.t dda.i du+o+ng ti`m dda^'t mo+'i\. Nhu+~ng nu+o+'c nhu+ Bo^` DDa`o Nha
(Portugal), Y' DDa.i Lo+.i (Italy), Ho`a Lan (Holland), Anh (England),
Pha'p tranh nhau gia`nh ca(n cu+', thi. tru+o+`ng va` thuo^.c ddi.a\. Ca'c nha`
thu+o+ng ma~i ddi dde^'n dda^u la` ca'c nha` truye^`n gia'o ddi dde^'n ddo'. Ho. dde^'n
Vie^.t Nam va`o tho+`i ky` Tri.nh Nguye^~n pha^n tranh, dda^'t nu+o+'c bi. chia ra
DDa`ng Ngoa`i va` DDa`ng Trong. Muo^'n gia?ng dda.o, ca'c nha` truye^`n gia'o
pha?i ho.c tie^'ng ba?n xu+', vi` va^.y ho. dda~ du`ng chu+~ La Tinh dde^? ghi la.i
nhu+~ng ca'ch pha't a^m cu?a tie^'ng Vie^.t va` gia?ng nghi~a nhu+~ng chu+~ ddo'
ba(`ng tie^'ng cu?a ho.. La^u nga`y ti'ch tu. la.i tha`nh mo^.t quye^?n tu+. ddie^?n.
DDo' la` nguye^n nha^n cu?a su+. ra ddo+`i cu?a chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ nga`y nay, mu.c
ddi'ch chi'nh la` ca'c nha` truye^`n gia'o ho.c tie^'ng Vie^.t dde^? truye^`n dda.o\.

B. Ai La` Ngu+o+`i Che^' Ra Chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~?

Cho dde^'n nay co' nhie^`u ngu+o+`i nghi~ ra(`ng Alexandre de Rhodes (co`n ddu+o+.c
go.i la` DDa('c Lo^., xin cho+' la^`m la^~n vo+'i Ba' DDa Lo^.c - P. De Be'haine) la`
o^ng to^? cu?a chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~. Theo su+. nghie^n cu+'u cu?a gia'o su+ Thanh
La~ng thi` "de Rhodes kho^ng pha?i la` o^ng to^? duy nha^'t cu?a chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~
va` cu~ng kho^ng pha?i la` mo^.t trong nhu+~ng o^ng to^? cu?a chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~. Su+.
phie^n a^m dda~ co' tru+o+'c khi de Rhodes chu+a dde^'n Vie^.t Nam ... Ba la^`n De
Rhodes xa'c nha^.n la` co' nhie^`u sa'ch vo+? dda~ vie^'t theo lo^'i phie^n a^m ma`
o^ng cho la` kho^ng ho+.p ly' la('m. Tuy nha^.n la` kho^ng ho+.p ly' ma` o^ng va^~n
pha?i tua^n theo, chu+'ng to? nhu+~ng sa'ch kia dda~ pha?i ddu+o+.c pho^? bie^'n
la('m, ne^'u kho^ng de Rhodes dda~ dde^` nghi. mo^.t lo^'i kha'c. Tie^'c ra(`ng nhu+~ng
sa'ch ma` de Rhodes no'i dde^'n a^'y, cho dde^'n nga`y nay chu'ng ta chu+a ti`m
ra mo^.t ve^'t ti'ch gi`" [3]. No'i nhu+ va^.y kho^ng pha?i la` chu'ng ta phu?
nha^.n nhu+~ng co^ng tri`nh cu?a de Rhodes ddo^'i vo+'i chu+~ quo^'c ngu+~, quye^?n tu+.
ddie^?n do chi'nh o^ng soa.n la` quye^?n tu+` ddie^?n Quo^'c Ngu+~ la^u ddo+`i nha^'t
(1651) ma` chu'ng ta co`n giu+~ la.i ddu+o+.c.

