Nhung thu thach hien tai va nguy hiem tuong lai cho Tonle Sap va chau tho songMekong

["DiemQuynh Nguyen" <diemquynhng@hotmail.com>]

Cha`o ca'c ba'c:
To^i forward  ba`i vie^'t na`y cu?a ba'o The^' ky? 21.
Ta'c gia? Pham Phan Long (mo^.t cu*.u DHS va` la` mo^.t tha`nh vie^n cu?a 
vnsa) vie^'t ba`i na`y ra^'t co^ng phu. Ta'c gia? co' nha^.n ddi.nh ve^` 
va^'n dde^` ta'c ha.i dde^'n mo^i tru*o*`ng mo^i sinh ta.i DDo^`ng Ba(`ng 
so^ng Cu*?u Long (ha. nguo^`n)  do  nhu*~ng ke^' hoa.ch khai tha'c so^ng 
Cu*?u Long (Mekong) cu?a ca'c quo^'c gia thu*o*.ng nguo^`n .
Mo*`i ca'c ba'c ddo.c va` go'p y' .
Ki'nh tha^n
DX

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Nhu+~ng thu+? tha'ch hie^.n ta.i va` nguy hie^?m tu+o+ng lai cho Tonle  Sap 
va` cha^u tho^? so^ng Mekong

Nhu+~ng thu+? tha'ch hie^.n ta.i va` nguy hie^?m tu+o+ng lai cho Tonle Sap 
va` cha^u tho^? so^ng Mekong
The^' Ky? 21, 124, 8/99
Pha.m Phan Long
MekongForum - Die^~n DDa`n Cu+?u Long

