Ba'o VN: Pha't trie^?n giao tho^ng thuy?, bo^. o+? Vie^.t nam

[AnHai Doan <anhai@cs.washington.edu>]

Ba'o VN service 08/04/97
========================

Pha't trie^?n giao tho^ng thuy?, bo^. o+? Vie^.t nam
 Tho+`i ba'o Kinh te^' Vie^.t nam. So^' 23(19 /3/1997). Trang 8

"Co' the^? no'i, bu+'c tranh toa`n ca?nh ve^` co+ so+? ha.n ta^`ng iao tho^ng
va.n ta?i Vie^.t nam hie^.n nay ve^` co+ ba?n va^~n la` ve^'t ti'ch cu?a
nhu+~ng na(m chie^'n tranh. Xe't ve^` ma(.t tu+o+ng ddo^'i, na(ng lu+.c va`
co^ng sua^'t thi'ch u+'ng vo +'i nhu ca^`u va^.n ta?iha`ng hoa', ha`nh kha'ch
va` phu.c vu. da^n sinh xa~ ho^.i, an ninh quo^'c pho`ng, co+ so+? ha. ta^`ng
giao tho^ng va^.n ta?i co' cho^~ co' no+i co`n thua ke'm 30 na(m ve^`
tru+o+'c". Ddo'c cu~ng la` mo^.t ddo.an no'i ve^` hie^.n t ra.ng he^. tho^'ng
giao tho^ng va^.n ta?i trong ba?n ba'o ca'o cu? Vie^.n chie^'n lu+o+.c va`
pha't trie^?n giao tho^ng va^.n ta?i. Va` co`n nhie^`u va^'n dde^` co' the^?
no'i nu+~a... 

Nha^.n xe't cu?a ba'o ca'o cho bie^'t : giao tho^ng va^.n ta?i va^~n co`n la`
kha^u ye^'u ke'm cu?a ne^`n kinh te^' quo^'c da^n; ma^.t ddo^. ddu+o+`ng tre^n
die^.n ti'ch kho^ng thua ke'm nhie^`u so vo+'i ca'c nu+o+'c trong khu vu+.c,
nhu+ng su+. pha^n bo ^' theo khu vu+.c kho^ng dde^`u nhauva` dda(.c bie^.t,
cha^'t lu+o+.ng ra^'t xa^'u. Co+ so+? va^.t cha^'t - ky~ thua^.t ddu+o+`ng
sa('t co`n cha('p va', co' 3 loa.ikho^? dduo+`ng kho^ng ddo^`ng bo^., co'
ga^`n 1000 km ddu+o+`ng ca^`n pha?i thay ray ta` ve .t, 1600m ca^`u ca^`n
kho^i phu.c su+?a chu+~a hoa(.c xa^y du+.ng la.i, 13 ha^`m pha?i gia co^'
su+?a chu+~a ga^'p. Pha^`n lo+'n ca'c ca?ng bie^?n dde`u bi. sa bo^`i nghie^m
tro.ng, kho^ng ddu? thie^'t bi. kho ba~i chuye^n du`ng dde^? bo^'c xe^'p ha`ng
co ntainer va` tho^?i hu't ha`ng ro+`i, chi? so^' ta^'n tho^ng qua cu?a na(ng
lu+.c ca'c ca?ng bie^?n theo dda^`u ngu+o+`i cu?a nu+o+'c ta tha^'p nha^'t
trong so^' ca'c nu+o+'c co' bie^?n trong khu vu+.c (tru+` Camphuchia).
Ddu+o+.c coi la` mo^.t trong so^' va`i nu+o+'c ddu+'ng dda^`u tre^n the^'
gio+`i ve^` tie^`m na(ng va^.n ta?i thuy? no^.i ddi.a (ma^.t ddo^. khoa?ng
0,3km - 0,4km/km2), nhu+ng ca'c tuye^'n ddu+o+`ng so^ng o+? nu+o+'c ta chu+a
ddu+o+.c mo+? mang ca?i ta.o qua?n ly' to^'t chu? ye^'u va^~n l a` luo^`ng
tu+. nhie^n. Ti`nh tra.ng chung cu?a ca'c ca?ng ha`ng kho^ng la` thie^'t bi.
chu+a ddu? va` hie^.n dda.i, pha^`n lo+'n sa^n bay, nha` gia ha`ng kho^ng
cha^.t he.p, kho^ng dda'p u+'ng dung lu+o+.ng ha`nh kha'ch tho^ng qua.

