[Kinh te^'] Ha`ng Vie^.t Nam tre^n thi. tru+o+`ng My~

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Ha`ng Vie^.t Nam tre^n thi. tru+o+`ng My~

So sa'nh na(m cuo^'i cu`ng cu?a le^.nh ca^'m va^.n (1994) va` hai na(m
bo? ca^'m va^.n (1996)  ta tha^'y ddu+o+.c to^?ng tri. gi'a xua^'t
kha^?u cu?a Vie^.t Nam sang My~ dda~ ta(ng vo.t le^n mo^.t ca'ch kho^ng
ngo+` ga^'p sa'u la^`n.

* Ca` phe^, Ha?i sa?n: Le^n hu+o+ng

Co' hai ma(.t ha`ng lo+'n xua^'t kha^?u qua My~ ma` kho^ng pha?i chi.u
a?nh hu+o+?ng cu?a qui che^' to^'i hue^. quo^'c (MFN) la` ca` phe^ va`
ha?i sa?n (thue^' sua^'t 5). DDo' la` mo^.t pha^`n ly' do khie^'n cho
ca` phe^ ddang tro+? tha`nh mo^.t ma(.t ha`ng da^~n dda^`u ve^` ty?
tro.ng kho^'i lu+o+.ng xua^'t kha^?u cu?a Vie^.t Nam va`o My~. Rie^ng
ha?i sa?ng chie^'m o+? vi. tri' thu+' tu+.

Mo^.t "may ma('n kha'c la` thi. tru+o+`ng My~ la.i khoa'i ca` phe^
Robusta ( ca` phe^ vo^'i ) ho+n ba^'t ky` loa.i ca` phe^ na`o kha'c,
trong khi Vie^.t Nam co' tre^n 90%  die^.n ti'ch ca` phe^ Robusta
ddu+'ng thu+' nhi` the^' gio+'i ve^` sa?n lu+o+.ng Robusta (Sau
Indonesia).

Co`n ve^` thu? tu.c nha^.p ha`ng, ye^u ca^`u ve^` cha^'t lu+o+.ng cu?a
My~, theo nha^.n xe't cu?a mo^.t so^' doanh nghie^.p, cu~ng kho^ng co'
gi` "ghe^ go+'m" cho la('m, tha^.m chi' co`n de^~ ho+n so vo+'i mo^.t
so^' nu+o+'c kha'c. Cha(?ng ha.n: ca` phe^ khi va`o Nha^.t ba('t buo^.c
pha?i khu+? tru`ng; DDu+'c thi` ye^u ca^`u pha?i co' xa'c nha^.n vu`ng
xua^'t xu+' kho^ng bi. nhie^~m cha^'t ddo^.c ma`u da cam.... Rie^ng
ddo^'i vo+'i My~ thi` chi? ca(n cu+' va`o tie^u chua^?n thu+o+ng ma.i
tho^ng thu+o+`ng. Theo o^ng Nguye^~n Vinh Nghi~a - Tru+o+?ng phong
xua^'t nha^.p kha^?u VINACAFE (thuo^.c Bo^. no^ng nghie^.p va` pha't
trie^?n no^ng tho^n), mo^.t so^' tie^u chua^?n ddo' co`n tha^'p ho+n
tie^u chua^?n quo^'c gia Vie^.t Nam. Mo^.t ca'n bo^. cu?a Co^ng ty
SEAPRODEX cu~ng cho bie^'t ca'c ye^u ca^`u ve^` cha^'t lu+o+.ng ha?i
sa?n o+? My~ kho^ng dde^'n no^~i kha('t khe cho la('m. Ne^'u thi.
tru+o+`ng Nha^.t ddo`i ho?i vie^.c cung ca^'p nhu+~ng sa?n pha^?m to^m
ca' co' tro.ng lu+o+.ng, ki'ch co+~ lo+'n, thi` o+? My~ ca'c sa?n pha^?m
loa.i vu+`a cu~ng co' the^? cha^'p nha^.n ddu+o+.c. Ma(.t ha`ng thu+.c
pha^?m no'i chung va` ha?i sa?n no'i rie^ng khi voa` My~ pha?i ddu+o+.c
co+ quan qua?n ly' thu+.c pha^?m va` du+o+.c pha^?m ( FDA) kie^?m tra
va` cho phe'p. Thu? tu.c na`y ke'o da`i trong vo`ng khoa?ng hai tua^`n
le^~. "Ga'nh na(.ng" duy nha^'t ddo^'i vo+'i ca'c doanh nghie^.p ha?i
sa?n khi ky' ho+.p ddo^`ng vo+'i ca'c ddo^'i ta'c My~ la` theo tho^ng
le^. dde^? pha?i ky' ba?n cam ke^'t: ha`ng kho^ng qua ddu+o+.c kie^?m
tra cu?a FDA thi` be^n ba'n pha?i tra? tie^`n la.i cho be^n mua, ddo^`ng
tho+`i pha?i chi.u ca'c phi' to^?n pha't sinh trong tho+`i gian cho+`
va` chi phi' va^.n chuye^?n ha`ng tro+? la.i. Nhu+ va^.y co' thie^.t
tho`i cho ca'c ddo+n vi. xua^'t kha^?u kho^ng? Ho?i ca'n bo^. SEAPRODEX
to^i dda~ ba^'t ngo+` vo+'i ca^u tra? lo+`i ra^'t "ngang" nhu+ng cha('c
ni.ch: "Ne^'u kho^ng ky' chu+'ng to? anh dda~ kho^ng tin o+? cha^'t
lu+o+.ng cu?a mi`nh ro^`i". Anh co`n no'i: "La`m a(n vo+'i My~ ca'i
"su+o+'ng" nha^'t la` ddo+n dda(.t ha`ng lo+'n chi? so+. mi`nh ye^'u
vo^'n tho^i". DDu+o+.c bie^'t, hai co^ng ty lo+'n nha^'t ve^` no^ng sa?n
cu?a My~ dda~ la^.p va(n pho`ng dda.i die^.n o+? Vie^.t Nam. DDo' la`
ta^.p ddoa`n Cargil va` Rothofs. Nghe no'i rie^ng Cargil co' dde^m mua
to+'i 1.000 ta^'n ca` phe^ Vie^.t Nam ma` trung bi`nh cu+' mo^.t ho+.p
ddo^`ng la` 54 ta^'n.