Da^~n Nha^.p

Mekong, kho ta`ng sinh ho.c tru` phu' thu+' nhi` cu?a ddi.a ca^`u, pha't 
nguye^n tu+` cao nguye^n Ta^y Ta.ng co' mo^.t lu+u vu+.c ro^.ng 790.000 km2. 
Ha`ng na(m Mekong ddo^? ra bie^?n 475 ti? me't kho^'i nu+o+'c (BCM) va` 250 
trie^.u ta^'n phu` sa [1]. Be^n du+o+'i Va^n Nam, lu+u vu+.c so^ng Mekong 
la` no+i cu+ ngu. cu?a 60 trie^.u ngu+o+`i; da^n so^' na`y bao go^`m ga^`n 
he^'t da^n so^' La`o va` Cam Bo^'t, mo^.t pha^`n ba da^n so^' Tha'i va` 
mo^.t pha^`n tu+ da^n so^' Vie^.t Nam. He^. sinh tha'i va` chu tri`nh thu?y 
va^.n cu?a do`ng so^ng na`y ddang bi. dde do.a bo+?i nhu+~ng du+. a'n khai 
tha'c dda.i quy mo^ o+? thu+o+.ng nguo^`n go^`m vie^.c khai tha'c 37.000 MW 
thu?y ddie^.n ta^.p trung ta.i Trung Quo^'c va` La`o, va` du+. a'n chye^?n 
8.8 BCM nu+o+'c ta.i Tha'i Lan.
Thu?y ddie^.n sa?n xua^'t ra se~ du`ng pha't trie^?n ky~ nghe^. Va^n Nam, 
cu?ng co^' ne^`n kinh te^' Bangkok va` ta.o nguo^`n thu nha^.p to ta't cho 
chi'nh phu? La`o. Trong khi ddo', da^n chu'ng Cam Bo^'t va` Vie^.t Nam 
so^'ng ta.i ha. lu+u, ddu+o+.c mo^.t lo+`i "hu+'a he.n " la` ca'c co+n lu.t 
lo^.i 10 na(m hay nho? ho+n se~ ddu+o+.c kie^`m che^'.
Kho^ng la^'y ddo' la`m tin vui, vi` nhu+~ng ke? sinh tha`nh ta.i Cha^u Tho^? 
Mekong (CTSCL) bie^'t ra(`ng ca'c tra^.n lu.t nho? la` phu'c la`nh, kho^ng 
pha?i la` tai ho.a ddo^'i vo+'i ho..
Da^n cu+ vu`ng bie^?n ho^` Tonle Sap va` CTSCL dda.i dda so^' la` no^ng da^n 
va` ngu+ phu? nghe`o. Ho. dda~ to^`n ta.i sau bao lu~ lu.t, kho^ng nhu+~ng 
10 na(m, 100 na(m, ma` ca? 1000 na(m kho^ng pha?i nho+` dde^'n con dda^.p 
hay du+. a'n chuye^?n nu+o+'c na`o. Su+. so^'ng cu?a ho. dda~ ga('n bo' 
vo+'i do`ng so^ng na`y va` chu tri`nh lu.t-ha.n tu+. nhie^n suo^'t ca? li.ch 
su+? sinh to^`n cu?a do`ng gio^'ng. Du+o+'i cha^n tha'c Khone, so^ng Mekong 
chi? co`n 500 km nu+~a tru+o+'c khi ra bie^?n va` tro+? ne^n hie^`n ho`a 
cha?y tre^n mo^.t vu`ng ddi.a the^' ba(`ng pha(?ng go^`m Bie^?n Ho^` Tonle 
Sap va` CTSCL go.i chung la` Bi`nh Nguye^n Mekong. No+i dda^y, Bie^?n Ho^` 
la` kho^'i nu+o+'c ngo.t lo+'n nha^'t cu?a vu`ng DDo^ng Nam A', bao phu? 
27.000 ca^y so^' vuo^ng va`o mu`a kho^ va` na^ng le^n dde^'n 150,000 ca^y 
so^' vuo^ng va`o mu`a lu~. Bie^?n Ho^` co' ta'c ddo^.ng ddie^`u ho`a lu+u 
lu+o+.ng cho so^ng Mekong. Bie^?n Ho^` va` so^ng Mekong co^'ng hie^'n ha`ng 
tra(m nga`n ta^'n ngu+ sa?n va` da'p u+'ng ddu+o+.c 80% cha^'t dda.m 
[protein] cho da^n cu+ Cam Bo^'t va` Vie^.t Nam so^'ng tre^n vu`ng bi`nh 
nguye^n na`y. CTSCL ta.i Vie^.t Nam co`n sa?n xua^'t ddu+o+.c 14 trie^.u 
ta^'n lu'a, 4 trie^.u ta^'n dda~ ddu+o+.c xua^'t ca?ng va`o na(m 1998. Ne^`n 
ngu+ nghie^.p cu?a Bie^?n Ho^` va` bo^ng nghie^.p cu?a CTSCL la` nhu+~ng 
bo^. pha^.n sinh tu+? cu?a ne^`n kinh te^' quo^'c gia Vie^.t Nam va` Cam 
Bo^'t.
Da^n cu+ CTSCL dda~ quen vo+'i lu~ lu.t va` nha^.n ra nhu+~ng phu'c la`nh 
ma` chu'ng mang la.i nhu+: Phu` sa ma`u mo+~ va` nu+o+'c tu+o+'i ve^` vo+'i 
ruo^.ng ddo^`ng, cu~ng nhu+ nhu+~ng ca'nh ru+`ng nga^.p nu+o+'c theo mu`a 
cho ca'c loa`i chim ca' ti`m ve^` kie^'m a(n, sinh sa?n va` a^?n na'u. Nho+` 
va`o lu~ lu.t mo+'i co' lu+o+.ng nu+o+'c lo+'n kha? di~ ddu? dde^? dda'nh 
phe`n, ru+?a phe`n va` bao phu? cho acid na(`m ye^n trong lo`ng dda^'t. Do 
ddo', lu~ lu.t kho^ng pha?i la` tai ho.a ma` chi'nh nhu+~ng ke^' hoa.ch 
nga(n nu+o+'c, giu+~ nu+o+'c, va` chuye^?n nu+o+'c mo+'i la` mo^'i nguy 
hie^?m ddo^'i vo+'i da^n cu+. Su+. thay ddo^?i lu+u lu+o+.ng nu+o+'c va` 
gia?m tro.ng ta?i phu` sa cu?a do`ng so^ng na`y se~ la^.p tu+'c ga^y ta'c 
ha.i tre^n mo^i tru+o+`ng so^'ng va` dde do.a ngay no^`i co+m, khu'c ca', 
nguo^`n thu+.c pha^?m ha`ng nga`y va` ke^' sinh nhai cu?a ho..
Ne^'u ca'c du+. a'n khai tha'c hoa`n ta^'t, ne^`n ngu+ nghie^.p ta.i Bie^?n 
Ho^` Tonle Sap co' le~ se~ kho^ng co`n nu+~a, CTSCL se~ tro+? tha`nh mo^.t 
ca'nh ddo^`ng chua, nu+o+'c nga^`m chi? co`n la` nhu+~ng do`ng so^ng ma(.n, 
va` duye^n ha?i se~ tan da^`n tru+o+'c so'ng vo^~ cu?a bie^?n DDo^ng. Hoa 
Ky` va` Me^~ Ta^y Co+ dda~ dda'nh ma^'t ngu+ nghie^.p Cha^u Tho^? so^ng 
Colorado, Ai Ca^.p dda~ ma^'t Cha^u Tho^? so^ng Nile, Mekong la` mo^.t do`ng 
so^ng lo+'n cuo^'i cu`ng i't bi. cha(.n ha~m va` co' the^? la` do`ng so^ng 
lo+'n dda^`u tie^n con ngu+o+`i giu+~ kho?i ro+i va`o so^' pha^.n na`y tre^n 
ma(.t ddi.a ca^`u. Vi` the^', nhie^.m vu. ba?o ve^. Mekong kho^ng pha?i chi? 
la` cu?a da^n cu+ Cha^u Tho^?, ma` co`n la` cu?a ca? Lu+u Vu+.c va` ca? 
the^' gio+'i.
1. Nhu+~ng Thu+? Tha'ch Hie^.n Ta.i cu?a Cha^u Tho^?
Vu`ng ma`u mo+~ CTSCL tuy la` vu+.a lu'a cu?a ca? nu+o+'c nhu+ng kho^ng 
ha(?n la` no+i da^n cu+ sinh so^'ng de^~ da`ng. Ho. dda~ va` co`n ddang 
pha?i hu+'ng chi.u nhie^`u thu+? tha'ch cam go vo+'i chi'nh "dda^'t va` 