He^. tho^'ng ha. ta^`ng giao tho^ng : ke'm va` la.c ha^.u. 

Toa`n ma.ng lu+o+'i giao tho^ng ddu+o+`ng bo^. pha^n bo^' kha' ho+.p ly',
chie^`u da`i ddu+o+`ng va` ma^.t ddo^. ddu+o+`ng la` kho^ng tha^'p. Nhu+ng
pha^`n lo+'n ddu+o+`ng chie^'m hu+~uu+ co' ma(.t nhu+.a, ngay tre^n quo^'c
lo^. cu~ng chi? mo+'i co' 57,48 % ( trong ddo' chi? 27% co' ma(.t be^ to^ng
nhu+.a). To^'c ddo^. bi`nh qua^n chi? dda.t 22 - 25km/h. Ne^`n ma(.t ddu+o+`ng
chu+a dda.t tie^u chua^?n ky~ thua^.t, 95% chi? co' mo^.t la`n xe (chi? co'
26,21% to^?ng so^' ddu+o+`ng quo^'c lo^. co' tu+` 2 la`n
 xe tro+? le^n ). Cu+o+`ng ddo^. ne^`n ma(.t chi? dda?m ba?o 50 - 70% so vo+'i
ye^u ca^`u ta?i tro.ng. o+? vu`ng nu'i va` ( va` mo^.t so^' khu vu+.c DBSCL)
co`n ga^`n 700 xa~ xe o^ to^ chu+a va`o ddu+o+.c trung ta^m. 

Ho+n 20% so^' ca^`u tre^n quo^'c lo^. co' ta?i tro.ng tha^'p (du+o+'i
13ta^'n), kho^? he.p (2,6 - 4m), 6% la` ca^`u ta.m. Nhie^`u tuye^'n co' ha`ng
tra(m nga^`m tra`n, ca^`u ta.m, mu+a lu~ ta('c nghe~n giao tho^ng. Ddu+o+`ng
ti?nh, ddu+o+`ng huye^.n chu? ye^'u co' ca^`u ye^'u, ta.m, he.p. o+? vu`ng
nu'i, vu`ng DBSCL ngu+o+`i da^n chi? mo+ u+o+'c co' ca^`u treo cho ca'c
thuye^'n ddu+o+`ng huye^.n, xa~. Ngay tre^n he^. tho^'ng quo^'c lo^. hie^.n
nay co`n 50 vi. tri' pha?i vu+o+.t so^ng ba(`ng pha`, va` co`n
 ha`ng tra(m be^'n pha` kho^ng hoa.t ddo^.ng do lu+u lu+o+.ng xe i't hoa(.c
kho^ng co' kinh phi' trang thie^'t bi. giao hoa.t ddo^.ng, 917 nga^`m tra`n
vo+'i to^?ng chie^`u da`i 32.400m. Ca'c ddu+o+`ng ti?nh co`n 82 vi. tri' ddi
pha`, 671 nga^`m tra`n da` i 23.800m. 

Nhi`n chung vo+'i tre^n 2360 so^ng ke^nh, nhie^`u ho^` chu+'a nu+o+'c lo+'n,
he^. tho^'ng ddu+o+`ng thuy? no^.i ddi.a co' chie^`u da`i 41.900km, vo+'i bo+`
bie^?n da`i 32.000km, ha`ng nghi`n dda?o lo+'n nho? co' ha`ng va.n km luo^`ng
tuye^'n ven bie^?n... 
 he^. tho^'ng ddu+o+`ng thuy? no^.i ddi.a Vie^.t nam la` thua^.n lo+.i, co'
tie^`m na(ng lo+'n.

Hie^.n nay Cu.c ddu+o+`ng thuy? no^.i ddi.a moi' qua?n ly' 110 ddoa.n so^ng
ke^nh (da`i 3.824km, chie^'m 9,13 chie^`u da`i ca'c tuye^'n so^ng), ddi.a
phu+o+ng qua?n ly' ho+n 7000km, co`n la.i tre^n 70% ca'c tuye^'n ddu+o+`ng
thuy? o+? da.ng hoang da~. Nhu +~ng tuye^'n ddu+o+`ng ven bie^?n va` ca'c
tuye^'n tu+` bo+` ra dda?o mo+'i ddang khai tha'c theo kie^?u tu+. pha't,
chu+a co' quy hoa.ch cu. the^?. 

