[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
[tho+] Haiku va` Tho+ Con Co'c
>From VHNT:
Haiku va` Tho+ Con Co'c
Pha.m The^' DDi.nh
Trong so^' ba'o So^'ng so^' 11, dde^` nga`y 07 Tha'ng Na(m vu+`a
qua, to^i co' ddo.c tha^'y na`ngi vie^'t cu?a DDo^~ Minh Tua^'n
na`ngn lua^.n ve^` dde^` ta`i "tho+ con co'c" vo+'i Nguye^~n Hu+ng
Quo^'c, dde^` ta`i ha^'p da^~n va` la^.p lua^.n cu?a hai phe^
bi`nh gia va(n ho.c, mo^.t trong nu+o+'c, mo^.t ha?i ngoa.i cu~ng
ly' thu' la('m. Nha^'t la` vi` na`ngi ddo' co' dde^` ca^.p to+'i
mo^.t na`ngi tho+ Haiku Nha^.t Ba?n no'i ve^` "con e^'ch", ddu+o+.c
du`ng nhu+ mo^.t na`ngi tho+ tie^u bie^?u pha?n dde^` cho na`ngi "con
co'c" ne^n ca^`m lo`ng kho^ng dda^.u ma` pha?i vie^'t cho ba.n
dda^y\.
DDo^~ Minh Tua^'n ddem na`ng tho+ no'i ve^` "con e^'ch" Nha^.t
Ba?n, dde^? ddo^'i vo+'i na`ngi tho+ no'i ve^` "con co'c" cu?a
Vie^.t Nam cu~ng la` mo^.t y' kie^'n ngo^. nghi~nh, va` xe't ra,
kho^n khe'o trong chie^'n thua^.t: Ba`i tho+ "con co'c" la` mo^.t
na`ngi tho+ kho^ng bie^'t ddu+o+.c sa'ng ta'c bo+?i ai (vo^ danh),
ddu+o+.c lu+u truye^`n trong nha^n gian, the^? tho+ kho^ng theo
lua^.t, va^.n gi` ca?, hoa`n toa`n tu+. do; tu+` xu+a dde^'n nay
bi. coi la` do+?, va` co`n ddu+o+.c du`ng dde^? chi? loa.i tho+
do+?. Trong khi na`ngi tho+ no'i ve^` "con e^'ch" la` mo^.t na`ngi
tho+ Haiku, cu?a thi ha`o Nha^.t Ba?n la` Basho` dda~ sa'ng ta'c,
ra^'t no^?i danh tre^n the^' gio+'i\. So sa'nh nhu+ va^.y la`
co^' ti`nh ddem mo^.t my~ nha^n trong mo^.t bu+'c tranh mo^.c
ba?n cu?a Nha^.t Ba?n dda(.t be^n Thi. No+? cu?a Vie^.t Nam.
Tuy va^.y, mo+'i thoa'ng tro^ng, na`ng "con co'c" co' ve? thie^n
ve^` va(n chu+o+ng "bi`nh da^n" ddo+n gia?n, cu.c mi.ch, trong
khi na`ngi "con e^'ch" co' ve? thie^n ve^` va(n chu+o+ng "ba'c
ho.c", dde.p dde~, cao sie^u\. Nhu+ng ne^'u suy dde^'n cu`ng,
thi` la.i va va`o su+. gio+'i ha.n cu?a ddi.nh nghi~a: ranh
gio+'i giu+~a "bi`nh da^n" va` "ba'c ho.c", hay no'i mo^.t ca'ch
kha'c, mo^.t na`ngi tho+ bi`nh da^n cu~ng co' the^? ddu+o+.c hie^?u
theo ti'nh ba'c ho.c, cha(?ng ha.n nhu+ Nguye^~n Hu+ng Quo^'c
dda~ khai trie^?n ti'nh "tu+ tu+o+?ng" cu?a na`ngi tho+ "con co'c".