nu+o+'c" o+? ddo', ma` vie^.c khai tha'c thu+o+.ng nguo^`n se~ khie^'n ga'nh 
na(.ng na`y ta(ng pha^`n kho^'c lie^.t, co' the^? bie^'n tha`nh tha?m ho.a 
kho^ng lu+o+`ng no^?i cho ho.:
1.1 DDa^'t phe`n: Trong 4 trie^.u ha CTSCL ta.i Vie^.t Nam, 1.6 trie^.u ha 
chu+'a cha^'t phe`n "pyrite" hay co`n go.i la` "acid sulphate soil (ASS), 
nghi~a la` co' chu+'a acid hay co' tie^`m ta`ng acid ca? hai dde^`u co' ha.i 
cho vie^.c canh ta'c. Ngu+o+`i da^n CTSCL ca^`n lu~ lu.t dde^? ru+?a phe`n 
va` giu+~ dda^'t kho?i bi. acid ho'a. Vie^.c ru+?a phe`n na`y ra^'t to^'n 
ke'm co^ng su+'c va` ca^`n dde^'n ra^'t nhie^`u nu+o+'c, pha?i la`m lie^n 
tu.c suo^'t mu`a ca^'y va` co`n la`m ddi la`m la.i ha`ng na(m nhu+ va^.y 
[3]. Chi'nh vi` the^' ma` no^ng da^n CTSCL kho^ng cho vie^.c nga(n ca'c 
tra^.n lu.t con la` tin vui ddo^'i vo+'i ho..
1.2 Ha.n ha'n: Ma(.c da^`u kho^ng na(`m du+o+'i quy~ dda.o cu?a ba~o El 
Nino, Lu+u Vu+.c so^ng Mekong va^~n bi. ha.n ha'n hoa`nh ha`nh la^u ho+n va` 
lan ro^.ng ho+n bi`nh thu+o+`ng. Du` vu~ lu+o+.ng tre^n lu+u vu+.c no'i 
chung kho^ng su't gia?m, nhu+ng mu+.c nu+o+'c ta.i ca'c tra.m Ta^n Cha^u va` 
and Cha^u DDo^'c dde^`u ha. tha^'p du+o+'i ky? lu.c 73-na(m suo^'t tu+` 
tha'ng 11, 1998 dde^'n nay. Cu`ng lu'c ddo' lu~ dda~ kho^ng ve^`, dda^y 
kho^ng pha?i la` nhu+~ng da^'u hie^.u ba'o ddo^.ng nu+~a, ma` la` nhu+~ng 
tie^'ng chuo^ng ba'o nguy ma` Cam Bo^'t va` Vie^.t Nam pha?i cho la` nghie^m 
tro.ng. Ta kho^ng the^? ddo^? he^'t ru?i ro na`y cho tro+`i dda^'t, ma` 
pha?i theo do~i ca'c hoa.t ddo^.ng cu?a con ngu+o+`i. Kho^ng nguye^n do na`o 
ddu+o+.c mie^~n tru+` nu+~a ca?, du` la` khai tha'c thu?y ddie^.n ta.i Trung 
Quo^'c hay La`o, chuye^?n nu+o+'c ta.i Tha'i, pha' ru+`ng hay canh ta'c qua' 
ddo^. ngay ta.i cha^u tho^?. DDa^y la` ddie^`u ca'c nha` khoa ho.c pha?i 
le^n tie^'ng vo+'i su+. huy ddo^.ng cao nha^'t cu?a y' thu+'c tra'ch nhie^.m 
va` tri' tue^..
1.3 Nhie^~m ma(.n: Muo^'i ma(.n dda~ la^'n sa^u va`o lu.c ddi.a, no^`ng 
ddo^. muo^'i trong nu+o+'c ta.i Ca` Mau dda~ le^n dde^'n 8-10 g/lit. Ca? 
tra(m nga`n ha dda^'t se~ bi. dde do.a. Mo^.t khi dda^'t dda~ ho'a ma(.n 
lu'a se~ co' the^? mo.c nhu+ng lu'a se~ le'p [3], no^ng da^n se~ kho^ng thu 
hoa.ch ddu+o+.c gi` va` se~ ma^'t he^'t ca? co^ng phu la^~n vo^'n lie^'ng.
1.4 O^ nhie^~m: Khi mu+.c nu+o+'c ruo^.ng va` nu+o+'c nga^`m ru't xuo^'ng 
va`o mu`a kho^ se~ la`m dda^'t phe`n (FeS2) oxy't ho'a tha`nh acid ro^`i 
tro^i theo mu+a, lan tra`n ra, ga^y o^ nhie^~m kinh ra.ch, hu?y hoa.i sinh 
va^.t va` hoa ma`u. Acid co`n la`m tan ca'c khoa'ng cha^'t co' ddo^.c nhu+ 
arsenic, selenium, nho^m ga^y o^ nhie^~m ca'c nguo^`n nu+o+'c [9]. Du` o+? 
no^ng ddo^. tha^'p du+o+'i 1 pha^`n trie^.u (ppm), cha^'t ddo^.c nhu+ 
arsenic khi xa^m nha^.p va`o va^~n ti'ch tu. la.i nhie^`u na(m trong co+ 
the^? tru+o+'c khi ta'c ddo^.ng ra ngoa`i [10]. Quy~ Nhi DDo^`ng Lie^n 
Hie^.p Quo^'c (UNICEF) dda~ cho dda`o 180,000 gie^'ng cung ca^'p nu+o+'c cho 
23 trie^.u ngu+o+`i o+? Vie^.t Nam. MekongForum dda~ chi'nh thu+'c ca?nh 
gia'c UNICEF ve^` vie^.c pha?i theo do~i arsenic trong ca'c gie^'ng nu+o+'c 
ddo' va` ha`nh ddo^.ng thi'ch u+'ng dde^? ba?o ve^. su+'c kho?e da^n cu+ 
[11].
1.5 Nu+o+'c bie^?n da^ng va` na.n soi mo`n duye^n ha?i: CTSCL vo^'n la` 
vu`ng dda^'t tha^'p, tu+` 1 m du+o+'i ma(.t bie^?n dde^'n 5 m tre^n ma(.t 
bie^?n. CTSCL se~ de^~ bi. nga^.p ha.i ne^'u na.n nu+o+'c bie^?n da^ng le^n 
tha`nh su+. tha^.t. Trong nu+o+'c dda~ co' tu+o+`ng tri`nh ra(`ng mu+.c 
thu?y trie^`u ga^`n dda^y dda~ ddo ddu+o+.c 10 cm cao ho+n bi`nh thu+o+`ng. 
Khuynh hu+o+'ng na`y dda'ng quan ta^m vi` duye^n ha?i Vie^.t Nam cho^'ng 
la.i soi mo`n ddu+o+.c nho+` dda^'t bo^`i cu?a do`ng Cu+?u Long mang 
xuo^'ng. Su+. ba?o toa`n kho^'i lu+o+.ng phu` sa la` ba?o ve^. su+. so^'ng 
co`n cu?a mie^`n duye^n ha?i Nam Vie^.t.
2. Nhu+~ng Ta'c ddo^.ng cu?a Thu?y DDie^.n
Nhu ca^`u ddie^.n khi' ho'a sinh hoa.t cu?a 60 trie^.u ngu+o+`i ta.i Lu+u 
Vu+.c Mekong va` mu+'c pha't trie^?n kinh te^' nhanh cho'ng khie^'n ca'c 
nu+o+'c na`y pha?i la(n va`o vie^.c sa(n ti`m na(ng lu+o+.ng. Thu?y ddie^.n 
la` nguo^`n ddie^.n na(ng hie^?n nhie^n va` sa(~n co' cu?a ho., vi` the^' 
kho' lo`ng tra'nh kho?i bi. khai tha'c trie^.t dde^?. Su+. va('ng bo'ng cu?a 
nhu+~ng o^'ng kho'i cao va` vie^.c ca'c nha` ma'y thu?y ddie^.n kho^ng tha? 
ra nhie^.t de^~ la`m cho nhie^`u ngu+o+`i ngo^. nha^.n ra(`ng thu?y ddie^.n 
la` nguo^`n na(ng lu+o+.ng trong la`nh va` i't to^'n ke'm nha^'t cu?a loa`i 
ngu+o+`i. Su+. tha^.t thi` kho^ng pha?i va^.y! Thu?y ddie^.n dda~ ga^y ra 
ra^'t nhie^`u tai ha.i na(.ng ne^` tre^n the^' gio+'i va` bi. de.p bo? ta.i 
nhie^`u quo^'c gia. Sau dda^y la` ba ba`i ho.c tai ha.i cu?a thu?y ddie^.n 
dda'ng chu' y'; nha^'t cho da^n cu+ CTSCL la`: ngu+ nghie^.p, mo^i sinh va` 
phu` sa:

* Vie^.c ga^y lu.t nga^.p ta.i ca'c vu`ng ca' sinh sa?n se~ a?nh hu+o+?ng 
dde^'n thu hoa.ch nhu+~ng gio^'ng ca' ca^`n co' chie^`u sa^u thi'ch ho+.p 
dde^? sinh to^`n. Nga^.p lu.t be^n ven bo+` se~ ta'c ha.i le^n no+i sinh 
so^'ng cu?a ca' con. DDa^.p thu?y ddie^.n nga(n cha^.n vie^.c di chuye^?n 
cu?a ca' xuo^'ng ha. nguo^`n kie^'m a(n, va` tro+? ve^` thu+o+.ng nguo^`n 
sinh dde? khie^'n chu'ng bi. die^.t chu?ng, va` ha^.u qua? se~ tha^'t thoa't 
ddi 50%-70% thu hoa.ch ngu+ nghie^.p. Vie^.c cha^.n giu+~ nu+o+'c o+? 
thu+o+.ng nguo^`n va`o mu`a mu+a va` ta(ng lu+u lu+o+.ng mu`a ha.n se~ la`m 
ma^'t so^' lo+'n die^.n ti'ch ru+`ng nga^.p theo mu`a ma` ne^`n ngu+ 
nghie^.p tru` phu' pha?i du+.a va`o ddo' mo+'i co'.

