Publications

ORCID · Google Scholar

⋆ denotes graduate student coauthor. † denotes equal contribution. Click “BibTeX” to copy a citation.

Preprints

Zikun Qin and B. Karmakar. Inferring the Effect of a Confounded Treatment by Calibrating Resistant Population’s Variance. arXiv · DOI
BibTeX
@article{qin_karmakar_2023_rpcova, author = {Qin, Zikun and Karmakar, Bikram}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2312.16439}, eprint = {2312.16439}, journal = {arXiv}, status = {preprint}, title = {Inferring the Effect of a Confounded Treatment by Calibrating Resistant Population’s Variance}, year = {2023} }
B. Karmakar and Bhuvanesh Pareek. Leaf nodes of decision trees as balancing score in observational studies with multiple treatments.
BibTeX
@unpublished{karmakar_pareek_leafnodes, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Pareek, Bhuvanesh}, note = {Preprint}, status = {preprint}, title = {Leaf nodes of decision trees as balancing score in observational studies with multiple treatments} }

In Press

Sohom Bhattacharya and B. Karmakar (2026). Discussion of "Matrix Completion When Missing Is Not at Random and Its Applications in Causal Panel Data Models". Journal of the American Statistical Association
BibTeX
@article{bhattacharya_karmakar_2026_discussion, author = {Bhattacharya, Sohom and Karmakar, Bikram}, journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association}, note = {To appear}, status = {inpress}, title = {Discussion of "Matrix Completion When Missing Is Not at Random and Its Applications in Causal Panel Data Models"}, year = {2026} }
B. Karmakar (2026). Regression to the mean in regression discontinuity design: Bias and sensitivity analysis. Journal of Causal Inference
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_2026_rtm_rdd, author = {Karmakar, Bikram}, journal = {Journal of Causal Inference}, note = {In press}, status = {inpress}, title = {Regression to the mean in regression discontinuity design: Bias and sensitivity analysis}, year = {2026} }
Aditya Ghosh, Nabarun Deb, B. Karmakar, and Bodhisattva Sen (2026). Robustness and Efficiency of Rosenbaum’s Rank-based Estimator in Randomized Trials. Biometrika
BibTeX
@article{ghosh_deb_karmakar_sen_2026_rosenbaum_rank, author = {Ghosh, Aditya and Deb, Nabarun and Karmakar, Bikram and Sen, Bodhisattva}, journal = {Biometrika}, note = {In press}, status = {inpress}, title = {Robustness and Efficiency of Rosenbaum’s Rank-based Estimator in Randomized Trials}, year = {2026} }
Megan Ennes and B. Karmakar (2026). The development and validation of a teaching self-efficacy assessment for informal science educators. Research in Science Education
BibTeX
@article{ennes_2026_teaching_self_efficacy, author = {Ennes, Megan and Karmakar, Bikram}, journal = {Research in Science Education}, note = {To appear}, status = {inpress}, title = {The development and validation of a teaching self-efficacy assessment for informal science educators}, year = {2026} }
Ruoqi Yu, B. Karmakar, James Vandeleest, and Elizabeth B. Schwarz (2026). Using a Two-Parameter Sensitivity Analysis Framework to Efficiently Combine Randomized and Non-randomized Studies. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B arXiv
BibTeX
@article{yu_karmakar_2026_two_parameter, author = {Yu, Ruoqi and Karmakar, Bikram and Vandeleest, James and Schwarz, Elizabeth B.}, eprint = {2412.03731}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B}, note = {To appear}, status = {inpress}, title = {Using a Two-Parameter Sensitivity Analysis Framework to Efficiently Combine Randomized and Non-randomized Studies}, year = {2026} }

