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Re: Chu+~ Quo^'c Ngu+~
Nha^n no'i ve^` chu+~ quo^'c ngu+~, xin gu+?i la.i ca'c anh chi. ddo.c
cho+i ba`i "Chu+~ Nu+o+'c To^i" cu?a anh DDinh The^' Du~ng (Monash
Univ.) gu+?i le^n vacets-dict. To^i dda~ ho?i anh Du~ng khi post la.i
ba`i na`y. Xin lo^~i ai dda~ nha^.n ba`i na`y tru+o+'c dda^y.
HTB
---
Chu+~ Nu+o+'c To^i
DDinh The^' Du~ng
( DDUNG@fcit-c1.fcit.monash.edu.au )
Melbourne, Aug 1995
oOo
"Ho^`n DDa.i Vie^.t gio.ng Ha`n Thuye^n
Ne^`n mo'ng va(n chu+o+ng co^? ddie^?n
Vu~ tru. thie^n thu va.n va^.t
Ca?o tho+m hie^?n hie^.n tru+o+'c dde`n
DDa^'t nu+o+'c nghi`n na(m va(n hie^'n
La^u dda`i tie^'ng Vie^.t huy hoa`ng"
(Tho+ DDo^ng Ho^`)
Chu+~ nu+o+'c to^i
------------------
Huye^`n su+? va` co^? su+? Vie^.t Nam co' truye^`n la.i ra(`ng
la~nh tho^? Vie^.t Nam nga`y xu+a bao go^`m mo^.t so^' pha^`n
dda^'t be^n Trung Hoa, nhu+ng ba(`ng chu+'ng cu. the^? nhu+ ddo^`
ba?n, va(n tu+. dde^? chu+'ng minh kho^ng ddu? dde^? thuye^'t
phu.c ngu+o+`i ddo+`i nay\. Na(m nha^m ti' 1792, vua Quang Trung
sai su+' sang Ta`u xin ca^`u ho^n va` "ddo`i" la.i dda^'t
Lu+o+~ng Qua?ng, kho^ng bie^'t nha` vua ddi.nh du+.a tre^n su+?
lie^.u na`o, hay co' the^? dda^y chi? la` mo^.t ca'i co+', vi`
nha` Thanh cu~ng du+.a va`o vo~ lu+.c dde^? chie^'m Trung Hoa,
nay ta ma.nh thi` cu+' vie^.c du+.a tre^n truye^`n thuye^'t dde^?
ddo`i, mo^.t hi`nh thu+'c ga^y ha^'n co' "va(n ho'a", hoa(.c gia?
hai ti?nh Qua?ng DDo^ng va` Qua?ng Ta^y dda~ thu+.c na(`m trong
la~nh tho^? Vie^.t Nam, nhu+ng nhu+~ng ta`i lie^.u co^? xu+a dda~
bi. ngu+o+`i Trung Hoa hu?y die^.t ddi ta^'t ca?.
Ne^'u cu+' ta.m cho la` co' su+? lie^.u ghi ve^` nhu+~ng ddie^`u
ddo', thi` to^? tie^n chu'ng ta dda~ du`ng thu+' chu+~ gi` dde^?
ghi la.i nhu+~ng ddie^`u na`y\? Ngoa`i va(n tu+., khoa ho.c du+.a
va`o nga`nh kha?o co^? dde^? ti`m hie^?u qua' khu+', dda`o tu+`
dda^'t le^n thi` hie^.n nay co' nhu+~ng du+~ kie^.n chu+'ng minh
ra(`ng ngu+o+`i Vie^.t dda~ bie^'t ddu'c ddo^`ng la`m tro^'ng
tu+` la^u ro^`i, va` du+.a tre^n nhu+~ng hi`nh kha('c tre^n
tro^'ng ddo^`ng, kho^ng co' da^'u ve^'t lu'c ddo' cu?a mo^.t
chu+~ co^? na`o dde^? la.i\. Tu+'c la` co' nhie^`u xa'c sua^'t
la` lu'c ddu'c tro^'ng DDo^ng So+n, Vie^.t Nam chu+a co' chu+~
vie^'t. Mo^.t truye^`n thuye^'t kha'c la.i cho ra(`ng ta dda~ co'
chu+~ vie^'t tu+` thu+o+? vua Hu`ng, ddo' la` chu+~ vie^'t lo^'i
cha^n chim. Nhu+ng kho^ng ai ne^u ddu+o+.c ba(`ng chu+'ng ve^`
ddie^`u na`y\. Tha`nh thu+? ne^'u cho la` co' cha(ng nu+~a, thi`
ddo' la` mo^.t thu+' tu+? ngu+~ dda~ bi. che^'t tu+` la^u, che^'t
vi` bi. ta`n pha' bo+?i mo^.t gio^' ng da^n kha'c, hay che^'t vi`
no' chu+a bao gio+` tha`nh hi`nh ro~ re^.t. Trong truye^.n "Ti`nh
Mi. Cha^u", to^i co' nha('c dde^'n chu+~ vie^'t hi`nh cha^n chim
cu?a Vie^.t to^.c, nhu+ mo^.t tie^u bie^?u huye^`n thoa.i, nghi~a
la` kho^ng chu+'ng minh, vi` kho^ng the^? chu+'ng minh ddu+o+.c.
Nhu+ng tie^'ng no'i ddu+o+ng nhie^n la` ta dda~ co' dde^? no'i
chuye^.n giao di.ch ha`ng nga`y, va` nho+` va^.y nhu+~ng ca^u ca
dao, nhu+~ng truye^`n thuye^'t va^~n ddu+o+.c lu+u truye^`n cho
dde^'n nay\. DDo' chi? la` pha^`n ho^`n, co`n pha^`n xa'c thi`
ngo^n ngu+~ Vie^.t dda~ pha?i lao ddao ddi mu+o+.n no+i na`y,
nho+` no+i no., cho dde^'n lu'c co' ddu+o+.c thu+' chu+~ dde^?
ghi la.i, dde^? truye^`n dde^'n ngu+o+`i ddu+o+ng tho+`i va`
ha^.u the^' nhu+~ng ta`i lie^.u, du+~ kie^.n, nho+` va^.y ba^y
gio+` to^i mo+'i co' the^? ngo^`i dda^y xu+? du.ng nhu lie^.u
Vie^.t Vu~ dde^? dda'nh nhu+~ng gio`ng na`y tre^n chie^'c ma'y
ddie^.n toa'n ca' nha^n.