Tro+? la.i va^'n dde^`, ai la` ngu+o+`i che^' ra chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~? Kho^ng co' mo^.t ca' nha^n
na`o he^'t. Tru+o+'c de Rhodes dda~ co' nhu+~ng gia'o si~ ngu+o+`i Bo^` DDa`o Nha nhu+
Gaspar de Amaral va` Antonio Barbosa dda~ la`m nhu+~ng quye^?n tu+. ddie^?n dda^`u
tie^n. Nhu+ng ngay ca? hai gia'o si~ na`y cu~ng kho^ng pha?i la` nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i che^'
ra chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~, vi` tru+o+'c ddo' dda~ co' nhie^`u gia'o si~ gio?i tie^'ng Vie^.t nhu+
J. Roiz, G. Luis, C. Borri, v.v. co`n dde^? la.i nhie^`u ta.i lie^.u vie^'t tu+` na(m
1621 (de Rhodes 1626). Va^.y, chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ ddu+o+.c sa'ng che^' ra bo+?i ca? mo^.t so^'
ddo^ng gia'o si~ trong qua' tri`nh ghi che'p, phie^n a^m va` su+? du.ng ha`ng chu.c
na(m, kho^ng xa'c ddi.nh ddu+o+.c la` na(m na`o, la` ca' nha^n na`o\.

II\. Giai DDoa.n Ca?i Tie^'n: The^' Ky? 17-18

A\. Ti`nh Tra.ng Chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ Tru+o+'c Tu+` Na(m 1651 Tro+? Ve^` Tru+o+'c

Trong giai ddoa.n dda^`u chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ co`n nhie^`u khuye^'t ddie^?m. Nhu+~ng khuye^'t
ddie^?m ddo' la`: chu+a co' ca'c da^'u thanh (sa('c, huye^`n, ho?i, nga~, na(.ng), vie^'t
di'nh nhau va` co`n thie^'u nhie^`u nguye^n a^m. Cha(?ng ha.n nhu+:

Quanmguya = Qua?ng Nga~i

Onsaij = o^ng sa?i

Tuijciam bie^t = Tui Cha(?ng Bie^'t

Mocaij = mo^.t ca'i

Ho^`i na`y chu+a co' ca'c phu. a^m ddo+n: dd, x, v cho ne^n nhu+~ng phu. a^m na`y ddu+o+.c
vie^'t nhu+ sau:

d = dd (ddo'i = doij)

sc = x, (xin = scin)

b = v, (va`o = bau)

La.i thie^'u phu. a^m ke'p: ch, gh, nh, tr; cho ne^n:

gn = nh

cia = ch

DDe^'n na(m 1626, chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ dda~ ddu+o+.c vie^'t ro+`i ra\. Theo ta`i lie^.u
vie^'t tay cu?a Francesco Buzomi:

Thien chu = thie^n chu~ (thie^n chu'a)

ngao.c huan = ngo.c hoa`ng

DDe^'n na(m 1632, he^. tho^'ng phu. a^m, nguye^n a^m va` ca'c da^'u thanh dda~ tro+? ne^n
hoa`n ha?o\. Mo^.t va`i chu+~ tu+` ta`i lie^.u cu?a Amaral:

DDa`ng tlao~ = dda`ng trong, dda`ng ngoa`y = dda`ng ngoa`i, dda`ng tle^n = dda`ng tre^n

nha` thu+o+ng dda^y = nha` thu+o+.ng dda`i

DDe^'n dda^y ta dda~ tha^'y chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ dda~ tie^'ng mo^.t bu+o+'c da`i\. DDo' la` co' ddu? na(m
da^'u thanh (sa('c, huye^`n, ho?i, nga~ va` na(.ng), ca'c nguye^n a^m (a, a(, a^, e,
e^, v.v.), ca'c a^m ke'p (au, u+a, a^i~, v.v.), va` nhu+~ng phu. a^m ke'p (nh, ch,
ng, v.v.).