* O^ nhie^~m kho^ng khi': Ho^` chu+'a nu+o+'c kho^ng pha?i vo^ ha.i ma` 
ngu+o+.c la.i, la` vie^.c la`m nga^.p lu.t vi~nh vie^~n mo^.t vu`ng die^.n 
ti'ch lo+'n ru+`ng gia`, no+i tru' a^?n nga`n na(m an toa`n cu?a hoang thu'. 
Su+. tan ru+~a cu?a ca^y co? trong vu`ng bi. nga^.p se~ nha? ra so^' 
lu+o+.ng o^ nhie^~m vo^ hi`nh (tha'n khi' va` me^ tan) ke'o da`i ha`ng chu.c 
na(m ve^` sau, go'p pha^`n ga^y no'ng ddi.a ca^`u, thay ddo^?i khi' ha^.u 
va` na^ng cao mu+.c nu+o+'c bie^?n. A?nh hu+o+?ng ga^y no'ng co' the^? le^n 
dde^'n 26 la^`n so vo+'i ca'c nha` ma'y nhie^.t ddie^.n cu`ng co^ng sua^'t.

* Phu` sa: DDa^.p thu?y ddie^.n thu+o+`ng xa^y cha('n ngang do`ng so^ng ca'i 
dde^? nga(n nu+o+'c la.i, vi` the^' se~ chu'ng cha(.n ddu+'ng ta^'t ca? phu` 
sa va` la('ng ddo.ng la.i ta.i ca'c ho^` chu+'a nu+o+'c to lo+'n cu?a 
chu'ng. Du` cho nu+o+'c ho^` va^~n ddu+o+.c tha'o ra qua ca'c co^?ng thoa't 
nu+o+'c, ky~ thua^.t ddo' thu+.c te^' va^~n chu+a gia?i quye^'t ddu+o+.c 
na.n phu` sa u+' ddo.ng. Su+. tha^'t thoa't so^ phu` sa ma`u mo+~ na`y 
buo^.c no^ng da^n Cha^u Tho^? pha?i thay the^' ba(`ng ca'ch du`ng pha^n bo'n 
ho'a ho.c ra^'t to^'n ke'm cho nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i vo^'n di~ dda~ qua' nghe`o 
na`n. Vie^.c du`ng pha^n bo'n ho'a ho.c tu+. no' co`n la` mo^.t ddie^`u nguy 
hie^?m cho ngu+o+`i su+? du.ng thie^'u kie^'n thu+'c kinh nghie^.m va` cho 
mo^i tru+o+`ng trong vu`ng ddo' nu+~a.
3. Ta'c ddo^.ng cu?a ca'c du+. a'n thu?y ddie^.n ta.i Trung Quo^'c.
*Chu' thi'ch: Du+.a va`o to^?ng so^' 90,000 MCM (trie^.u me't kho^'i) Va^n 
Nam ddo'ng go'p ha`ng na(m
Thu?y lo+.i: To^?ng so^' the^? ti'ch ho.at ddo^.ng cu?a ca'c dda^.p thu?y 
ddie^.n Trung Quo^'c du+. tru` xa^y ta.i Va^n Nam (the^? tich nu+o+'c du`ng 
va`o vie^.c sa?n xua^'t ddie^.n) se~ le^n to+'i 48 BCM. Trung Quo^'c se~ 
ta.m ha~m la.i 53% to^?ng so^' lu+u lu+o+.ng (90 BCM cu?a Va^n Nam thu+o+`ng 
cha?y va`o Mekong.

Chuye^n cho+? phu` sa: Nhu+~ng dda^.p thu?y ddie^.n tre^n se~ cha^.n so^' 
phu` sa Trung Quo^'c go'p va`o Mekong ta.i ca'c ho^` chu+'a ta.i Va^n Nam. 
To^?ng so^' phu` sa ma^'t ddi se~ la` 125 trie^.u ta^'n/na(m hay 50% to^?ng 
so^' tro.ng ta?i cu?a toa`n the^? lu+u vu+.c.
O^ nhie^~m ky~ nghe^.: Vu`ng cao nguye^n Va^n Nam vo^'n ra^'t no^?i tie^'ng 
la` co' ti'ch tru+~ nhie^`u qua(.ng mo? kim loa.i va` than dda' va` la` ba?n 
doanh cu?a To^?ng Co^ng ty Luye^.n Kim Va^n Nam. Co^ng ty na`y co' the^' 
lu+.c lo+'n kho' ddo^'i pho'; nhu ca^`u ddie^.n na(ng cu?a ho. se~ kho^ng 
de^~ nha^n nhu+o+.ng va` cha^'t tha?i ky~ nghe^. cu?a ho. se~ theo Mekong 
ma` ra bie^?n.
Ngu+ nghie^.p: Da^n cu+ ta.i Tha'i va` La`o dda~ coi Manwan la` nguye^n 
nha^n chi'nh la`m mu+.c nu+o+'c so^ng ha. xuo^'ng tha^'p nha^'t va` thu 
hoa.ch ngu+ nghie^.p su't gia?m nhie^`u nha^'t trong tri' nho+' ca? ddo+`i 
ho. Tha'i Lan dda~ chi? ba('t ddu+o+.c 69 con ca' tre^ kho^?ng lo^` Pla Buek 
va`o na(m 1990, va` na(m ngoa'i 1998 chi? co`n ba('t ddu+o+.c co' mo^.t con 
Pla Buek ma` tho^i. Ho. cho ra(`ng dda^.p Manwan dda~ nga(n kho^ng cho loa`i 
ca' na`y lo^.i ve^` thu+o+.ng nguo^`n dde? tru+'ng sinh con nhu+ xu+a nu+~a. 
Khi ho?i y' kie^'n ve^` nhu+~ng dda^.p sa('p xa^y, o^ng Pakprom, Chu? ti.ch 
cu?a Nho'm Ba?o ve^. so^ng Songkhram, dda~ to'm go.n quan ddie^?n cu?a nho'm 
na`y ra(`ng: "Xin tho^i xa^y the^m dda^.p!" [14]