Thu+' chu+~ dda^`u tie^n ngu+o+`i Vie^.t mu+o+.n dde^? ghi la.i
tu+ tu+o+?ng, va(n chu+o+ng, gia^'y to+` ha`nh cha'nh ... la`
chu+~ Trung Hoa, ddie^`u na`y ngu+o+`i DDa.i Ha`n va` ngu+o+`i
Nha^.t cu~ng la`m. Co' ddie^`u trong tru+o+`ng ho+.p Vie^.t Nam,
la` gio+'i ha.n cu?a ba`i vie^'t na`y, chu+~ Ha'n co`n la` co^ng
cu. dde^? cai tri. va` ba`nh tru+o+'ng va(n ho'a cu?a Trung Hoa
tre^n nu+o+'c Vie^.t. Nhu+~ng trie^'t thuye^'t mang tu+` Trung
Hoa cu?a Kho^?ng tu+?, La~o tu+?, Ma.nh tu+?, Trang Tu+? ... va`
ngay ca? kho^ng tu+` go^'c Trung Hoa nhu+ Pha^.t ho.c (bao go^`m
Thie^`n ho.c) cu~ng ddu+o+.c chuye^n cho+? ba(`ng chu+~ Ha'n qua
to+'i Vie^.t Nam, ddo' la` da^'u a^'n kinh ho^`n ma` mo^.t ne^`n
va(n ho'a dda~ du`ng dde^? a'p che^' le^n mo^.t quo^'c gia tie^?u
nhu+o+.c. Vi` Ha'n tu+. chuye^n cho+? nhu+~ng tinh hoa cu?a
nhie^`u the^' he^. Trung Hoa tre^n ddu? mo.i phu+o+ng die^.n tu+`
su+? ky', ddi.a ly', dde^'n va(n chu+o+ng, nghe^. thua^.t ...
ne^n nhu+~ng con ngu+o+`i u+u tu' cu ?a nu+o+'c Vie^.t dda~
chuye^n chu' ho.c ho?i dde^? hie^?u bie^'t va` du`ng Ha'n tu+.
nhu+ ngo^n ngu+~ ha`nh cha'nh, gia'o du.c dde^? cai tri. dda^'t
nu+o+'c ngay khi dda~ da`nh la.i ddu+o+.c ddo^.c la^.p sau ha`ng
nga`n na(m no^ le^..
Nhu+~ng ca^u tho+ ba^'t hu? ddu+o+.c truye^`n la.i sau na`y va`o
tho+`i ddo^.c la^.p huy hoa`ng cu?a Vie^.t Nam la` trie^`u nha`
Ly' dde^`u du`ng Ha'n tu+. dde^? ghi la.i, nhu+ hai ca^u tho+
cu?a thie^`n su+ DDa.o Ha.nh va`o the^' ky? thu+' 12:
"Ta'c hu+~u tra^`n sa hu+~u
Vi kho^ng nha^'t thie^'t kho^ng" (Thie^`n Uye^?n Truye^`n
DDa(ng Ta^.p Lu.c)
DDo.c hai ca^u tho+ na`y le^n theo a^m Ha'n Vie^.t, ra^'t i't
ngu+o+`i Vie^.t hie^?u hai ca^u tho+ ddo' muo^'n no'i gi`, vi`
ddo' kho^ng pha?i la` chu+~ Vie^.t ddu+o+.c no'i ha(`ng nga`y,
ddo' la` chu+~ Trung Hoa ddu+o+.c ca'c cu. ddo.c theo lo^'i
Vie^.t, ngu+o+`i Trung Hoa nghe kho^ng hie^?u dda~ dda`nh,
ngu+o+`i Vie^.t kho^ng ho.c Ha'n tu+. cu~ng la.i ca`ng kho^ng
hie^?u\. Y' hai ca^u ddo' sau na`y ddu+o+.c di.ch ra la`:
"Co' thi` co' tu+. ma?y may
Kho^ng thi` ca? the^' gian na`y cu~ng kho^ng"
Vie^'t nhu+ va^.y mo+'i ddu'ng la` ghi la.i tie^'ng Vie^.t dda^y,
nhu+ng va`o the^' ky? 12, ha^`u nhu+ mo.i giao di.ch thu+o+ng
ma.i, chi'nh tri., va(n ho'a cu?a Vie^.t Nam vo+'i the^' gio+'i
dde^`u qua ne?o Trung Hoa, do ddo' kho^ng bie^'t Ha'n tu+. thi`
kho^ng the^? so^'ng co`n, vi` va^.y trie^`u ddi`nh, quan la.i
Vie^.t Nam va^~n pha?i du`ng chu+~ Ha'n dde^? tha?o va(n kie^.n
va` cai tri., da^n gia? va^~n no'i chuye^.n vo+'i nhau ba(`ng
tie^'ng Vie^.t. No+i phu? huye^.n, quan hie^?u da^n muo^'n no'i
gi` vi` bie^'t tie^'ng Vie^.t, co`n da^n thi` nghe ca'c quan
pha'n ba(`ng chu+~ Ha'n Vie^.t la` mu` ti.t. Thu+o+? ddo', co'
le~ ho.c chu+~ Ha'n co`n kho' ho+n ho.c chu+~ Ta`u tu+` ca'c ba.n
ha`ng Trung Hoa theo phu+o+ng pha'p dda`m thoa.i tu+. do\. ne^n
ha(?n ra^'t i't ngu+o+`i bi`nh da^n bie^'t ddo.c va` vie^'t Ha'n
tu+..