Published

2025

Yuki Ohnishi, B. Karmakar, and Arman Sabbaghi (2025). Degree of Interference: A General Framework for Causal Inference under Interference. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 26(120), 1--37.
BibTeX
@article{ohnishi_karmakar_sabbaghi_2025_jmlr, author = {Ohnishi, Yuki and Karmakar, Bikram and Sabbaghi, Arman}, journal = {Journal of Machine Learning Research}, number = {120}, pages = {1--37}, title = {Degree of Interference: A General Framework for Causal Inference under Interference}, url = {https://jmlr.org/papers/v26/24-0119.html}, volume = {26}, year = {2025} }
Chyke Doubeni, Christopher D. Jensen, Mohamed I. Elsaid, Wei K. Zhao, Heather K. Jones, Kimberly Cannavale, Natalia Udaltsova, Yesung Kweon, B. Karmakar, Anne I. Hahn, Ann G. Zauber, Chun Chao, Theodore R. Levin, and Douglas A. Corley (2025). Effect of fecal immunochemical test screening on colorectal cancer mortality risk. Gastroenterology, 169(1), S-1032, Abstract.
BibTeX
@article{doubeni_2025_gastroenterology_fit, author = {Doubeni, Chyke and Jensen, Christopher D. and Elsaid, Mohamed I. and Zhao, Wei K. and Jones, Heather K. and Cannavale, Kimberly and Udaltsova, Natalia and Kweon, Yesung and Karmakar, Bikram and Hahn, Anne I. and Zauber, Ann G. and Chao, Chun and Levin, Theodore R. and Corley, Douglas A.}, journal = {Gastroenterology}, note = {Abstract}, number = {1}, pages = {S-1032}, title = {Effect of fecal immunochemical test screening on colorectal cancer mortality risk}, volume = {169}, year = {2025} }
Yuki Ohnishi, B. Karmakar, and Wreetabrata Kar (2025). Inferring Causal Effect of a Digital Communication Strategy under a Latent Sequential Ignorability Assumption and Treatment Noncompliance. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 120(550), 685--697. DOI
BibTeX
@article{ohnishi_karmakar_kar_2025_jasa_lsi, author = {Ohnishi, Yuki and Karmakar, Bikram and Kar, Wreetabrata}, doi = {10.1080/01621459.2024.2435655}, journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association}, number = {550}, pages = {685--697}, title = {Inferring Causal Effect of a Digital Communication Strategy under a Latent Sequential Ignorability Assumption and Treatment Noncompliance}, volume = {120}, year = {2025} }
Danielle Christensen, Young Seon Shin, Jingying Wang, Carolina R. Cuomo, Tyler Dentry, Hanna M. Gemmell, Stormi L. Pulver, Ann-Marie Orlando, Walker S. McKinney, Cassie J. Stevens, Kathryn E. Unruh, B. Karmakar, Stephen A. Coombes, Matthew W. Mosconi, and Zheng Wang (2025). Subcortical brain volume variations in autistic individuals across the lifespan. Molecular Autism, 16(1), 46. DOI
BibTeX
@article{christensen_2025_molautism, author = {Christensen, Danielle and Shin, Young Seon and Wang, Jingying and Cuomo, Carolina R. and Dentry, Tyler and Gemmell, Hanna M. and Pulver, Stormi L. and Orlando, Ann-Marie and McKinney, Walker S. and Stevens, Cassie J. and Unruh, Kathryn E. and Karmakar, Bikram and Coombes, Stephen A. and Mosconi, Matthew W. and Wang, Zheng}, doi = {10.1186/s13229-025-00673-1}, journal = {Molecular Autism}, number = {1}, pages = {46}, title = {Subcortical brain volume variations in autistic individuals across the lifespan}, volume = {16}, year = {2025} }
B. Karmakar, Gourab Mukherjee, and Wreetabrata Kar (2025). Using Penalized Synthetic Controls on Truncated Data: A Case Study on Effect of Marijuana Legalization on Direct Payments to Physicians by Opioid Manufacturers. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 120(549), 64--79. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_mukherjee_kar_2025_jasa_psc, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Mukherjee, Gourab and Kar, Wreetabrata}, doi = {10.1080/01621459.2024.2406583}, journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association}, number = {549}, pages = {64--79}, title = {Using Penalized Synthetic Controls on Truncated Data: A Case Study on Effect of Marijuana Legalization on Direct Payments to Physicians by Opioid Manufacturers}, volume = {120}, year = {2025} }

2024

B. Karmakar, Ann G. Zauber, Anne I. Hahn, Yan Kwan Lau, Douglas A. Corley, Chyke A. Doubeni, and Marshall M. Joffe (2024). Bias due to coarsening of time intervals in the inference for the effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening. International Journal of Epidemiology, 53(4), dyae096. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_2024_ije_coarsening, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Zauber, Ann G. and Hahn, Anne I. and Lau, Yan Kwan and Corley, Douglas A. and Doubeni, Chyke A. and Joffe, Marshall M.}, doi = {10.1093/ije/dyae096}, journal = {International Journal of Epidemiology}, number = {4}, pages = {dyae096}, title = {Bias due to coarsening of time intervals in the inference for the effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening}, volume = {53}, year = {2024} }
Youjin Lee, Chian Tan, and B. Karmakar (2024). Constructing multiple, independent analyses in regression discontinuity designs with multiple cutoffs. Observational Studies, 10(2), 63--91.
BibTeX
@article{lee_tan_karmakar_2024_obsstudies, author = {Lee, Youjin and Tan, Chian and Karmakar, Bikram}, journal = {Observational Studies}, number = {2}, pages = {63--91}, title = {Constructing multiple, independent analyses in regression discontinuity designs with multiple cutoffs}, volume = {10}, year = {2024} }