An ninh quo^'c gia va` mo^i tru+o+`ng: Nhu+~ng dda^.p thu?y ddie^.n Va^n Nam 
se~ khie^'n Trung Quo^'c co' mo^.t kha? na(ng dda'ng quan nga.i: Co' the^? 
ga^y lu.t lo^.i hay ha.n ha'n cho ha. nguo^`n ba^'t cu+' mu`a na`o va` lu'c 
na`o. Trung Quo^'c se~ co' trong tay kha? na(ng quye^'t ddi.nh va^.n ma.ng 
cu?a 60 trie^.u da^n so^'ng trong bo^'n quo^'c gia: La`o, Tha'i, Cam Bo^'t 
va` Vie^.t Nam. Thi' du.: Ne^'u Trung Quo^'c ngu+`ng cha.y ma'y ddie^.n va`i 
nga`y tre^n Va^n Nam va`o mu`a kho^, ho. co' the^? ga^y ra ha.n ha'n na(.ng 
ne^` cho CTSCL. Ne^'u cha^'t tha?i ky~ nghe^. tu+` Va^n Nam cha?y va`o 
kho^ng kie^?m soa't, ho. se~ bie^'n so^ng Mekong tha`nh ra.ch nu+o+'c tha?i, 
Ho^` Tonle Sap tha`nh ho^` chu+'a cha^'t tha?i va` CTSCL tha`nh mo^.t ba~i 
tha^'m hu't cha^'t tha?i.

4. Ta'c ddo^.ng cu?a ca'c du+. a'n thu?y ddie^.n tre^n ca'c phu. lu+u
Mekong

Trong khoa?ng 1991-1994, Tha'i Lan dda~ hoa`n tha`nh xong mo^.t loa.t ca'c 
dda^.p tre^n ca'c phu. lu+u Mekong nhu+: so^ng Kok, Mun, Lam Di Moi, Chi, 
Pong and Huay Mong. Ba?ng 4 lie^.t ke^ to^?ng so^' 24 dda^.p dda~ hoa`n 
ta^'t la^~n ddang du+. tru` se~ xa^y tre^n ca'c phu. lu+u Mekong ta.i La`o, 
Tha'i, Cam Bo^'t va` Vie^.t Nam. Sau dda^y la` u+o+'c lu+o+.ng ca'c he^. 
qua? cu?a chu'ng:

To^?ng so^' nu+o+'c co' the^? se~ bi. ta.m giu+~ la.i ca'c ho^` chu+'a do 24 
con dda^.p ne^u tre^n la` 78.6 BCM hay 67% cu?a 117 BCM to^?ng so^' lu+u 
lu+o+.ng do ca'c vu`ng na`y ddo'ng go'p va`o so^ng Mekong.
To^?ng so^' phu` sa co' the^? se~ bi. ca'c dda^.p tre^n cha^.n la.i la` 60 
trie^.u ta^'n/na(m.

Su+. di chuye^?n sinh hoa.t va` to^`n ta.i cu?a ca'c loa`i ca' tre^n
Mekong va^~n co`n trong giai ddoa.n nghie^n cu+'u ra^'t ha^'p da^~n cho ca'c 
khoa ho.c gia the^' gio+'i. Mo^~i khi chuye^?n mu`a ngu+o+`i ta quan sa't 
tha^'y ddu+o+.c su+. thay ddo^?i toa`n bo^. ca'c gio^'ng ca' hie^.n die^.n 
tre^n so^ng va` kho^ng bie^'t chu'ng dda~ bo? ddi no+i dda^u va` dda~ tu+` 
dda^u dde^'n. Nhu+~ng dda^.p thu?y ddie^.n na`y se~ hu?y hoa.i sinh hoa.t 
cu?a chu'ng. DDa^.p Pak Mun dda~ ga^y gia?m su't 50% thu hoa.ch ngu+ sa?n. 
DDa^.p Theun Hinboun dda~ ga^y tuye^.t chu?ng mo^.t so^' loa`i ca' va` gia?m 
30-90% mo^/t so^' kha'c chi? trong vo`ng hai tha'ng sau khi con dda^.p hoa`n 
ta^'t [14]. Na(m 1994, thu hoa.ch ngu+ sa?n tu+` Tonle Sap dda~ gia?m ma^'t 
50% cu`ng ty? le^. vo+'i su+. hu?y hoa.i 50% die^.n ti'ch ru+`ng nga^.p 
nu+o+'c.

U?y Ho^.i So^ng Mekong (MRC) dda~ nghie^n cu+'u nhie^`u ddi.a ddie^?m xa^y 
dda^.p thu?y ddie^.n kie^?u "run-of-river" tre^n do`ng chi'nh trong vu`ng 
ha. lu+u Mekong va` 9 ddi.a ddie^?m dda~ ddu+o+.c cho la` co' trie^?n vo.ng 
kinh te^' va` ta'c ha.i kho^ng tra^`m tro.ng. MRC dda~ bi. chi? tri'ch 
na(.ng ne^` bo+?i to^? chu+'c International Rivers Netrwork ve^` nhu+~ng 
thie^'u so't trong vie^.c nghie^n cu+'u kha? thi. Tuy MRC chu+a thu+.c 
hie^.n du+. a'n na`o nhu+ng MRC cu~ng kho^ng chi'nh thu+'c tuye^n bo^' y' 
ddi.nh ba~i bo? du+. a'n ddo'.

Tre^n ly' thuye^'t, loa.i dda^.p "run-of-river" kho^ng ca^`n dde^'n ho^` 
chu+'a dde^? ti'ch tru+~ nu+o+'c theo quy ta('c tho^ng thu+o+`ng. Thu+.c 
te^' thi` nhu+~ng dda^.p run-of-river du+. tru` xa^y tre^n Mekong va^~n 
ca^`n dde^'n mo^.t kie^'n tru'c cha^.n ngang so^ng cao trung bi`nh dde^'n 35 
me't dde^? ga('n turbine. Vie^.c na^ng cao mu+.c nu+o+'c nhu+ the^' ta.i 9 
ddi.a ddie^?m do.c theo 2,400 km se~ ta.o ra ca'c co+ ho^.i dde^? Tha'i Lan 
chuye^?n nu+o+'c ra du`ng kho^ng the^? na`o MRC theo do~i sa't hay nga(n 
ca?n gi` ho. ddu+o+.c.