Tuy nhie^n che^' ddo^. phong kie^'n i't bi. phie^`n nhie^~u ve^`
chuye^.n na`y, da^n ca`ng ngu, ca`ng bie^'t i't ca`ng to^'t,
nhie^.m vu. cu?a ngu+o+`i da^n la` thi ha`nh me^.nh le^.nh cu?a
trie^`u ddi`nh, ne^'u kho^ng hie^?u dda~ co' nhu+~ng ke? co' ho.c
nhu+ nhu+~ng o^ng ddo^`, nhu+~ng nho si~inh gia?ng la.i\. Giai
ca^'p nho si~ tu+` ddo' co' mo^.t uy the^' o+? cho^'n la`ng
tho^n, mo^.t pha^n ddi.nh quye^`n ha`nh du+.a tre^n kie^'n thu+'c
chu+~ Ha'n, ma` a?nh hu+o+?ng tho^'ng tri. ma.nh nha^'t tre^n no'
la` Nho Gia'o cu?a Kho^?ng tu+?.
O+? mo^.t xa~ ho^.i phong kie^'n ddu+o+ng nhie^n co' hai giai
ca^'p ro~ re^.t la` giai ca^'p cai tri. va` giai ca^'p bi. tri.,
phu+o+ng pha'p ddi tu+` ke? bi. tri. le^n tha`nh cai tri. chi?
co' hai lo^'i, mo^.t la` ddi ho.c dde^? ra la`m quan, tro+?
tha`nh ngu+o+`i cai tri. (tha^.t ra chi? la` mo^.t co^ng cu.
dde^? vua du`ng cai tri. da^n), hai la` cho+` lu'c loa.n la.c
trua^'t vua cu~ dde^? tha`nh vua mo+'i\. Phu+o+ng pha'p thu+' hai
na`y dda~ ddu+o+.c nha` Tra^`n du`ng dde^? cu+o+'p ngo^i nha` Ly'
ma` ngu+o+`i co' co^ng dda^`u cho nha` Tra^`n la` Tra^`n thu?
DDo^.. Gio`ng nha` Tra^`n tha^.t ra go^'c tu+` be^n Trung Hoa,
ti?nh Ma^n (theo "Li.ch trie^`u hie^'n chu+o+ng" cu?a Phan huy
Chu') nhu+ng dde^'n ddo+`i Tra^`n thu? DDo^. dda~ bi. Vie^.t ho'a
hoa`n toa`n dde^'n mu+'c hi`nh nhu+ Tra^`n thu? DDo^. kho^ng
gio?i Ha'n tu+., hay kho^ng thi'ch du`ng Ha'n tu+.. Nhu+~ng ca^u
no'i ba^'t hu? o^ng dde^? la.i ddo+`i sau nhu+ "nho^? co? pha?i
nho^? ta^.n go^'c" hay lu'c ddi mo+`i Tra^`n tha' i To^ng bo?
nu'i Ye^n tu+? dde^? ve^` Kinh ddo^ "Vua o+? dda^u tu+'c la`
trie^`u ddi`nh o+? dda^'y, xin pha' nu'i dde^? xa^y du+.ng cung
ddie^.n", dde^`u la` tie^'ng Vie^.t thua^`n, nghe nhu+ tie^'ng
chu'ng ta du`ng ba^y gio+`.
Ne^'u co' nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i ca^`m dda^`u trie^`u chi'nh ma` la.i
thi'ch no'i tie^'ng Vie^.t ho+n la` xo^? nho, ma` la.i co'
nhu+~ng ca^u dde^? ddo+`i nhu+ tre^n, hay sau na`y cu?a Tra^`n
Hu+ng DDa.o "Ne^'u Be^. ha. muo^'n ha`ng gia(.c, xin ha~y cha(.t
dda^`u tha^`n tru+o+'c dda~", thi` y' muo^'n ghi la.i trong su+?
sa'ch nhu+~ng su+? kie^.n na`y ba(`ng mo^.t thu+' chu+~ dda(.c
bie^.t Vie^.t Nam pha?i co'. Ho+n nu+~a ma(.c da^`u DDu+'c Tra^`n
Hu+ng DDa.o dda~ tha?o Hi.ch Tu+o+'ng Si~ ba(`ng Ha'n tu+.,
nhu+ng ho^.i nghi. Die^n Ho^`ng co' the^? dda~ la` mo^.t co+
ho^.i dde^? cho vua, quan nha` Tra^`n tha^'y Ha'n tu+. qua? qua'
ba^'t tie^.n dde^? ghi che'p, tho^ng ba'o nhu+~ng buo^?i ho.p
giu+~a giai ca^'p cai tri. la` vua quan va` dda.i die^.n giai
ca^'p da^n gia? la` ca'c bo^ la~o\.
The^m va`o ddo', du+o+'i ddo+`i nha` Tra^`n, tinh tha^`n tu+.
chu? cho^'ng ngoa.i xa^m ra^'t cao, do ddo' chu+~ No^m dda~
ddu+o+.c pha't trie^?n vo+'i Ha`n Thuye^n la` nha^n va^.t no^?i
tie^'ng nha^'t. Ba`i na`y kho^ng nha(`m mu.c ddi'ch ba`n ve^`
nguo^`n go^'c chu+~ No^m ne^n kho^ng ne^u ra nhu+~ng gia?
thuye^'t dda~ ghi trong sa'ch cu?a DDa`o Duy Anh va` nhu+~ng
sa'ch chuye^n kha?o kha'c, chi? so+ lu+o+.c tri`nh ba`y ra(`ng
chu+~ No^m la` mo^.t thu+' chu+~ du+.a tre^n Ha'n tu+. (chu+~
Nho) dde^? ghi la.i tie^'ng no'i cu?a ngu+o+`i Vie^.t, tu+'c la`
ta co' the^? ghi chu+~ "co'" ma` kho^ng ca^`n ghi chu+~ "hu+~u"
la` tie^'ng Ha'n di.ch tu+` chu+~ "co'".