Cu.c ddu+o+`ng so^ng ddang qua?n ly' khai tha'c 5 ca?ng lo+'n, so^' ca?ng
so^ng co`n la.i co ca'c ddi.a phu+o+ng va` co+ quan chuye^n nga`nh qua?n ly'.
Ca'c ca?ng so^ng hie^.n nay la` kha^u ye^'u nha^'t trong nga`nh, chu+a co' quy
ho.ach to^?ng the^? hoa( .c da^y chuye^`n xe^'p do+~ ddo^`ng bo^.. 

La` dda^'t nu+o+'c na(`m ga^`n ca'c tuye^'n va^.n ta?i bie^?n lo+'n cu?a the^'
gio+'i, ga^`n ca'c trung ta^m ca?ng thu+o+ng ma.i di.ch vu. va^.n ta?i bie^?n
lo+'n nha^'t, nhi` the^' giu+'oi, nhu+ng na(ng lu+.c tho^ng qua ca'c ca?ng
bie^?n o+? nu+o+'c ta c o`n he^'t su+'c ha.n che^'. Tru+` ca?ng Sa`i Go`n,
Phu' My~, Ca'i La^n co' te^? tie^'p nha^.n ta`u 20.000 ta^'n, ca'c ca?ng kha'c
chi? co' the^? tie^'p nha^.n ta`u tu+` 10.000 ta^?n tro+? xuo^'ng. Ha`ng na(m
ca^`n na.o ve't ha`ng trie^.u m3 bu`n dda^'t. 

Trong ca? nu+o+'c chi? co' ho+n 3000 ta`u va^.n ta?i (ti'nh o+? mu+'c tu+`
200DWT tro+? le^n). Nga`nh ha`ng ha?i Vie^.t nam ddang ddu+'ng tru+o+'c tro+?
nga.i trong vie^.c thu+c hie^.n mu.c tie^u pha't trie^?n ddo^.i ta`u
hie^.ndda.i, ddu? su+'c ca.nh tra nh trong thi. tru+o+`ng va^.n ta?i lie^n
quo^'c te^' va` khu vu+.c. Tuo^?i bi`nh qua^n mo^.t chie^'c ta`u la` 19,5
na(m. Ca'c ta`u lo+'n ho+n 300DWT chi? chie^'m 17%, co`n ca'c ta`u co' tro.ng
ta?i lo+'n ho+n 10.000 DWT chi? chie^'m 6%. 