6. Ta'c ddo^.ng cu?a nhu+~ng du+. a'n chuye^?n nu+o+'c ta.i Tha'i Lan

Ba?ng 6. Nhu+~ng du+. a'n chuye^?n nu+o+'c ta.i Tha'i Lan (Watershed, Nov. 
98)

Du+. a'n

Kho^'i lu+o+.ng Li.ch tri`nh Phi' to^?n

MCM

US$Trie^.u

Kok-Ing-Yom-Nan

2200

Huai Kha Khaeng

Kohng-Chi-Mun

6580 1990-2017 61,600

Nam Song / Nam Leuk

Nam Theun II


Songkhram

n.a.

400

Total 8780

62,000

Tho?a U+o+'c 1995 giu+~a bo^'n nu+o+'c ha. nguo^`n Mekong dda~ xo'a bo? 
tro+? nga.i la` pha?i co' su+. ddo^`ng thua^.n hoa`n toa`n cu?a ta^'t ca? 
ca'c nu+o+'c tre^n ba^'t cu+' du+. a'n na`o mo+'i ddu+o+.c ddem ra thu+.c 
hie^.n. Tha'i Lan dda~ tie^'n ha`nh nhu+~ng du+. a'n chuye^?n nu+o+'c tham 
vo.ng nha^'t cha^u A'. Du+. a'n Khong-Chi-Mun ba('t dda^`u na(m 1990, co' 
mo^.t nga^n khoa?n kho^?ng lo^` la` $US 61.6 ti? ngan ha`ng vo+'i du+. a'n 
Three Gorges Dam tre^n so^ng Du+o+ng Tu+?. Kho^'i lu+o+.ng nu+o+'c Tha'i Lan 
se~ chuye^?n kho?i Mekong la` 8.8 BCM.

7. Ke^'t Lua^.n

Quye^`n khai tha'c ta`i nguye^n thie^n nhie^n dde^? mu+u ca^`u phu'c lo+.i 
cho da^n chu'ng cu?a ca'c quo^'c gia Mekong pha?i ddu+o+.c to^n tro.ng; 
nhu+ng ddie^`u ddo' kho^ng co' nghi~a la` se~ pho' ma(.c cho ho. khai tha'c 
thie^n nhie^n bu+`a ba~i va` dde^? cho ho. ba^'t cha^'p quye^`n lo+.i so^'ng 
co`n cu?a nhu+~ng da^n cu+ la^n bang trong cu`ng he^. sinh tha'i. DDo^'i 
vo+'i mo^.t do`ng so^ng quo^'c te^' va` thie^ng lie^ng nhu+ Mekong, ta^'t 
ca? lo+.i ha.i pha?i ddu+o+.c pho^? bie^'n co^ng khai va` gi'a tri. pha?i 
tha^?m ddi.nh tre^n ca(n ba?n toa`n
the^? lu+u vu+.c.

Da^n cu+ cu?a Cam Bo^'t va` Vie^.t Nam va^~n pha?i nho+` va`o nhu+~ng ca'nh 
ru+`ng nga^.p nu+o+'c theo mu`a no+i ca' tro+? ve^` sinh sa?n ha`ng na(m 
dde^? ba('t la^'y, ddo' la` nguo^`n thu+.c pha^?m protein chi'nh ye^'u va^~n 
nuo^i so^'ng ho.. Ho. va^~n ca^`n nhie^`u nu+o+'c dde^? tro^`ng lu'a, va` 
lu~ lu.t de^? cho^'ng acid, cho^'ng nhie^~m ma(.n va` ca^`n phu` sa dde^? 
ba?o ve^. duye^n ha?i kho?i na.n so'i mo`n.

Nha` ha?i du+o+ng ho.c TS Michael Rozengurt dda~ ddie^`u tra^`n ta.i Quo^'c 
Ho^.i Ottawa va`o na(m 1994 ra(`ng mu+'c ddo^. ddie^`u ho`a (hay nga(n 
cha^.n) lu+u lu+o+.ng to^'i dda cu?a mo^.t do`ng so^ng la` 25% ne^'u muo^'n 
ngu+ sinh kho^ng bi. hu?y hoa.i [13]. Nhu+ the^', su+. nga(n cha^.n 53% 
nu+o+'c so^ng ta.i Trung Quo^'c va` 67% ta.i La`o cha('n cha('n se~ ddi 
dde^'n su+. hu?y hoa.i vi~nh vie^~n va` hoa`n toa`n che^' ddo^. thu?y va^.n 
va` ngu+ sinh hie^.n tho+`i cu?a so^ng Mekong.