Vi` pha?i bie^'t chu+~ Ha'n mo+'i vie^'t va` ddo.c ddu+o+.c chu+~
No^m do ddo' ho.c chu+~ No^m ra^'t nhie^u khe^, ddie^`u na`y co'
the^? kho^ng kho' vo+'i ca'c ngu+o+`i u+u tu', nhu+ng vo+'i ha`ng
da^n gia? thi` la.i muo^n va`n tro+? nga.i, tru+o+'c dda^y ho.
co`n cho con ca'i ho.c a(n ma`y ddu+o+.c va`i chu+~ dde^? bie^'t
vie^.c tho+` cu'ng, hay tha?o chu't va(n tu+., ba^y gio+` ho.
co`n na?n ho+n vo+'i chu+~ No^m vi` dda~ pha?i ho.c kho' kha(n
ho+n, ma` la.i chi? dde^? ghi nhu+~ng ca^u no^m na thie^'u va(n
hoa\. Vi` va^.y, chu+~ No^m tuy no'i le^n ddu+o+.c ti'nh ddo^.c
la^.p, nhu+ng la.i ke.t no+i ti'nh pho^? qua't, ma` ddie^`u ddo'
tha^.t ra mo+'i la` chu+'c na(ng chi'nh cu?a ngo^n ngu+~.
Trong nhie^`u the^' ky?, vi` kho^ng ddu? chu+~ dde^? vie^'t
nhie^`u, vie^'t da`i, ngu+o+`i da^n duy tri` va(n ho'a ba(`ng
ca'ch pha't trie^?n ne^`n va(n chu+o+ng truye^`n kha^?u qua ca
dao, tu.c ngu+~, truye^.n ke^?. Ca'c nho si~ bie^'t chu+~ No^m
nay dda~ co' thu+' chu+~ dde^? ghi tie^'ng Vie^.t la.i, mo^.t
nhi.p ca^`u dda~ ddu+o+.c ba('t giu+~a hai gio+'i, tuy chi? la`
mo^.t nhi.p ca^`u tre, ne^`n va(n ho'a da^n to^.c dda~ ba('t
dda^`u tha`nh da, tha`nh thi.t.
Tuy va^.y chu+~ No^m kho^ng the^? la^'n a't ddu+o+.c chu+~ Ha'n,
vi` kho^ng the^? du`ng no' dde^? tho^ng tin trong da^n gia? va`
cu~ng kho^ng the^? du`ng no' trong nhu+~ng va(n kie^.n ngoa.i
giao, thu+o+ng ma.i vo+'i Trung Hoa\. qua to+'i tho+`i nha` Ho^`
ro^`i dde^'n tho+`i nha` Minh ddo^ ho^. nu+o+'c Vie^.t, ma^'t
ddo^.c la^.p chu+~ Ha'n la.i da`nh ngo^i u+u the^', nho si~
nu+o+'c Vie^.t la.i tha ho^` ma` ho.c ca'ch du`ng "chi, ho^`,
gia?, da~" (1)
Ngoa`i ra, dde^? duy tri` a?nh hu+o+?ng cu?a gio+'i ddi ho.c
tre^n xa~ ho^.i Vie^.t Nam, ca'c nho si~ ra^'t thi'ch xo^? nho
khi co' di.p, ho. co`n xu+? du.ng luo^n ca? Nho gia'o dde^? cu?ng
co^' ddi.a vi., lu'c na`o co' di.p phun chu+~ "tha'nh hie^`n" la`
ho. ta^.n du.ng mo.i kha? na(ng, ha^.u qua? la` tie^'ng Ha'n
nga^.p tra`n no+i ha.ng ngu+o+`i ddi ho.c, nga`nh gia'o du.c
na(.ng ve^` tho+, phu', tu+` chu+o+ng, ra^'t i't va(n xuo^i,
truye^.n nga('n. Co' thi` gio+` la` ho. nga^m hoa, vi.nh tuye^'t,
me^ ma^?n vo+'i tho+`i DDu+o+`ng, tho+`i Ha'n dda^u dda^u\. Cho^~
na`o ma` ta.o ddu+o+.c su+. xa ca'ch vo+'i gio+'i bi`nh da^n
ddu+o+.c la` ho. khinh khi?nh bu+o+'c va`o, tu+` ddo' mo+'i co'
ca^u "no^m na la` cha ma'ch que'". DDo' la` gio+'i nho si~ "vo.ng
ngoa.i" hay "kie^u ky`". Tuy va^.y, be^n ca.nh ddo' va^~n co'
nhu+~ng nho si~ co' lo`ng vo+'i da^n to^.c, ho. co^' ga('ng duy
tri` chu+~ No^m, sa'ng ta'c tho+, va(n ba(`ng thu+' chu+~ "Vie^.t
Nam" na`y, ma(.c du` kho^ng co' nhu+~ng a?nh hu+o+?ng lo+'n.
dde^? la.i sau na`y\.
Mo^.t cuo^.c so^'ng chung "ddo^`ng sa`ng ma` di. mo^.ng" (chung
giu+o+`ng ma` mo+ kha'c nhau) giu+~a hai ne^`n va(n ho.c "ba'c
ho.c va` bi`nh da^n", di~ nhie^n cu~ng co' nhu+~ng co^' ga('ng
giao lu+u dde^? cho ngu+o+`i da^n gia? ha^'p thu. ddu+o+.c
nhu+~ng chu+~ Ha'n ca^`n thie^'t la`m phong phu' cho kho ta`ng
va(n ho'a da^n to^.c, nha^'t la` trong ca'c la~nh vu+.c trie^'t
ly' va(n ho.c, ma(.t kha'c ca'c nho si~ co' di.p tha^u nha^.p
ho^`n tho+, ti`nh tu+. que^ hu+o+ng qua nhu+~ng ca^u ca dao, tu.c
ngu+~.