2023

B. Karmakar and Dylan S. Small (2023). Constructing independent evidence from regression and instrumental variables with an application to the effect of violent conflict on altruism and risk preference. Biostatistics \& Epidemiology, 7(1), 1--26. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_small_2023_be, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Small, Dylan S.}, doi = {10.1080/24709360.2022.2109910}, journal = {Biostatistics \& Epidemiology}, number = {1}, pages = {1--26}, title = {Constructing independent evidence from regression and instrumental variables with an application to the effect of violent conflict on altruism and risk preference}, volume = {7}, year = {2023} }
B. Karmakar (2023). Evidence factors. In Handbook of Matching and Weighting Adjustments for Causal Inference, 583--609. DOI
BibTeX
@incollection{karmakar_2023_handbook_evidence_factors, author = {Karmakar, Bikram}, booktitle = {Handbook of Matching and Weighting Adjustments for Causal Inference}, doi = {10.1201/9781003102670-26}, pages = {583--609}, publisher = {CRC Press}, title = {Evidence factors}, year = {2023} }

2022

B. Karmakar (2022). An approximation algorithm for blocking of an experimental design. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B, 84(5), 1726--1750. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_2022_jrssb_blocking, author = {Karmakar, Bikram}, doi = {10.1111/rssb.12545}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B}, number = {5}, pages = {1726--1750}, title = {An approximation algorithm for blocking of an experimental design}, volume = {84}, year = {2022} }
Anqi Zhao, Youjin Lee, Dylan S. Small, and B. Karmakar (2022). Evidence factors from multiple, possibly invalid, instrumental variables. The Annals of Statistics, 50(3), 1266--1296. DOI
BibTeX
@article{zhao_lee_small_karmakar_2022_aos, author = {Zhao, Anqi and Lee, Youjin and Small, Dylan S. and Karmakar, Bikram}, doi = {10.1214/21-AOS2148}, journal = {The Annals of Statistics}, number = {3}, pages = {1266--1296}, title = {Evidence factors from multiple, possibly invalid, instrumental variables}, volume = {50}, year = {2022} }
B. Karmakar, Peng Liu, Gourab Mukherjee, Hai Che, and Shantanu Dutta (2022). Improved retention analysis in freemium role-playing games by jointly modelling players’ motivation, progression and churn. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A, 185, 102--133. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_liu_mukherjee_che_dutta_2022_jrssa, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Liu, Peng and Mukherjee, Gourab and Che, Hai and Dutta, Shantanu}, doi = {10.1111/rssa.12730}, journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A}, pages = {102--133}, title = {Improved retention analysis in freemium role-playing games by jointly modelling players’ motivation, progression and churn}, volume = {185}, year = {2022} }

2021

B. Karmakar, Dylan S. Small, and Paul R. Rosenbaum (2021). Reinforced Designs: Multiple Instruments Plus Control Groups as Evidence Factors in an Observational Study of the Effectiveness of Catholic Schools. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 116(533), 82--92. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_small_rosenbaum_2021_jasa_reinforced, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Small, Dylan S. and Rosenbaum, Paul R.}, doi = {10.1080/01621459.2020.1745811}, journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association}, number = {533}, pages = {82--92}, title = {Reinforced Designs: Multiple Instruments Plus Control Groups as Evidence Factors in an Observational Study of the Effectiveness of Catholic Schools}, volume = {116}, year = {2021} }

2020

B. Karmakar and Dylan S. Small (2020). Assessment of the extent of corroboration of an elaborate theory of a causal hypothesis using partial conjunctions of evidence factors. The Annals of Statistics, 48(6), 3283--3311. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_small_2020_aos_partial_conjunction, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Small, Dylan S.}, doi = {10.1214/19-AOS1929}, journal = {The Annals of Statistics}, number = {6}, pages = {3283--3311}, title = {Assessment of the extent of corroboration of an elaborate theory of a causal hypothesis using partial conjunctions of evidence factors}, volume = {48}, year = {2020} }
B. Karmakar, Chyke A. Doubeni, and Dylan S. Small (2020). Evidence factors in a case-control study with application to the effect of flexible sigmoidoscopy screening on colorectal cancer. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 14(2), 829--849. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_doubeni_small_2020_aoas, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Doubeni, Chyke A. and Small, Dylan S.}, doi = {10.1214/20-AOAS1329}, journal = {The Annals of Applied Statistics}, number = {2}, pages = {829--849}, title = {Evidence factors in a case-control study with application to the effect of flexible sigmoidoscopy screening on colorectal cancer}, volume = {14}, year = {2020} }
B. Karmakar, Dylan S. Small, and Paul R. Rosenbaum (2020). Using Evidence Factors to Clarify Exposure Biomarkers. American Journal of Epidemiology, 189(3), 243--249. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_small_rosenbaum_2020_aje, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Small, Dylan S. and Rosenbaum, Paul R.}, doi = {10.1093/aje/kwz263}, journal = {American Journal of Epidemiology}, number = {3}, pages = {243--249}, title = {Using Evidence Factors to Clarify Exposure Biomarkers}, volume = {189}, year = {2020} }