Nhu+ng chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ chu+a tha^.t su+. tru+o+?ng tha`nh cho dde^'n na(m 1651 khi
quye^?n tu+. ddie^?n Vie^.t-Bo^`-La (Vie^.t Nam - Portugese - Latin) va` quye^?n Gia'o
Ly' cu?a de Rhodes ra ddo+`i\. Su+. ra ddo+`i cu?a quye^?n Tu+` DDie^?n na`y la` mo^.t ca'i mo^'c
quan tro.ng trong qua' tri`nh hi`nh tha`nh chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~. DDa^y la` quye^?n tu+`
ddie^?n dda^`u tie^n, no' tie^u chua^?n ho'a mo^.t he^. tho^'ng chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~. Quye^?n tu+`
ddie^?n na`y go^`m co' ba pha^`n:

Pha^`n thu+' nha^'t vie^'t ba(`ng tie^'ng La Tinh, no'i ve^` ngu+~ pha'p cu?a tie^'ng Vie^.t,
no'i ve^` chu+~, da^'u, ddo^.ng tu+`, danh tu+` va` cu' pha'p tie^'ng Vie^.t. DDa^y co' le~ la`
cuo^'n ngu+~ pha'p dda^`u tie^n cu?a Vie^.t Nam.

Pha^`n thu+' hai la` pha^`n chi'nh, ddo' la` tu+. ddie^?n Vie^.t Nam - Bo^` DDa`o Nha - La
Tinh.

Pha^`n thu+' ba la` tu+. ddie^?n La Tinh - Vie^.t Nam. Pha^`n co' the^? coi la` quye^?n tu+.
ddie^?n La-Vie^.t dda^`u tie^n.

Quye^?n Gia'o Ly' (Cathechismus) la` quye^?n sa'ch song ngu+~, ddu+o+.c vie^'t ba(`ng
hai thu+' tie^'ng La Tinh va` Vie^.t. Sa'ch na`y chia ra la`m ta'm pha^`n, mo^~i pha^`n
la` mo^.t nga`y ho.c.

B. La^`n Chi?nh DDo^'n Thu+' Nha^'t: Tu+` DDie^?n Be'haine (1772)

Sau de Rhodes la` P. De Be'haine (thu+o+`ng ddu+o+.c go.i la` Ba' DDa Lo^.c), vo+'i
su+. co^.ng ta'c cu?a Ho^` Va(n Nghi va` mo^.t so^' ngu+o+`i Vie^.t kha'c dda~ hoa`n
tha`nh quye^?n tu+` ddie^?n Annam - Latin. Bo^. tu+` ddie^?n na`y go^`m hai pha^`n,
pha^`n tra chu+~ No^m theo 214 bo^. chu+~ Ha'n va` pha^`n tu+` ddie^?n No^m - Quo^'c
Ngu+~ - Latin.

Pha^`n tra chu+~ No^m da.y ve^` ca'ch ddo.c chu+~ No^m theo bo^. va` so^' ne't.
Pha^`n thu+' hai la` tu+. ddie^?n tie^'ng Vie^.t ghi theo lo^'i vie^'t No^m va` Quo^'c Ngu+~,
sa('p theo ma^~u tu+. abc. So^' lu+o+.ng tu+` trong pha^`n na`y la` 4843 tu+` ddo+n va` ma^'y
chu.c nga`n tu+` ke'p.  Ta^'t ca? dde^` ddu+o+.c ghi va` gia?i nghi~a ba(`ng chu+~ Latin.

Nhu+~ng ca?i tie^'n trong quye^?n tu+` ddie^?n na`y la`: tho^'ng nha^'t ca'c phu. a^m
dda^`u, loa.i bo? ca'c phu. a^m: bl, de, ge, ml, tl va` tho^'ng nha^'t ca'c phu.
a^m cuo^'i\.