Nhu+~ng nguye^n nha^n chu? ye^'u

Ve^` he^. tho^'ng giao tho^ng ddu+o+`ng bo^., ha^`u he^'t ca'c tuye^'n
ddu+o+.c xa^y du+.ng tu+` la^u va` chu+a xa^y du+.ng hoa`n chi?nh ddu'ng tie^u
chua^?n ky~ thua^.t cu?a ca^'p ddu+o+`ng, la.i bi. ca'c cuo^.c chie^'n tranh
ta`n pha' na(.ng ne^`. Vo^'n
 cho vie^.c ba?o du+o+~ng su+?a chu+~a ddu+o+`ng bo^. ha`ng na(m chi? dda.t
25% theo ye^u ca^`u tha^'p nha^'t. Cha(?ng ha.n, ha`ng na(m chi? va' la'ng
ddu+o+.c 5-7% chie^`u da`i ma(.t ddu+o+`ng nhu+.a so vo+'i ye^u ca^`u cu?a chu
ky` ky~ thua^.t la` 20 - 30%, ra?i la.i ma(.t ddu+o+`ng chi? ddu+o+.c 2-3% so
vo+'i ye^u ca^`u la` 8-10%. Vie^.c qua?n ly' ddu+o+`ng bo^. co`n la.c ha^.u,
chu+a ta^.p trung tho^'ng nha^'t. Co^ng nghe^. thie^'t bi. cu~, la.c ha^.u.
Chu+a thu+.c hie^.n dda^`y ddu? ca'c quy tri`nh q uy pha.m ddu'ng nga.ch xa^y
du+.ng, na^ng ca^'p, su+?a chu+~a, duy tu ba?o du+o+~ng ddu+o+`ng hie^.n
ha`nh. Qua thanh tra vo^'n ddu+o+`ng bo^. cho tha^'y mo^.t so^' thie^'u so't
pho^? bie^'n : vi pha.m che^' ddo^. ba?o ve^. ba'o ca'o va` quye^'t toa'n ngu
o^`n kinh phi' su+. nghie^.p giao tho^ng va^.n ta?i, su+? du.ng kho^ng ddu'ng
che^' ddo^.... Cu`ng vo+'i tri`nh ddo^. qua?n ly' ye^'u, y' thu+'c tra'ch
nhie^.m xa~ ho^.i cu?a co^.ng ddo^`ng da^n cu+ ddo^'i vo+'i co+ so+? ha.
ta^`ng giao tho^ng ke'm. Tra^.  t tu+. giao tho^ng kho^ng dda?m ba?o. Ti`nh
ta.ng la^'n chie^'m, xa^m pha.m co^ng tri`nh gt va` hanh lang ba?o ve^. xa?y
ra thu+o+`ng xuye^n nghie^m tro.ng. Do ddu+o+`n va ca^`u ye^'u, dda~ su+?
du.ng la^u na(m va` do mo^.t so^' nguye^n nha^n kha'c nhu+ t a'c ddo^.ng pha'
hoa.i cu?a khi' ha^.u, thie^n nhie^n vu`ng nhie^.t ddo+'i, nu+o+'c bie^?n,
mu+a lu~, lu.t ha`ng na(m, cu?a vie^.c ta(ng ta?i tro.ng xe... ne^n ddu+o+`ng,
ca^`u nga`y cang xuo^'ng ca^'p nghie^m tro.ng. Dda^`u tu+ cho vie^.c xa^y
du+.ng ca' c ca?ng so^ng, ca?ng bie^?n, ddo^.i ta`u va^.n chuye^?n ddo`i ho?i
ra^'t lo+'. Nga^n sa'ch nha` nu+o+'c chu+a dda'p u+'ng dduo+.c, trong khi ddo'
ca'c tha`nh pha^`n kinh te^' la.i i't chu' tro.ng dda^`u tu+ va`o kha^u na`y.
Co+ ca^'u ddo^.i ta`u (theo kie ^?u ta`u, thoe chu+'c na(ng chuye^n du.ng cu?a
ta`u) ma^'t ca^n ddo^'i do nhie^`u nguye^n nha^n, nhu+ng chu? ye^'u do co+
ca^'u lu+o+`ng ha`n xua^'t, nha^.p kha^?u thay ddo^?i lo+'n ve^` chu?ng loa.i
ha`ng. 

Mu.c tie^u va` ddi.nh hu+o+'ng pha't trie^?n co+ ba?n

Ddi.nh hu+o+'ng lo+'n pha't trie^?n he^. tho^'ng ddu+o+`ng quo^'c lo^. la`
dda?m ba?o ta^'t ca? ca'c tuye^'n tho^ng xe 4 mu`a (phi'a nam la` 2 mu`a),
chu' tro.ng tuye^'n Ba('c Nam, tuye^'n ra ca'c cu+?a kha^?u bie^n gio+'i, ca'c
ca?ng bie^?n lo+'n ; ddu+a
 ddu+o+`ng va`o ddu'ng ca^'p ky~ thua^.t; su+?a sang, cu?ng co^' ca'c ddoa.n
dde`o do^'c, he^. tho^'ng phu.c vu. an toa`n xe cha.y. Thu+.c hie^.n nhu+.a
hoa' ca'c quo^'c lo^. tro.ng ye^'u, ca'c ddoa.n dde`o do^'c, ca'c thi. tra^'n,
thi. xa~, ca'c cu+?a kh a^?u. Na^ng ca^'p xa^y du+.ng la.i ca'c ca^`u, co^'ng
ddu+o+`ng bo^. vo+'i ta?i tro.ng va` tie^u chau?an ky~ thua^.t cu?a ddu+o+`ng.
Xoa' da^`n ca'c ddo.an vu+o+.t so^ng ba(`ng pha`. Nhu+.a hoa' 30 - 40%
ddu+o+`ng ti?nh lo^. (dde^'n ddu+o+.c ta^'t ca? ca' c trung ta^m huye^.n).
Xa^y du+.ng ddu+o+`ng dde^'n ta^'t ca? ca'c trung ta^m cu.m xa~. 