Ro^`i ra, cuo^.c tranh lua^.n ve^` "ve? dde.p" cu?a na`ng tho+
"con co'c" va` na`ngi tho+ no'i ve^` "con e^'ch" di~ nhie^n co`n
tu`y o+? hai tay bu't phe^ bi`nh na`y, va` ngu+o+`i du+. kha'n
la` ddo^.c gia? bo^'n phu+o+ng. Co' the^? ca? hai na`ngi tho+
dde^`u se~ giu+.t gia?i hoa ha^.u "co'c-e^'ch" nho+` ta`i bi`nh
lua^.n cu?a hai ca^y bu't trong va(n dda`n Vie^.t Nam. Rie^ng
to^i chi? xin nha^n di.p na`y, gio+'i thie^.u so+ ve^` the^? tho+
Haiku Nha^.t Ba?n qua mo^.t so^' ta`i lie^.u cu?a nhu+~ng
ngu+o+`i dda~ nghie^n cu+'u ve^` the^? tho+ na`y\. Mong ra(`ng
nhu+ va^.y se~ giu'p cho quy' ddo^.c gia? va` ba.n de^~ tie^u
ca'i va^'n dde^` ho'c bu'a na`y ho+n.
Haiku la` tie^'ng Nha^.t, ne^'u ddo.c ddu'ng nhu+ tie^'ng Nha^.t
thi` ca'i te^n na`y pha?i ddu+o+.c ddo.c la` "Hai Ku+". DDe^?
tra'nh nhu+~ng hie^?u la^`m tai ha.i, nhie^`u ngu+o+`i Vie^.t
dda~ ddo.c tha(?ng a^m Ha'n Vie^.t la` "Ha`i Cu'".
The^? tho+ na`y ba('t nguo^`n tu+` mo^.t the^? tho+ co^? cu?a
Nha^.t, va`o khoa?ng the^' ky? thu+' 6. Cho dde^'n the^' ky?
thu+' 10 dde^'n the^' ky? thu+' 16, the^? tho+ co^? na`y ddu+o+.c
bie^'t du+o+'i da.ng Haikai no Renga (Lie^n Ca Ba`i Ha`i: co'
nghi~a la` nhu+~ng na`ngi tho+ no^'i tie^'p nhau co' the^? ca hay
ha't ddu+o+.c, na`ngi hay ha`i dde^`u co' nghi~a la` co' va^`n
ddie^.u dde^? co' the^? ha't hay nga^m. Do ddo' co' ngu+o+`i
Vie^.t co`n go.i the^? tho+ na`y la` "Ba`i Ku'", cu' la` ca^u).
Nhu+~ng na`ngi tho+ thuo^.c the^? "Lie^n Ca Ba`i Ha`i" na`y co'
na`ngi da`i, na`ngi nga('n.
Ba`i da`i ddu+o+.c go.i la` Cho^ka (tru+o+`ng ca), na`ngi nga('n
ddu+o+.c go.i la` Tanka (ddoa?n ca).
Ne^'u ta vi' mo^.t ca'ch "so+ kho+?i" va` thie^'u suy lua^.n
nghie^m tu'c nhu+ng dde^? de^~ hie^?u thi` o+? nu+o+'c ta co'
mo^.t the^? tho+ cu~ng dde^? ha't hay ca ddu+o+.c, ddo' la` the^?
"ha't no'i", ma` va`o the^' ky? 19 ra^'t thi.nh ha`nh o+? Vie^.t
Nam, vo+'i ca'c thi sy~ no^?i tie^'ng la` Du+o+ng Khue^, Nguye^~n
Co^ng Tru+', Nguye^~n Khuye^'n...
Su+. vi' von ta.m tho+`i chi? co' the^? ngu+`ng o+? ddo', ne^'u
kho^ng lie^`u li~nh ma` cho ra(`ng nhu+~ng na`ngi "Lie^n Ca Ba`i
Ha`i" na`y cu~ng gio^'ng nhu+ nhu+~ng na`ngi ha't no'i cu?a Vie^.t
Nam, o+? cho^~ dde^`u co' mo^.t pha^`n tho+ nga^m mo+? dda^`u\.