Ngoa`i ra vi` ddu+o+.c su+. co^.ng ta'c cu?a nhie^`u ngu+o+`i Vie^.t cho ne^n trong quye^?n
tu+` ddie^?n na`y co' ca? tra(m ca^u ca dao, tu.c ngu+~ ra^'t co' gia' tri. nhu+:

Sa' bao ca' cha^.u chim lo^`ng,

He^~ ngu+o+`i qua^n tu+? co' cu`ng mo+'i ne^n

Duo^~i theo o^'ng tha(?ng la^.n theo ba^`u tro`n

Bu.ng la`m da. chi.u

Cha'u dde? ra o^ng

Tha('p dduo^'c ti`m gia`u, gia`u cha(?ng tha^'y

Ca^`m gu+o+m che'm kho', kho' theo sau\.

Nhu+~ng ca^u na`y dda~ ddu+o+.c ghi ba(`ng chu+~ No^m, chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ va` chu+~ Latin.
Tha^.t la` mo^.t ta`i lie^.u gia' tri..

C. La^`n Chi?nh DDo^'n Thu+' Nhi`: Tu+` DDie^?n Taberd (1832)

Vo+'i su+. ho+.p ta'c cu?a Phan Va(n Minh va` nhie^`u ngu+o+`i Vie^.t Nam kha'c,
Taberd dda~ su+? du.ng va` bo^? sung quye^?n tu+. ddie^?n cu?a Be'haine dde^? hoa`n
ta^'t hai quye^?n tu+. ddie^?n: Annam-Latin va` Latin-Annam. Tu+. ddie^?n na`y co'
nhie^`u tu+` ho+n quye^?n nhu+~ng quye^?n tu+. ddie^?n dda~ la`m tru+o+'c ddo'. Tu+. ddie^?n
Annam-Latin cu?a de Rhodes (1651) co' 3772 tu+`, De Be'haine (1772) co'
4843 tu+`, Taberd (1838) co' 4959 tu+`. Ne^n bie^'t ra(`ng trong vie^.c bie^n
soa.n quye^?n tu+` ddie^?n na`y, Taberd chi? chu? tru+o+ng va` pho^'i ho+.p. Co`n
co^ng vie^.c bie^n soa.n pha^`n No^m, pha^`n Quo^'c Ngu+~ va` thi'ch nghi~a la`
co^ng vie^.c cu?a mo^.t so^' ngu+o+`i Vie^.t Nam.

III\. Giai DDoa.n Pha't Trie^?n: Tu+` Na(m 1862 Tro+? Ve^` Sau

Cho dde^'n na(m 1862, chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ chi? ddu+o+.c su+? du.ng trong gio+'i truye^`n
gia'o, nhu+ng khi ngu+o+`i Pha'p xa^m chie^'m Nam Ky` la`m thuo^.c ddi.a, chu+~
Quo^'c Ngu+~ dda~ tro+? ne^n pho^? tho^ng. Ca^`n su+? du.ng chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ la`m
phu+o+ng tie^.n cai tri. ne^n ngu+o+`i Pha'p dda~ ra su+'c pho^? bie^'n chu+~ Quo^'c
Ngu+~ va` vi` chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ ra^'t la` de^~ ho.c so vo+'i chu+~ No^m hoa(.c chu+~
Ha'n, chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ tro+? ne^n tho^ng du.ng.