Ma(.c du` thu? tu.c nha^.p ha`ng va`o My~ co' pha^`n "thoa'ng" ho+n so
vo+'i mo^.t so^' nu+o+'c nhu+ng mo^.t so^' doanh nghie^.p cu~ng ca?nh
ca'o ra(`ng, la`m a(n vo+'i My~ nha^'t thie^'t pha?i na('m ddu+o+.c
ta^.p qua'n thu+o+ng ma.i cu?a quo^'c gia na`y. Bo+?i vi` co' mo^.t so^'
lua^.t le^. cu?a My~ he^'t su+'c "di. thu+o+`ng" ne^'u kho^ng bie^'t se~
la~nh ha^.u qua? tai ha.i, O^ng Nghi~a co' lo+`i khuye^n ra(`ng: ho^`
so+ chu+'ng tu+` pha?i sa.ch se~, chi'nh xa'c tuye^.t ddo^'i kho^ng
ddu+o+.c su+?a chu+~a. Chi? mo^.t lo^~i su+?a hoa(.c sai co' the^? bi.
pha.t to+'i 500 USD! Tro.ng ta?i ta`u, mo^~i ca?ng My~ cho phe'p mo^.t
loa.i ta`u co' tro.ng ta?i kha'c nhau, ne^'u vi pha.m se~ bi. pha.t
na(.ng. To^'t nha^'t ne^n dde^? ddo^'i ta'c nu+o+'c ngoa`i thue^ ta`u.

* May ma(.c, gia`y de'p: hu+'a he.n se~ sa'ng su?a

May ma(.c, de^.t kim, gia`y de'p va` mo^.t so^' ma(.t ha`ng kha'c la`
nhu+~ng ddo^'i tu+o+.ng chi.u a?nh hu+o+?ng na(.ng ne^` bo+?i ra`o ca?n
MFN. Ti'nh ra cu+' mo^.t ca'i qua^`n cu?a Vie^.t Nam ba'n ra lo+`i chi'n
cent thi` cu~ng qua^`n ddo' cu?a Trung Quo^'c ba'n ra lo+`i chi'n USD
(Trung Quo^'c ddu+o+.c hu+o+?ng MFN). Hoa(.c ma(.t ha`ng gia`y de'p co'
chu?ng loa.i thue^' phi MFN cao ga^'p hai, ba la^`n thue^' MFN. Chi'nh
vi` kho^ng ddu+o+.c u+u dda~i ve^` thue^' quan ne^n su+'c ca.nh tranh
cu?a sa?n pha^?m Vie^.t Nam ye^'u ddi dda'ng ke^?.