2019

B. Karmakar, Benjamin French, and Dylan S. Small (2019). Integrating the evidence from evidence factors in observational studies. Biometrika, 106(2), 353--367. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_french_small_2019_biometrika, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and French, Benjamin and Small, Dylan S.}, doi = {10.1093/biomet/asz003}, journal = {Biometrika}, number = {2}, pages = {353--367}, title = {Integrating the evidence from evidence factors in observational studies}, volume = {106}, year = {2019} }
B. Karmakar and Indranil Mukhopadhyay (2019). Risk-efficient sequential estimation of multivariate random coefficient autoregressive process. Sequential Analysis, 38(1), 26--45. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_mukhopadhyay_2019_sequential, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Mukhopadhyay, Indranil}, doi = {10.1080/07474946.2019.1574441}, journal = {Sequential Analysis}, number = {1}, pages = {26--45}, title = {Risk-efficient sequential estimation of multivariate random coefficient autoregressive process}, volume = {38}, year = {2019} }
B. Karmakar, Sarmistha Das, Sohom Bhattacharya, Rohan Sarkar, and Indranil Mukhopadhyay (2019). Tight clustering for large datasets with an application to gene expression data. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 3053. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_2019_srep_tightclustering, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Das, Sarmistha and Bhattacharya, Sohom and Sarkar, Rohan and Mukhopadhyay, Indranil}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-019-39459-w}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, number = {1}, pages = {3053}, title = {Tight clustering for large datasets with an application to gene expression data}, volume = {9}, year = {2019} }
B. Karmakar, Dylan S. Small, and Paul R. Rosenbaum (2019). Using approximation algorithms to build evidence factors and related designs for observational studies. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 28(3), 698--709. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_small_rosenbaum_2019_jcgs, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Small, Dylan S. and Rosenbaum, Paul R.}, doi = {10.1080/10618600.2019.1584900}, journal = {Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics}, number = {3}, pages = {698--709}, title = {Using approximation algorithms to build evidence factors and related designs for observational studies}, volume = {28}, year = {2019} }

2018

B. Karmakar, Ruth Heller, and Dylan S. Small (2018). False discovery rate control for effect modification in observational studies. Electronic Journal of Statistics, 12(2), 3232--3253. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_heller_small_2018_ejs_fdr, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Heller, Ruth and Small, Dylan S.}, doi = {10.1214/18-EJS1476}, journal = {Electronic Journal of Statistics}, number = {2}, pages = {3232--3253}, title = {False discovery rate control for effect modification in observational studies}, volume = {12}, year = {2018} }
B. Karmakar and Nikhil R. Pal (2018). How to make a neural network say “Don’t know”?. Information Sciences, 430, 444--466. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_pal_2018_ins_dontknow, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Pal, Nikhil R.}, doi = {10.1016/j.ins.2017.11.061}, journal = {Information Sciences}, pages = {444--466}, title = {How to make a neural network say “Don’t know”?}, volume = {430}, year = {2018} }
B. Karmakar and Indranil Mukhopadhyay (2018). Risk-efficient estimation of fully dependent random coefficient autoregressive models of general order. Communications in Statistics---Theory and Methods, 47(17), 4242--4253. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_mukhopadhyay_2018_commstat, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Mukhopadhyay, Indranil}, doi = {10.1080/03610926.2017.1371758}, journal = {Communications in Statistics---Theory and Methods}, number = {17}, pages = {4242--4253}, title = {Risk-efficient estimation of fully dependent random coefficient autoregressive models of general order}, volume = {47}, year = {2018} }

2016

B. Karmakar and Indranil Mukhopadhyay (2016). An efficient partition-repetition approach in clustering of big data. In Big Data Analytics: Methods and Applications.
BibTeX
@incollection{karmakar_mukhopadhyay_2016_bigdata, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Mukhopadhyay, Indranil}, booktitle = {Big Data Analytics: Methods and Applications}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {An efficient partition-repetition approach in clustering of big data}, year = {2016} }

2015

B. Karmakar, Kumaresh Dhara, Kushal K. Dey, Analabha Basu, and Anil Ghosh (2015). Tests for statistical significance of a treatment effect in the presence of hidden sub-populations. Statistical Methods \& Applications, 24(1), 97--119. DOI
BibTeX
@article{karmakar_2015_sma_hidden_subpops, author = {Karmakar, Bikram and Dhara, Kumaresh and Dey, Kushal K. and Basu, Analabha and Ghosh, Anil}, doi = {10.1007/s10260-014-0271-x}, journal = {Statistical Methods \& Applications}, number = {1}, pages = {97--119}, title = {Tests for statistical significance of a treatment effect in the presence of hidden sub-populations}, volume = {24}, year = {2015} }