Trong tho+ ha't no'i, ca'c cu. go.i la` "Mu+o+~u DDa^`u", la`m
theo the^? lu.c ba't. Trong tho+ "Lie^n Ca Ba`i Ha`i", ngu+o+`i
Nha^.t go.i la` Hokku (mo^.t la^`n nu+~a xin ddo.c la` Ho^'c Ku+,
chu+' kho^ng pha?i la` Ho^'c Cu, a^m Ha'n Vie^.t la` Pha't Cu').
Pha't Cu' la` nhu+~ng ca^u dde^? ba('t dda^`u\. Trong pha^`n
"Pha't Cu'", ngu+o+`i Nha^.t co' ddoa.n tho+ 5 do`ng (hay ca^u),
ma` ca^'u tru'c tre^n so^' a^m tu+. mo^~i do`ng la` 5-7-5-7-7.
Haiku la` the^? tho+ ddu+o+.c la`m ra tu+` pha^`n "Pha't Cu'"
vo+'i 3 do`ng 5-7-5. Do`ng dda^`u 5 a^m tu+., do`ng thu+' hai 7
a^m tu+., do`ng thu+' ba 5 a^m tu+..
Toa`n na`ngi tho+ Haiku "co^? truye^`n" chi? co' 17 a^m tu+. ta^'t
ca?. Xin mo+? ngoa(.c o+? dda^y la` tie^'ng Nha^.t la` mo^.t
tie^'ng dda a^m. Thi' du. "Vie^.t Nam" ddo.c theo tie^'ng Vie^.t
go^`m hai ddo+n a^m: a^m "Vie^.t" va` a^m "Nam", nhu+ng ngu+o+`i
Nha^.t ddo.c ra la` 5 a^m : Bi E^'t To^ Nam Mu+\. Ne^'u mo^.t
ca^u tho+ Haiku ma` vie^'t vo+'i hai chu+~ "Vie^.t Nam", ca^u
tho+ na`y ddu+o+.c vie^'t vo+'i 5 a^m tu+., va` nhu+ the^' dda~
co' the^? la` mo^.t do`ng trong the^? tho+ Haiku Nha^.t Ba?n
ro^`i\.
Tho+ Haiku ddu+o+.c no^?i danh vi` chi? vo+'i 17 a^m tu+. ma`
ta'c gia? ddu? ghi la.i ddu+o+.c ca?m xu'c cao ddo^. nha^.n
thu+'c ngay thu+.c ta.i tru+o+'c mo^.t su+. kie^.n, trong mo^.t
khoa?ng kho^ng gian va` tho+`i gian nha^'t ddi.nh. Ma(.c da^`u
khi ddu+o+.c sa'ng ta'c trong nhu+~ng ngo^n ngu+~ kha'c (Vie^.t,
Anh, Pha'p...), nhu+~ng na`ngi tho+ Haiku na`y kho^ng the^? pha't
ra nhu+~ng a^m nhu+ khi ddu+o+.c nga^m ba(`ng tie^'ng Nha^.t
(thu+o+`ng ta^.n cu`ng ba(`ng nhu+~ng a^m A, I, U+, E, O^),
nhu+ng the^? tho+ co^ ddo.ng na`y va^~n ddu+o+.c nhie^`u ngu+o+`i
u+a thi'ch. Nhu+~ng the^? tho+ cu?a ca'c nu+o+'c A' DDo^ng kha'c
nhu+ lu.c-ba't (Vie^.t Nam), Tha^'t Ngo^n Ba't Cu' (Trung Hoa)...
kho^ng co' ddu+o+.c ti'nh pho^? qua't the^' gio+'i na`y\.