Tuy va^.y trong khi cho+` ddo+.i MFN, nhu+~ng lo^ ha`ng may ma(.c, gia`y
de'p, de^.t kim va^~n co' ma(.t tre^n thi. tru+o+`ng My~. So^' lu+o+.ng
co`n khie^m to^'n co' khi la` va`i kie^.n gu+?i qua ddu+o+`ng "phi ma^.u
di.ch", co' khi ha`ng ddu+o+.c ddu+a qua nu+o+'c nu+o+'c thu+' ba. Sau
ddo' ta'i xua^'t va`o My~. o+? mo^.t so^' tha`nh pho^' My~, ngu+o+`i ta
dda~ ba('t dda^`u tha^'y da^n My~ ma(.c a'o mang nha~n hie^.u Vie^.t
Tie^'n va` ddi de'p, ha`i Biti's cu?a Vie^.t Nam. O^ng Le^ Ta^'n Tha'o -
Pho' to^?ng gia'm ddo^'c Biti's cho bie^'t ty? tro.ng xua^'t kha^?u cu?a
Co^ng ty sang My~ co`n ra^'t nho? na(m ngoa'i chie^'m khoa?ng 2% trong
to^?ng gia' tri. xua^'t kha^?u. Nhu+ng Co^ng ty ddang xa^y du+.ng the^m
hai da^y chuye^`n mo+'i chua^?n bi. tru+o+'c cho vie^.c tha^m nha^.p
sa?n pha^?m va`o My~ ma.nh ho+n khi co' MFN.

O^ng Vu~ DDu+'c Thi.nh - Gia'm ddo^'c Co^ng ty may Nha` Be` cu~ng
kha(?ng ddi.nh: "DDo^'i thu? ca.nh tranh dda'ng go+`m nha^'t tre^n thi.
tru+o+`ng My~ la` Trung Quo^'c. Tuy va^.y, ha`ng Vie^.t Nam cu~ng co'
lo+.i the^' : cha^'t lu+o+.ng ha`ng may ma(.c, gia`y de'p to^'t ho+n,
vi. tri' ca'c ca?ng bie^?n ga^`n va` thua^.n lo+.i ho+n. Theo o^ng
Thi.nh, nga`nh de^.t trong nu+o+'c pha?i ddi tru+o+'c mo^.t bu+o+'c cho
nga`nh may "nho+`" ne^'u ca? hai muo^'n "la`m ddu+o+.c chuye^.n". Nga`nh
de^.t pha?i tu+. sa?n xua^'t va` cung ca^'p ddu+o+.c nhu ca^`u ve^`
nguye^n lie^.u cho nga`nh may dde^? ddo+~ to^'n chi phi' ddi mua cu?a 
nu+o+'c ngoa`i.

O^ng Thi.nh cu~ng lu+u y' ra(`ng ma(.c du` My~ la` mo^.t thi. tru+o+`ng
lo+'n, nhu+ng cu~ng kho^ng ne^n la.c quan qua' mu+'c khi ba('t tay la`m
a(n vo+'i ho.. Ca'c co^ng ty Vie^.t Nam co' the^? nha^.n ddu+o+.c
nhu+~ng ddo+n dda(.t ha`ng lo+'n, co' the^? nho+` ddo' pha^'t le^n ra^'t
nhanh. Song ne^'u mo^.t ho+.p ddo^`ng nhu+ va^.y bi. vo+~ do sa?n xua^'t
kho^ng ddu+o+.c co+ quan qua?n ly' cha^'t nha^.n vo+'i ba^'t ky` ly' do
na`o ddo' thi` su+. thie^.t ha.i se~ tha^.t kho^n lu+o+`ng. Be^n mua
tho^ng thu+o+`ng kho^ng "dda(.t co.c" tru+o+'c cho be^n ba'n. Doanh
nghie^.p co' the^? bi. pha' sa?n nhu+ cho+i! To^'t ho+n he^'t la` ne^n
tha^.n tro.ng!

Nguye^~n Ta^'n (Ba'o Pha'p lua^.t so^' 13).