Qua to+'i tho+`i nha` Ma.c cu+o+'p ngo^i nha` Le^ dde^? da^~n
dde^'n na.n su+' qua^n tranh quye^`n giu+~a hai nha` Tri.nh,
Nguye^~n ga^y tang to'c, kho^? ddau cho da^n hai mie^`. Thu+o+?
ddo' cu~ng la` co+ ho^.i dde^? Vie^.t Nam mo+? mang, khai pha'
ve^` phu+o+ng Nam. Ngoa`i Ba('c ha`, vu`ng dda^'t tha'nh cu?a
gio+'i nho si~, tie^'ng Ha'n va^~n ddu+o+.c tro.ng du.ng, ca'c
nho si~ va^~ si'nh no'i chu+~, thi' du. no^?i tie^'ng nha^'t la`
Tra.ng Tri`nh Nguye^~n Bi?nh Khie^m vo+'i mo^.t ca^u chu+~ Ha'n
no^?i danh, ddu+o+.c lu+u truye^`n nhu+ lo+`i khuye^n cu?a o^ng
cho Nguye^~n Hoa`ng "Hoa`nh So+n nha^'t dda'i va.n dda.i dung
tha^n" (Da^~y Hoa`nh So+n - tu+'c nu'i DDe`o Ngang ti?nh Qua?ng
Bi`nh - la` no+i co' the^? ye^n tha^n muo^n ddo+`i). DDa`ng
trong, chu+~ Ha'n cu~ng ddu+o+.c to^n tro.ng, vo+'i nhu+~ng nho
gia go^'c Trung Hoa nhu+ Vo~ Tru+o+`ng Toa?n, cu. na(.ng lo`ng
vo+'i Nho gia'o va` la` tha`y da.y cu?a nhie^`u co^ng tha^`n cho
nha` Nguye^~n nhu+ Vo~ Ta'nh, Nguye^~n Huy`nh DDu+' c...
Chu+~ No^m chi? ddu+o+.c tro.ng du.ng tu+` lu'c vua Quang Trung
le^n ngo^i (1788), du+o+'i tho+`i Ta^y So+n (1788-1802), vua sai
ca'c quan cho dde^` thi ba(`ng chu+~ no^m, va` ba('t ca'c si~
tu+? la`m ba`i ba(`ng chu+~ no^m. DDie^`u na`y bi. nhie^`u
ngu+o+`i pha?n ddo^'i vi` cho ra(`ng vua Quang Trung du`ng chi'nh
sa'ch na`y dde^? ha` hie^'p nha^n da^n, co' le~ ho. cho ra(`ng,
chu+~ No^m kho^ng thu+.c du.ng, kho' ho.c va` pha?i ddo^?i mo+'i
mau qua'. Tha^.t ra nha^n da^n cha(?ng the^? ho.c ddu+o+.c chu+~
Ha'n va` chu+~ No^m mo^.t ca'ch de^~ da`ng, hai loa.i chu+~
vie^'t na`y dde^`u thie^'u ti'nh dda.i chu'ng. Su+. cho.n lu+.a
mang nhie^`u ti'nh chi'nh tri. ho+n gia'o du.c.
Sau khi Nguye^~n A'nh tho^'ng nha^'t giang so+n ve^` mo^.t mo^'i
la^'y nie^n hie^.u la` Gia Long (1802), vua lo chi?nh ddo^'n ngay
vie^.c ho.c ha`nh va` tro.ng du.ng Nho Gia'o , cho la^.p nha`
Va(n Mie^'u o+? mo.i tra^'n, tho+` Kho^?ng Tu+?. DDe^'n ma^'y
ddo+`i sau ca'c vua dde^`u ra^'t gio?i Ha'n tu+. (Minh Ma.ng,
Tu+. DDu+'c), tuy nhie^n chu+~ No^m cu~ng va^~n ddu+o+.c pha't
trie^?n. Nhu+~ng ta'c pha^?m vu+`a mang ti'nh ba'c ho.c vu+`a co'
ti'nh pho^? qua't trong da^n to^.c ddu+o+.c cho ra ddo+`i tu+`
thu+o+? na`y, nhu+ "Va(n te^' tra^.n vong tu+o+'ng sy~" cu?a
Pha.m Huy Lu+o+.ng (?) la`m dde^? Tie^`n qua^n Nguye^~n va(n
Tha`nh ddo.c, truye^.n "Hoa Tie^n" cu?a Nguye^~n Huy Tu+.,
"Truye^.n Thu'y Kie^`u" (hay Truye^.n Kie^`u, hay DDoa.n
Tru+o+`ng Ta^n Thanh) cu?a Nguye^~n Du\.
Da^`u va^.y, chu+~ No^m va^~n co`n bi. khuye^'t ddie^?m la` vi`
kho' qua', nha^n gian kho^ng the^? ho.c dde^? bie^'t ddo.c va`
vie^'t trong va`i na(m, do ddo' nhu+~ng ta'c pha^?m lo+'n dde^`u
bi. gio+'i ha.n trong the^? va(n va^`n, de^~ nho+'. Vi` thie^'u
mo^.t thu+' chu+~ rie^ng cu?a Vie^.t Nam, va` vi` Ha'n ho.c la`
quo^'c ho.c ne^n su+. a?nh hu+o+?ng cu?a Trung Hoa le^n tre^n tu+
tu+o+?ng cu?a gio+'i nho si~ Vie^.t Nam thu+o+? a^'y ra^'t ma.nh,
dde^'n ddo^. co' nhie^`u nha` nho coi nhu+ Ha'n tu+. la` chu+~
to^? tie^n, ba^'t kha? xa^m pha.m. Ve^` pha^`n ngu+o+`i da^n, ho.
kho^ng co' gi` dde^? lu+.a cho.n ngoa`i hai thu+' chu+~ kho'
tie^u, ma` mu.c ddi'ch la`m ra kho^ng pha?i dde^? ho. du`ng, ma`
hi`nh nhu+ la` dde^? "du`ng ho.".
Tha'ng 6 na(m DDinh Ma~o (1867), 1000 qua^n Pha'p ta^.p trung o+?
My~ Tho du+o+'i quye^`n thie^'u tu+o+'ng De la Grandie`re ddi.nh
nga`y ke'o la^'y Vi~nh Long, An Giang va` Ha` Tie^n, o^ng Phan
thanh Gia?n lie^.u the^' cho^'ng kho^ng no^?i, khuye^n ca'c quan
no^.p tha`nh, ro^`i uo^'ng thuo^'c ddo^.c tu+. sa't. Nu+o+'c
Vie^.t Nam bi. ma^'t tro.n co~i mie^`n Nam.