Ne^'u ta^'t ca? ca'c du+. a'n khai tha'c Mekong hoa`n ta^'t, 75% to^?ng so^' 
phu` sa cu?a Mekong se~ bi. nga(n la.i o+? ho^` chu+'a, 126 BCM nu+o+'c 
so^ng se~ bi. giu+~ la.i thu+o+.ng nguo^`n, ga^`n 9 BCM se~ bi. chuye^?n ra 
ta.i Tha'i, toa`n bo^. ne^`n ngu+ nghie^.p ta.i Bie^?n Ho^` Tonle Sap va` 
Cu+?u Long se~ kho^ng co`n nu+~a, ca? Cha^u Tho^? Mekong se~ tha`nh mo^.t 
ca'nh ddo^`ng chua, nu+o+'c nga^`m chi? co`n la` nhu+~ng do`ng so^ng ma(.n, 
va` duye^n ha?i se~ ra~ tan da^`n tru+o+'c so'ng vo^~ cu?a bie^?n DDo^ng.
Hoa Ky` va` Me^~ Ta^y Co+ dda~ dda'nh ma^'t ne^`n ngu+ nghie^.p Cha^u Tho^? 
so^ng Colorado, Ai Ca^.p dda~ ma^'t Cha^u Tho^? so^ng Nile, Mekong la` mo^.t 
do`ng so^ng lo+'n cuo^'i cu`ng i't bi. cha(.n ha~m va` co' the^? la` do`ng 
so^ng lo+'n dda^`u tie^n con ngu+o+`i giu+~ ddu+o+.c dde^? kho?i ro+i va`o 
so^' pha^.n na`y tre^n ma(.t ddi.a ca^`u. Vi` the^', nhie^.m vu. ba?o ve^. 
Mekong kho^ng pha?i chi? la` cu?a da^n cu+ Cha^u Tho^?, ma` co`n la` cu?a 
ca? Lu+u Vu+.c (DX:khu vu*.c) va` ca? the^' gio+'i.

Da^n cu+ lu+u vu+.c Mekong dda~ pha?i ga'nh chi.u lie^n tu.c nhu+~ng tai 
ho.a tra^`m kha suo^'t ca? The^' Ky? na`y ro^`i. DDa'ng buo^`n ho+n the^' 
nu+~a la` nga`y nay trong ho`a bi`nh, "gio? ca'" cu?a da^n Cam Bo^'t va` 
"ba't co+m" cu?a da^n Vie^.t Nam la.i co' nguy co+ kho^ng co`n giu+~ nguye^n 
ddu+o+.c nu+~a. Nhu+ng ddie^`u na`y chi? xa?y ra ddu+o+.c ne^'u kho^ng ai 
la`m gi` tru+o+'c nhu+~ng nguy co+ cho ho..
Chu'ng ta co' mo^.t co+ ho^.i li.ch su+? tru+o+'c the^`m The^' Ky? 21: la` 
cu`ng nhau ba?o ve^. kho ta`ng sinh ho.c phong phu' thu+' hai cu?a ddi.a 
ca^`u -so^ng Mekong- kho?i ro+i va`o hie^?m ho.a pha?i tro+? tha`nh na.n 
nha^n cu?a thu?y ddie^.n va` khai tha'c nu+o+'c. Chu'ng ta co`n giu'p pha^`n 
ba?o ve^. nguo^`n thu+.c pha^?m an toa`n va` sinh ke^' cho 100 trie^.u da^n 
cu+ nghe`o nha^'t hoa`n ca^`u kho?i ca?nh die^.t vong. "Tuye^n Ngo^n So^ng 
Mekong 1999" se~ la` tho^ng ddie^.p mang hy vo.ng kho^ng nhu+~ng cho cho 
da^n cu+ Mekong ma` cho ca'c the^' he^. mai sau cu?a ca? the^' gio+'i.

Ta`i Lie^.u Tham Kha?o

[1] Steve Rothert: Lessons Unlearned: Damming the Mekong River,
International Rivers Network, Working Paper 6, October 1995. p. 8

[2] Steve Rothert: Lessons Unlearned: Damming the Mekong River,
International Rivers Network, Working Paper 6, October 1995. p. 14

[3] To Phuc Tuong, An Overview of Water Management of Acid Sulphate
Soils, Selected Papers of the HCM City Symposium on Acid Sulphate
Soils, 1992, p. 274

[4] Le Quang Tri et al, Present Land Use as Basis for Land Evaluation
in two Mekong Delta Districts, 1992, p.323

[5] Ropelewski C. F., Reply to Long Pham's Enquiry on Drought in
Vietnam, International Research Institute, 1999

[6] http://iri.ucsd.edu/forecast/net_asmt/, IRI Net Assessment  Forcast

[7] http://www.nnic.noaa.gov:80/prodycts/special_summaries/97_3/,
Special Climate Smmary 97/3, NOAA [8] Tuong et al, (Le Quang Tri)
Salinity Intrusion in the Mekong Delta, 1991, p. 23

[9] Nguyen Thanh Tin, Some Characteristics of Water Quality in the
Mekong Delta, p 1

[10] Mai Thanh Truyet et al, Arsenic Pollution: Can it happen to Mekong 
Delta, MekongForum, 1999

[11] Pickardt W., Reply to Long Pham's Enquiry on Vietnam Water Data,
UNICEF Hanoi Office, Jan.1999.

[12] Chapman E.C. and He Daming, Downstream Implications of China's
Dams on Lancang Jiang, Monash Asia Institute, 1996 p.18

[13] Riozengurt M., The Demise of Fisheries Due to Large Dams and
Electric Reservoirs, Expert Testimony at Ottawa Congress on June 6,
1994.

[14] Watershed, Volume 4. March - June 1999, p. 10,13 and 30.

[15] Mekong Secretariat, Mekong Mainstream Run-of-River Hydropower,
Executive Summary, 1994


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