Re: Lu+o+ng na(ng bi`nh da^n - Alan Sokal

[Alexander H L Vu <vuh000@mail.Uni-Mainz.DE>]

Ba'c Vie^.t la` ke? thu` kho^ng ddo^.i tro+`i chung cu?a tui. Va^.y ho^m
nay tui se~ bu.p cho ca'i luo+ng na(ng bi`nh da^n mo^.t tra^.n.

Ba^y gio+` ta ha~y nho+' la.i hai anh "la('m chu+~" va` "pho' mo^.c" no'i
gi`. Ca'c ba'c dde^? y' la` anh PM ga(.p ca'i gi` cu~ng chi? co' mo^.t
lo+`i gia?i thi'ch "tro+`i sinh ra the^'". Mo^.t hay nhie^`u kho^ng tha`nh
va^'n dde^` o+? dda^y ma` ca'i chi'nh la` ca'c lo+`i gia?i thi'ch cu?a anh
PM thuo^.c loa.i untestable, non-falsifiable. Nguo+.c la.i ca'c lo+`i
gia?i thi'ch cu?a anh LC cho phe'p la`m phe'p thu+? va` co' kha? na(ng
sai. Thu+.c su+. ba'c PM dda~ la`m phe'p falsify ca'c gia?i thi'ch cu?a
anh LC. Theo tie^u chua^?n cu?a critical rationalism (Popper) mo^.t gia?i
thi'ch go.i la` khoa ho.c pha?i la` mo^.t gia?i thi'ch testable va`
falsifiable. Gia?i thi'ch na`o "ra`o ki'n" dde^'n no^~i kho^ng the^? sai
(kie^?u "tro+`i sinh ra the^'") thi`kho^ng the^? go.i la`gia?i thi'ch khoa
ho.c dduo+.c, tu+'c vo^ gia' tri. ve^` ma(.t khoa ho.c. Quan ddie^?m na`y
hie^.n nay va^~n co`n ra^'t thi.nh ha`nh va`dduo+.c ca'c nha` khoa ho.c
tu+. nhie^n no'i chung cu~ng nhu+ ra^'t nhie^`u nha` KHXH cha^'p nha^.n.
(Chi'nh bo.n bi. Sokal chu+?i la`bo.n co' le~ kho^ng cha^'p nha^.n ma^'y
tie^u chua^?n na`y).

Tre^n thu+.c te^' li.ch su+? khoa hoc. la` su+. thay the^' ca'c gia?i
thi'ch dda~ bi. tha^'y la` sai (falsified) ba(`ng nhu+~ng gia? thuye^'t
mo+'i, chu+a bi. tha^'y la` sai. Tuy nhie^n, mo^.t gia? thuye^'t chu+a sai
kho^ng nha^'t thie^'t co' nghi~a la` no' ddu'ng. Mo^.t nga`y kia no' va^~n
co' the^? sai. Muo^'n bie^'t mo^.t gia? thuye^'t sai hay kho^ng thi` pha?i
la`m thu+? nghie^.m tu+'c la` cho no' ddo^'i dda^` u vo+'i thu+.c te^' va`
gia? thuye^'t kia pha?i duo+.c formulated sao cho co' the^? ba'c bo?
dduo+.c. (DDa^y la` quan ddie^?m cu?a Popper, ve^` sau Lakatos co' quan
ddie^?m kha'c). DDe^? ddo^'i pho' vo+'i tie^u chua^?n na`y, ta thuo+ü`ng
du`ng phuo+ng pha'p la`m tha^.t nhie^`u thi' nhghie^.m (co' the^? thought
experiment) dde^? mong la`m gia?m xa'c sua^'t sai cu?a gia? thuye^'t
ru't ra. Tuy nhie^n ta kho^ng bao gio+` dda.t dduo+.c nhu+ ca^u cuo^'i
cu`ng cu?a o^ng bo^' vo+., ra(`ng pha?i bie^'t cho he^'t ru`i ha(~ng no'i.
Kho^ng bao gio+` ta bie^'t he^'t dduo+.c. Ma(.t kha'c kho^ng pha?i he^~
bie^'t nhie^`u ho+n thi` no'i ddu'ng ho+n. O+? dda^y chi? co' mo^.t quy
lua^.t tho^'ng ke^, tu+'c la`bie^'t nhie^`u (hie^?u la` co' kie^?m
nghie^.m nhie^` u truo+`ng ho+.p ) thi` _xa'c sua^'t_ sai se~ nho? Nhu+ng
mo^.t nguo+`i na(`m mo+ va^~n co' the^? ra cha^n ly' ma`mo^.t nguo+`i ca?
ddo+`i ddo.c sa'ch va^~n co' the^? kho^ng ti`m ra dduo+.c su+. tha^.t.

Anh LC pha'n sai kho^ng co' gi`dda'ng che^, khoa ho.c pha?i co' sai thi`
mo+'i co' tie^'n bo^. Anh PM cho+i ba`i cu`n ddu+a ra toa`n lo+`i gia?i
thi'ch kho^ng the^? sai, vo+'i nhu+~ng lo+`i gia?i thi'ch kie^?u ddo' khoa
ho.c chi? co' da^~m cha^n ta.i cho^~. (Ta^'t nhie^n ve^` sau anh PM cu~ng
la`m duo+.c vie^c. to^'t cho khoa hoc. la` ch? ra cho^~ sai cu?a anh LC)

Qua vi' du. na`y ta tha^'y: Luo+ng na(ng bi`nh da^n kho^ng the^? du`ng
la`m phuo+ng pha'p khoa ho.c. (Ta^'t nhie^n LNBD co' the^? du`ng la`m
ddie^?m kho+?i dda^`u cho phuo+ng pha'p khoa ho.c)

Lam
PS: ba'c na`o muo^'n dda`o sa^u ho+n va^'n dde^` na`y co' the^? ti`m ddo.c
pha^`n Two faces of common sense trong Objective Knowledge cu?a Karl
Popper.