Tha'ng 5 na(m Gia'p Tha^n (1884), Pha'p va` trie^`u ddi`nh Hue^'
ky' ho`a u+o+'c Pateno^tre, co^ng nha^.n quye^`n ba?o ho^. cu?a
ngu+o+`i Pha'p o+? mie^`n Ba('c, mie^`n Trung tu+. tri., nhu+ng
tha^.t ra toa`n quo^'c dda~ ro+i va`o ba`n tay cu?a thu+.c da^n
Pha'p, ma` la.i co`n bi. xe? la`m ba ma?nh. Nhu+~ng ba?n hoa`
u+o+'c ddo' dde^`u ddu+o+.c ky' ba(`ng nhu+~ng quan la.i gio?i
Ha'n tu+..
Tu+` ddo' la` nhu+~ng cuo^.c kha'ng chie^'n da`i die^.t cho^'ng
Pha'p tu+` Ba(c to+'i Nam, pha^`n ddo^ng dde^`u ddu+o+.c dde^`
xua^'t va` la~nh dda.o bo+?i nhu+~ng nho si~ trung tha`nh vo+'i
tinh tha^`n trung qua^n, a'i quo^'c. Ca'c nha` ca'ch ma.ng vi`
la` ca'c nho si~ ne^n dde^` cao Ha'n ho.c, chu+~ Ha'n tro+?
tha`nh co^ng cu. tranh dda^'u cu?a da^n to^.c dde^? cho^'ng
ngoa.i xa^m, ddie^?n hi`nh la` ca'c ta'c pha^?m cu?a hai nha`
ca'ch ma.ng Phan Bo^.i Cha^u va` Phan Chu Trinh.
Su+. tie^'p xu'c giu+~a ngu+o+`i A^u Cha^u va` ngu+o+`i Vie^.t
Nam dda~ la` ca(n nguye^n cu?a mo^.t thu+' chu+~ mo+'i\. Ngu+o+`i
A^u Cha^u dda~ dde^'n Vie^.t Nam tu+` the^' ky? 17 du+o+'i tho+`i
Tri.nh-Nguye^~n, dde^? buo^n ba'n o+? pho^' Hie^'n (Hu+ng Ye^n)
hoa(.c cu+?a Ho^.i An (Faifo) cu`ng mo^.t so^' gia'o sy~ qua
gia?ng dda.o Thie^n Chu'a Gia'o\. Tru+o+'c khi qua^n Pha'p xa^m
lu+o+.c Vie^.t Nam, ca'c nha` truye^`n gia'o thuo^.c nhie^`u
quo^'c ti.ch A^u Cha^u dde^`u theo ddu+o+`ng lo^'i thi'ch nghi
va(n ho'a, do ddo' mo^.t so^' ti`m ca'ch hie^?u va` gia?ng dda.o
ba(`ng tie^'ng ddi.a phu+o+ng, mo^.t so^' gia'o sy~ ti`m ca'ch
ghi la.i tie^'ng Vie^.t ba(`ng ma^~u tu+. La Tinh, ddo' la`
kho+?i dda^`u cu?a chu+~ Vie^.t hie^.n nay, thoa.t dda^`u lo^'i
chu+~ na`y chi? ddu+o+.c su+? du.ng trong gio+'i "nha` dda.o,
nha` chung", vi` kinh tha'nh va` gia'o ly' Thie^n Chu'a Gia'o
dde^`u ddu+o+.c vie^'t ba(`ng the^? va(n xuo^i, ne^n ta'c pha^?m
dda^`u tie^n ba(`ng thu+' chu+~ nay go.i la` "Q uo^'c ngu+~" la`
mo^.t ba`i va(n xuo^i vo+'i tu+.a la` "Ba`i Gia?ng Ta'm Nga`y"
ddu+o+.c vie^'t bo+?i co^' DDa('c Lo^. (Alexandre de Rhodes) va`o
khoa?ng dda^`u the^' ky? 17.
DDe^'n tho+`i ky` Pha'p xa^m lu+o+.c Vie^.t Nam, thu+.c da^n
Pha'p dda(.c bie^.t chu' y' dde^'n vie^.c du`ng chu+~ quo^'c
ngu+~ dde^? cai tri., nha(`m gia?m su+. a?nh hu+o+?ng cu?a gio+'i
Nho sy~, xo'a bo? chu+~ Ha'n (hay chu+~ Nho) dde^? ca('t ddu+'t
ca`ng so+'m ca`ng to^'t nhu+~ng a?nh hu+o+?ng va(n ho'a giu+~a
Trung Hoa va` Vie^.t Nam. Ho. khuye^'n ca'o ho.c chu+~ quo^'c
ngu+~, ba('t buo^.c da.y chu+~ quo^'c ngu+~, du`ng chu+~ quo^'c
ngu+~ trong nhu+~ng co^ng vie^.c ha`nh cha'nh, ro^`i xua^'t
tie^`n cho ra nhu+~ng to+` ba'o quo^'c ngu+~ (Gia DDi.nh ba'o
trong Nam, DDo^ng Du+o+ng ta.p chi' va` Nam Phong ta.p chi'
ngoa`i Ba('c), va` theo ta`i lie^.u dda(ng trong quye^?n "Chu+~
va(n Quo^'c ngu+~" cu?a Nguye^~n va(n Trung thi` ddie^`u na`y
(du`ng chu+~ Quo^'c ngu+~ thay chu+~ Nho) dda~ ddu+o+.c dde^`
nghi. bo+?i Gia'm mu.c Puginier thuo^.c do`ng thu+`a sai Paris.