DDa~ vie^'t la` mo^.t na`ngi tho+ Haiku chi? co' 17 a^m tu+., go^`m
3 do`ng 5-7-5, cha('c nay to^i pha?i nha^'n ma.nh ra(`ng ddo' la`
tho+ Haiku "ca(n ba?n, co^? truye^`n". Tre^n thu+.c te^', cu~ng
co' na`ngi tho+ Haiku co^? truye^`n thoa't ra kho?i le^` lua^.t,
nhu+ng no'i chung la` su+. pha' le^. ddu+o+.c coi la` hie^'m.
Tho+ Haiku co' va^`n hay kho^ng? Ca^u tra? lo+`i la` ne^'u co'
cha(ng nu+~a, thi` lo^'i gieo va^`n trong the^? tho+ na`y kho^ng
tha`nh le^` lua^.t nha^'t ddi.nh, chu'ng ta thu+? ddo.c na`ngi tho+
no'i ve^` "con e^'ch" cu?a Basho` (Matsu O Basho`: Tu`ng Vi~ Ba
Tie^u, 1644-1694) ba(`ng tie^'ng Nha^.t xem sao:
Furu ike ya
Kawazu tobi koma
Mizu no oto
DDa.i kha'i ddo.c la`
Phu+ru+ ike^ ya
Cagoadu+ to^bi ko^ma
Midu+ no^ o^to^
Ta.m Di.ch (kho^ng theo the^? ha`i cu'):
Ca'i ao cu~ An old pond
Mo^.t con e^'ch nha?y va`o a frog jumps in
A^m thanh cu?a nu+o+'c Sound of water (Matsuyama)
Va^`n o+? dda^y gieo giu+~a 3 do`ng, va` chu+~ cuo^'i cu?a do`ng
dda^`u va^`n vo+'i chu+~ cuo^'i cu?a do`ng thu+' hai\. Nhu+ng
trong mo^.t na`ngi Haiku cu?a mo^.t thi ha`o kha'c la` Buson (Vu
Tho^n, 1716 - 1784):
Hashi nakute
Hikuren to suru
Haru no mizu
DDa.i kha'i ddo.c la`
Hasi naku+te^
Hiku+ren to^ su+ru+
Haru+ no^ midu+
Ta.m di.ch (kho^ng theo the^? ha`i cu'):
Vi` kho^ng co' ca^`u
A'nh ma(.t tro+`i ma~i chie^'u
Nu+o+'c mu`a xua^n
Va^`n o+? dda^y la.i chi? na(`m trong hai ca^u 2 va` 3. Do ddo'
co' the^? no'i la` ca'ch gieo va^`n trong the^? tho+ Haiku la`
kho^ng nha^'t ddi.nh, chi? du+.a va`o thanh a^m go+.i ca?m trong
tie^'ng Nha^.t ma` tho^i\.
Mo^.t na`ngi tho+ Haiku ngoa`i ca^'u tru'c 3 do`ng 17 a^m tu+.,
co`n theo mo^.t va`i le^~ lua^.t ca(n ba?n:
- Lua^.t tinh tuye^`n: toa`n na`ngi tho+ chi? la` mo^.t ta^m
tra.ng, kho^ng vay mu+o+.n, cha('p va' nhu+~ng ca?m xu'c kha'c.
- Lua^.t hie^.n ta.i: Khoa?ng kha('c "hie^.n ta.i" ddo'ng vai
tro` chu? the^? trong tho+ Haiku, co' the^? ddu+o+.c vi' nhu+
mo^.t ta^'m hi`nh chu.p mo^.t su+. kie^.n trong khoa?ng kha('c
ddo'.
- Lua^.t kho^ng gian, tho+`i gian, su+. kie^.n: xa'c ddi.nh cho^~
na`o, khi na`o, vie^.c na`o\.