Se~ u+u tie^n na^ng ca^'p xa^y du+.ng quo^'c lo^. 1, xuye^n suo^'t chie^`u
da`i dda^'t nu+o+'c (2289km). Chu? ye^'u ba(`ng vo^'n vay nu+o+'c ngoa`i
(dda.t tie^u chua^?n ca^'p 3 ddo^`ng ba(`ng ). Xa^y du+.ng ca'c ca^`u Gianh,
My~ Thua^.n, Ba('c Giang, Thi. 
 Ca^`u, Ddo` Le`n, Ta`o Xuye^n, Tra`ng Tie^`n... Nghie^n cu+'u xa^y du+.ng
ha^`m qua dde`o Ha?i Va^n, ca^`u Qua'n Ha^`u, ca^`u Ca^`n Tho+ vo^'n trong 5
na(m la` 15.400 ty? ddo^`ng. 

Khu vu+.c phi'a Ba('c : du+. kie^'n na^ng ca^'p xa^y du+.ng ca'c quo^'c lo^.
5, 18, 10, ca'c ddo.an tuye^'n tho^.c quo^'c lo^. 2,3,32, 6, ddu+o+`n va`nh
ddai Ha` no^.i (khoa?ng 50km). ddu+o+`ng cao to^'c La'ng - Hoa` La.c, Ha`
no^.i - Ha. long. Vu+`a cu?n g co^' vu+`a na^ng ca^'p, tho^ng xe quo^'c lo^.
279, quo^'c lo^. 34, vo^'n dda^`u tu+ trong 5 na(m la` 9.000ty? ddo^`ng. 

o+? mie^`n Trung na^ng ca^'p xa^y du+.ng ca'c quo^'c lo^. 14, 14B, 9,19 va`
ca'c quo^'c lo^. kha'c. Tho^ng xe ca'c quo^'c lo^. 14 (ddoa.n ddu+o+`ng Dda`
na(~ng, Thu+`a Thie^n, Hue^') Quo^'c lo^. 29, quo^'c lo^. 15. Nghie^n cu+'u
du+. a'n xa^y du+.ng ddu+o +`ng cao to^'c Ba('c - Nam vo+'i vo^'n dda^`u tu+
2156 ty? ddo^`ng. Khu vu+.c phi'a Nam, na^ng ca^'p ca'c quo^'c lo^. thuo^.c
tam gia'c tro.ng ddie^?m kinh te^' phi'a Nam (quo^'c lo^. 51, 52, 22), vo^'n
dda^`u tu+ la` 1442 ty? ddo^`ng. Va` na^ng ca^'p ca' c quo^'c lo^. kha'c,
vo^'n dda^`u tu+ 5 na(m to+'i la` 1250 ddo^`ng. 

Ve^` va^.n ta?i ddu+o+`ng thuy? dda(.t mu.c tie^u ta(ng sa?n lu+o+.ng va^.n
ta?i thuy? no^.i ddi.a (ke^? ca? so^ng va` bie^?n no^.i ddi.a ) na(m 2000
dda.t 35 trie^.u ta^'n va` 5,3 ty? ta^'n km; na(m 2010 dda.t 100 trie^.u ta^'n
va` 15 ty? ta^'n km. Va^.  n ta?i ha`nh kha'ch na(m 2000 dda.t 200 trie^.u
lu+o+.t ha`nh kha'ch ha`ng na(m, na(m 2010 dda.t 400 trie^.u lu+o+.t. 

Ta^.n du.ng nhu+~ng u+u dda~i cu?a thie^n nhie^n dde^? pha't trie^?n co+ so+?
ha. ta^`ng ddu+o+`ng so^ng. Ta.o ra xa'c tru.c ddu+o+`ng va^.n ta?i thua^.n
lo+.i giu+~a tha`nh thi. va` no^ng tho^n, giu+~a ddo^`ng ba(`ng va` mie^`n
nu'i, ven bie^?n, giu+~a c a'c trung ta^m kinh te^' lo+'n vo+'i ca'c ca?ng
bie^?n, ca?ng so^ng, ca?ng nu+o+'c sa^u... phu.c vu. ca'c chi'nh sa'ch pha't
trie^?n vu`ng va` chi'nh sa~h mo+? cu+?a ddi.a phu+o+ng va` trung u+o+ng. Giai
ddoa.n 1 (1997 - 2000) ta^.p trung cho 2 nho'm du+. 
 a'n : nho'm ta^.n du.ng tie^`m na(ng thie^n nhie^n, kho^ng la`m xa^'u the^m
dde^? khai tha'c to^'i dda tie^`m na(ng, mang la.i hie^.u i'ch khai tha'c.
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