Trong giai ddoa. dda^`u tie^n, vie^.c du`ng chu+~ quo^'c ngu+~
dde^? thay Ha'n tu+. ta.i mie^`n Nam kho^ng nhu+~ng chi? bi.
mo^.t so^' nhu+~ng nha` nho cho^'ng Pha'p pha?n ddo^'i (cha(?ng
ha.n cu. Nguye^~n DDi`nh Chie^?u, cho du` ta'c pha^?m Lu.c Va^n
Tie^n cu?a cu. dda~ ddu+o+.c di.ch ra va(n Pha'p ), ma` co`n bi.
nhu+~ng chi? tri'ch cu?a mo^.t so^' ngu+o+`i Pha'p va` tha^n ha`o
nha^n sy~ tha^n Pha'p ( heo sa'ch Nguye^~n va(n Trung), ddu+o+ng
nhie^n nhu+~ng ly' do cho^'ng ddo^'i ddo' kha'c nhau, mo^.t
dda(`ng muo^'n cho^'ng la.i chi'nh sa'ch tho?a hie^.p vo+'i
ngoa.i bang, mo^.t dda(`ng hoa`n toa`n vi` tu+ lo+.i cu?a ca'
nha^n hoa(.c cu?a Pha'p.
Tha^.t ra vo+'i ma^~u tu+. La Tinh va` nhu+~ng da^'u the^m va`o
(sa('c, huye^`n, ho?i nga~, na(.ng...) chu+~ quo^'c ngu+~ qua?
la` de^~ ho.c ho+n chu+~ No^m va` ddu'ng la` thu+' chu+~ dde^?
ghi ngo^n ngu+~ Vie^.t Nam mo^.t ca'ch thu+.c du.ng, khoa ho.c.
Do ddo' ca'c nho sy~ Vie^.t Nam nhu+ Phan Chu Trinh, Lu+o+ng va(n
Can, Du+o+ng Ba' Tra.c, Hoa`ng Ta(ng Bi', Nguye^~n Ha?i Tha^`n
va` ca'c nha` ta^n ho.c nhu+ Nguye^~n va(n Vi~nh, Pha.m Duy
To^'n, Nguye^~n Ba' Ho.c co^? ddo^.ng vie^.c truye^`n ba' chu+~
quo^'c ngu+~ dde^'n cho quo^'c da^n, qua phong tra`o DDo^ng Kinh
Nghi~a Thu.c. Tru+o+`ng na`y da.y ca? ba ngo^n ngu+~ Vie^.t va(n
(chu+~ Quo^'c ngu+~), Pha'p va(n va` Ha'n va(n. Ban Tie^?u ho.c
chuye^n da.y Vie^.t va(n, le^n Trung ho.c va` DDa.i ho.c mo+'i
da.y Ha'n va(n va` Pha'p va(n.
Hai nha` ta^n ho.c la` Nguye^~n va(n Vi~nh va` Pha.m duy To^'n
tu+. dda?m nhie^.m vie^.c xin phe'p mo+? tru+o+`ng, cu. Lu+o+ng
va(n Can la`m thu.c tru+o+?ng, cu. Nguye^~n Quye^`n la`m pho',
cu. Ta^y Ho^` Phan chu Trinh kho^ng la~nh chu+'c gi` ca? vi` cu.
muo^'n ve^` Trung thu+'c ti?nh ddo^`ng ba`o trong ddo'.
Ngu+o+`i nu+~ gia'o vie^n dda^`u tie^n nha^.n da^.y chu+~ quo^'c
ngu+~ cho ca'c nu+~ ho.c sinh la` co^ Na(m, em cu?a ca'c nha`
ca'ch ma.ng Lu+o+ng Ngo.c Quye^'n, Lu+o+ng Tru'c DDa`m va` la`
con cu. Lu+o+ng va(n Can.
Tu+` ddo' chu+~ quo^'c ngu+~ da.y bo+?i ngu+o+`i Vie^.t, la`m
dde.p bo+?i ngu+o+`i Vie^.t, cho ngu+o+`i Vie^.t va` ca'c ba.n
ngoa.i quo^'c muo^'n ti`m hie^?u, giao thie^.p vo+'i Vie^.t Nam
dda~ chi'nh thu+'c ddi va`o lo`ng da^n to^.c.
Thu+' chu+~ mo+'i dda^`u ta.o ra vo+'i mu.c ddi'ch gia?ng dda.o,
ro^`i bi. lo+.i du.ng nhu+ mo^.t co^ng cu. cai tri., gio+` dda~
ddu+o+.c mo.i gio+'i ngu+o+`i Vie^.t cha^'p nha^.n. Lu'c ddo'
thu+.c da^n mo+'i tha^'y su+. nguy hie^?m cu?a chu+~ quo^'c ngu+~
ne^n ga^y kho' kha(n cho nhu+~ng ai chi? gia?ng da^.y ddo+n
thua^`n thu+' chu+~ na`y, ma` kho^ng da.y tie^'ng Pha'p
(tru+o+`ng ho+.p cu. DDo^ng Ho^`).
Trong qua' khu+', chu+~ quo^'c ngu+~ dda~ kho^ng ngu+`ng do'ng
tie^'ng chuo^ng ddo^.c la^.p cho nu+o+'c Vie^.t, chu+~ quo^'c
ngu+~ dda~ cu`ng ca'c nha` ca'ch ma.ng Ye^n Ba'i kha'ng chie^'n,
dda~ ddi cu`ng da^n to^.c dda'nh dduo^?i thu+.c da^n Pha'p, le^n
a'n nhu+~ng che^' ddo^. ddo^.c ta`i, no^ le^. ngoa.i bang, ro^`i
dda~ tha`nh dda.n ba('n va`o dda^`u o'c tham quan , sa^u mo.t,
a(n ca('p cu?a da^n cu?a nhu+~ng con ngu+o+`i nha^n danh ca'ch
ma.ng ddo?. Gio+` dda^y chu+~ quo^'c ngu+~ la.i la` chi`a kho'a
mo+? nhu+~ng tra.i giam chi'nh tri., du+.ng xa^y ne^`n da^n chu?,
tu+. do va` a^'m no cho dda^'t nu+o+'c.
Vi` va^.y, to^i ye^u chu+~ nu+o+'c to^i tu+` khi ddu+o+.c ho.c
va` ma~i ma~i ve^` sau\.