Trong giai ddoa.n na`y dda~ co' nhie^`u ta'c pha^?m ba(`ng chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ ddu+o+.c
a^'n ha`nh nhu+: Lu.c Va^n Tie^n, Kim Va^n Kie^`u, Gia Hua^'n Ca, Tam Tu+.
Kinh, Minh Ta^m Bu+?u Gia'm, tu+. ddie^?n song ngu+~ cu?a Tru+o+ng Vi~nh Ky',
v.v. DDa(.c bie^.t la` quye^?n DDa.i Nam Qua^'c A^m Tu+. Vi. cu?a Hui`nh Ti.nh
Paulus Cu?a (1895), quye^?n tu+. ddie^?n xu+a nha^'t ma` hie^.n nay co`n lu+u
ha`nh vo+'i 7537 tu+` ddo+n. Quye^?n na`y chu+'a nhie^`u tu+` ngu+~ xu+a ma` nga`y nay
kho^ng co`n ddu+o+.c su+? du.ng nu+~a\. Vi` va^.y, no' la` mo^.t kho ta`i lie^.u vo^
cu`ng qui' gia'. Song song vo+'i nhu+~ng ta'c pha^?m tre^n, nhie^`u to+` ba'o dda~
ddu+o+.c lu+u ha`nh nhu+ Gia DDi.nh Ba'o (1865), Phan Ye^n Ba'o (1868), Nha^.t
Tri`nh Nam Ky` (1883), Nam Ky` DDi.a Pha^.n (1883), No^ng Co^? Mi'm DDa`m
(1901), v.v.  DDa'nh da^'u su+. tie^'n trie^?n vu+o+.t bu+.c cu?a chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~.

IV. Chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ Nga`y Nay

Chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ dda~ go'p pha^`n to lo+'n trong co^ng vie^.c ba?o to^`n va` pha't
huy ne^`n va(n ho'a nu+o+'c nha`. Vi` de^~ ho.c, cho ne^n dda.i dda so^' qua^`n chu'ng
co' the^? thu+o+?ng thu+'c nhu+~ng ta'c pha^?m Ha'n va` No^m dda~ ddu+o+.c Quo^'c Ngu+~ ho'a\.
Nhie^`u ta'c pha^?m mo+'i dda~ ddu+o+.c pha't ha`nh ro^.ng ra~i vi` phu+o+ng tie^.n a^'n
loa't de^~ da`ng va` i't to^'n ke'm, dda(.c bie^.t la` tu+` khi chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ ddu+o+.c
ddie^.n toa'n ho'a\. Chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ dda~ ta.o ddie^`u kie^.n cho ne^`n Va(n Ho.c Vie^.t
Nam pha't trie^?n toa`n die^.n.

Mo^.t so^' tha^`y tru+o+`ng Va(n Lang San Fernando Valley, California  to'm lu+o+.c.

(Ta`i lie^.u: Chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~ Tre^n DDa^'t Sa`i Go`n - Gia DDi.nh Nhu+~ng The^' Ky?
XVII-XVII-XIX cu?a Tra^`n Va(n Gia`u, Thanh La~ng va` Hoa`ng Xua^n Vie^.t)

(1) "Quo^'c ngu+~" co' nghi~a la` ngo^n ngu+~ cu?a mo^.t quo^'c gia, nhu+ng vi` lu'c mo+'i
hi`nh tha`nh loa.i chu+~ vie^'t na`y ddu+o+.c go.i la` chu+~ quo^'c ngu+~, du`ng rie^'t ro^`i
quen cho ne^n chu'ng to^i xin vie^'t hoa nhu+ te^n cu?a mo^.t loa.i chu+~ vie^'t.

(2) Co' va`i ho.c gia? cho ra(`ng tru+o+'c khi du`ng chu+~ Ha'n, nu+o+'c ta dda~ co' mo^.t
loa.i chu+~ "quo^'c ngu+~" ma` sau na`y bi. chu+~ Ha'n bu+'c tu+?. Gia? thuye^'t na`y cho
ra(`ng nhu+~ng hi`nh kha('c tre^n tro^'ng ddo^`ng Ngo.c Lu~ la` chu+~ cu?a nu+o+'c ta va`o
tho+`i A^u La.c, Hu`ng Vu+o+ng.

(3) Thanh La~ng, "Nhu+~ng cha(.ng ddu+o+`ng cu?a chu+~ Vie^.t quo^'c ngu+~", Ta.p Chi' DDa.i
Ho.c so^', tha'ng 2/1961 - Ky? nie^.m gia'o si~ DDa('c Lo^..