Nhu+~ng quy lua^.t ddo' dda~ ddu+o+.c nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i da.y la`m
tho+ Haiku ba(`ng tie^'ng Anh to'm la.i tha`nh 4 ddie^`u:
1/ - 3 gio`ng nga('n (to^n tro.ng ddu+o+.c 17 a^m tu+., 5-7-5
thi` to^'t, ne^'u kho^ng 15 a^m tu+. thi` vu+`a)
2/ - du`ng 1 chu+~ no'i ve^` mu`a (cha(?ng ha.n hoa hu+o+'ng
du+o+ng chi? mu`a ha., tuye^'t chi? mu`a DDo^ng, la' u'a chi?
mu`a Thu\...)
3/ - du`ng 1 chu+~ die^~n ta? su+. ca('t mo^.t ha`nh ddo^.ng
(cha(?ng ha.n chu+~ stop)
4/ - kho^ng va^`n, kho^ng du`ng a^?n y' (no rhyme or metaphor).
Ba`i tho+ sau dda^y cu?a mo^.t ca^.u be' ho.c lo+'p 6 tru+o+`ng
tie^?u ho.c Nicole Canford (Canada) dda~ ddu+o+.c ta.p chi' Haiku
Japan Air Lines 1991 dda'nh gia' la` xua^'t sa('c (vo+'i pha^`n
ta.m di.ch kho^ng theo the^? ha`i cu'):
Like a fresh spring breeze
The children on bicycles
Ride along the street
Nhu+ gio' xua^n tu+o+i ma't
Nhu+~ng ddu+'a tre? tre^n nhu+~ng xe dda.p
Cha.y do.c theo con ddu+o+`ng
Ba`i na`y hay vi` theo ddu'ng lua^.t tinh tuye^`n: ta^m tra.ng
tu+o+i tre? tu+` dda^`u dde^'n cuo^'i na`ngi; lua^.t hie^.n ta.i:
nhu+~ng ddu+'a tre? ddang dda.p xe; va` lua^.t kho^ng gian,
tho+`i gian, su+. kie^.n: tre^n con ddu+o+`ng, mu`a xua^n,
nhu+~ng ddu+'a tre? dda.p xe\.
DDe^? cha^'m du+'t la' thu+ ky` na`y, to^i xin che'p la.i mo^.t
nha^.n ddi.nh dda~ ddu+o+.c mo^.t ngu+o+`i nghie^n cu+'u tho+
Haiku la` Rodrigo de Siquira ne^u ra la`: "More than inspiration,
it needs meditation, effort and mainly perception to compose a
real Haiku" (DDe^? sa'ng ta'c mo^.t na`ngi tho+ Haiku ddu'ng
nghi~a, ca^`n su+. suy tu+o+?ng sa^u xa, su+. co^' ga('ng va`
su+. nha^.n thu+'c chu? the^? ho+n la` nguo^`n ca?m hu+'ng).
Ngoa`i ra, trong lu'c vie^'t la' thu+ na`y, to^i dda~ du`ng mo^.t
so^' du+~ kie^.n cu?a Vi An, ta'c gia? cuo^'n "Phu` Tang Ta.p
Lu.c" do "La`ng Va(n" xua^'t ba?n va`o na(m 1994, trong ddo' co'
na`ngi "DDo^i ne't ddan thanh ve^` ha`i cu'" ma` to^i xin gio+'i
thie^.u vo+'i ba.n, va` qui' ddo^.c gia? dde^? ti`m ddo.c ne^'u
muo^'n hie^?u the^m ve^` the^? tho+ tre^n. Co`n vo+'i nhu+~ng
ddie^`u co+ ba?n tri`nh na`ngy o+? tre^n, to^i chi? mong ddo'ng
go'p cho cuo^.c bi`nh lua^.n ve^` tho+ no'i ve^` con e^'ch cu?a
Nha^.t, va` tho+ con co'c cu?a Vie^.t Nam tre^n die^~n dda`n va(n
ho.c Vie^.t Nam ddu+o+.c the^m pha^`n ly' thu' ma` tho^i\.
Pha.m The^' DDi.nh
---------------------