Pha.m The^' DDi.nh
------------------
(18/02/95)
(1) To^i xin tri'ch o+? dda^y pha^`n gia?ng nghi~a cu?a Thang Ma,
mo^.t nha` gia'o Vie^.t Nam hie^.n o+? Trung Hoa Lu.c DDi.a ma`
to^i ra^'t ye^u thi'ch, va(n cu?a anh dde.p, co^ ddo.ng, uye^n
ba'c, ddo' la` pha^`n "Di.ch gia? phu. lu.c" cu?a ba`i "Kho^?ng
A^'t Ky?" anh dda(ng trong to+` The^' Ky? 21 so^' tha'ng ta'm
1993:
"Chi ho^` gia? da~: Tie^'ng Ha'n co^? dda.i (va(n ngo^n) kho'
nha^'t la` ca'ch du`ng hu+ tu+`. "Chi, ho^`, gia?, da~, ye^n,
tai\.." la` nhu+~ng hu+ tu+` cu?a tie^'ng Ha'n co^?. Na('m vu+~ng
ca'ch du`ng ma^'y chu+~ na`y thi` pha^`n va(n pha'p coi nhu+ dda~
tho^ng, kho^ng ca^`n ho.c cu' pha'p, va(n pha.m (grammar) gi`
ca?. Ca'c cu. ddo^` nho ta xu+a ho.c chu+~ Ha'n co^? ddo.c chu+~
nho co' bie^'t "va(n pha.m" la` ca'i qua'i gi` ma` vie^'t va^~n
hay\. A^'y la` nho+` na('m vu+~ng hu+ tu+` "chi, ho^`, gia?,
da~...". O+? Ta`u cu~ng va^.y, tru+o+'c na(m 1990, cha(?ng co'
sa'ch na`o ve^` va(n pha.m: chu? tu+`, tu'c tu+`, ti~nh tu+`,
ddo^.ng tu+` ... ca^u ddo+n, ca^u ke'p gi` ra'o tro.i\. Ve^` sau
na`y ba('t chu+o+'c ta^y phu+o+ng. Ho. va^~n vie^'t ddu'ng quy
lua^.t, la` nho+` chu' tro.ng ca'ch du`ng hu+ tu+`. Ho. chi? co'
sa'ch gia?ng ca'ch du`ng hu+ tu+`. Ta co' the^? ta.m coi ddo' la`
ca'c sa'ch ve^` va(n pha.m. Vi` the^' ca'c nha` nho Trung Quo^'c
khi da.y ho.c ca'ch vie^'t va(n cho ddu'n g, thu+o+`ng ddo.c hai
ca^u sau khuye^n ho.c tro`:
Chi ho^` gia? da~ hy~ ye^n tai (y' no'i ca'c hu+ tu+`y~ Du.ng
dda('c tha`nh chu+o+ng ha?o tu' ta`i (du`ng vie^'t ddu+o+.c
tha`nh va(n coi nhu+ dda^.u tu' ta`i)
Gio+'i tri' thu+'c si~ phu ta, cu~ng nhu+ Ta`u, xu+a kia cu+'
mo+? mie^.ng la` chu+~ tha'nh hie^`n vo.t ra, dda^`y "chi, ho^`,
gia?, da~ ...". Y' la` no'i chu+~, da^n ho.c thu+'c, no^m na la`
"xo^? nho"."
Sau dda^y la` mo^.t thi' du. , Thang Ma co' dde^` ca^.p dde^'n
nhu+~ng hu+ tu+. tre^n:
"Tri'ch tu+` Lua^.n Ngu+~ - Chu+o+ng Tu+? Ha~n co' ddoa.n: "Tha'i
te^? va^'n u+ Tu+? Co^'ng, vie^'t: "Phu tu+? tha'nh gia? du+? Ha`
ky` dda na(ng da~." Tu+? va(n chi, vie^'t" "Tha'i te^? chi nga~
ho^` ? Ngo^ thie^'u da~ tie^.n, co^' dda na(ng bi? su+.. Qua^n
tu+? dda ho^`i tai ? Ba^'t dda da~. "
Dich va(n: "Quan Tha'i Te^? (Mo^.t chu+'c quan lo+'n" ho?i Tu+?
Co^'ng (mo^.t mo^n dde^. cu?a Kho^?ng Tu+?): "DDu+'c Kho^?ng Tu+?
co' pha?i la` tha'nh nha^n kho^ng? Ha(?n la` nga`i pha?i nhie^`u
ta`i na(ng! Tu+? Co^'ng tra? lo+`i: "Vi` tro+`i muo^'n nga`i la`
tha'nh nha^n ne^n nga`i dda ta`i dda nghe^.." Kho^?ng Tu+? nghe
ddu+o+.c, no'i ra(`ng: "Quan Tha'i Te^? bie^'t ro~ ta cha(ng? Ta
thie^'u tho+`i nghe`o he`n, ne^n pha?i ho.c nhie^`u ta`i va(.t.
Ngu+o+`i qua^n tu+? co' ca^`n nhie^`u ta`i na(ng kho^ng? Kho^ng
ca^`n nhie^`u" (Ba.n ddo.c co' dde^? y' ma^'y chu+~ "chi ho^`
gia? da~" ddoa.n tre^n chu+a\?)"
Ta`i lie^.u tham kha?o
----------------------
Nguye^~n Hie^'n Le^: DDo^ng Kinh Nghi~a Thu.c (Nha` xua^'t ba?n
La' Bo^'i)
Nguye^~n Hie^'n Le^: Mu+o+`i ca^u chuye^.n va(n chu+o+ng (Nha`
xua^'t ba?n Va(n Nghe^.)
Tra^`n Tro.ng Kim: Vie^.t Nam Su+? lu+o+.c quye^?n II
Nguye^~n va(n Trung: Chu+~ va(n Quo^'c ngu+~
Nha^'t Ha.nh: Ne?o va`o thie^`n ho.c
Nguye^~n DDa(ng Thu.c: Thie^`n ho.c Tra^`n Tha'i To^n
Thang Ma di.ch va` chu' gia?i "Kho^?ng A^'t Ky?" cu?a Lo^~ Ta^'n,
The^' Ky? 21 - Tha'ng ta'm 1993, trang 67-72
oOo