[lit, soc] Mie^`n Nam Khai Pho'ng [3/3]

[AnHai Doan <anhai@cs.washington.edu>]

Ba'c Tua^'n Pha.m dda~ vie^'t thi` tho^i dde^? to^i dda(ng no^'t pha^`n ba
ke?o anh em nha` no' le? dda`n. Ba`i na`y qua? tha^.t ddo.c pha^`n ba
tha^'y ra^'t vui nho^.n. 

Ha?i.
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(cont. and end)

III -  Va(N-Ho.C HIe^.N-D-a.I 1945-1954

1. Va(n ho.c mie^`n Nam ca'c giai d-oa.n sau d-o' cu~ng cu`ng mo^.t hoa`n
ca?nh bi. bo? que^n. Nhu+~ng tha^.p nie^n 40, 50, ca'c nho'm Cha^n Tro+`i
Mo+'i cu?a bo^. ba Tam I'ch, Thie^n Giang va` The^ Hu'c no^~ lu+.c d-i ti`m
hu+o+'ng d-i mo+'i\. Tie^'p theo la` tho+`i kha'ng Pha'p 1945-1950, mie^`n
Nam tra`n nga^.p ta'c pha^?m cu?a ca'c nha` va(n Vu~ Anh Khanh, Ly' Va(n
Sa^m, Quo^'c A^'n, Tha^?m The^. Ha`, Du+o+ng Tu+? Giang, Nguye^~n Ba?o Hoa',
So+n Khanh... Ha`ng tra(m ta'c pha^?m d-u+o+.c xua^'t ba?n, nhie^`u cuo^'n
bi. ti.ch tha^u, bi. ca^'m;  pha^`n lo+'n phu.c vu. cho co^ng cuo^.c gia?i
pho'ng da^n to^.c kho?i a'ch thu+.c da^n. 

Sau 1954, hoa`n ca?nh pha^n chia d-a^'t nu+o+'c la`m 2 mie^`n vo'i nhu+~ng
d-o^'i nghi.ch ve^` y' thu+'c he^. va` cuo^.c chie^'n ta^m ly' Quo^'c-Co^.ng
thu+o+`ng tru+.c d-a~ khie^'n cho va(n ho.c giai d-oa.n na`y bi. bo? ro+i\.
Ca'c nha` va(n nho'm Cha^n Tro+`i Mo+'i va^~n hoa.t d-o^.ng o+? mie^`n Nam,
nhu+ng quan d-ie^?m xa~ ho^.i du` d-e^. Tu+' d-a~ kho^ng the^? tie^'p tu.c.
Ro^`i mo^.t so^' nha` va(n kha'ng Pha'p ta^.p ke^'t ra Ba('c, co' ngu+o+`i
la.i vu+o+.t tuye^'n va`o Nam nhu+ nha` tho+ Vu~ Anh Khanh (nhu+ng bi. 
ba('n che^'t o+? ca^`u Be^'n Ha?i). Nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i kha'c ne^'u va^~n
co`n vie^'t va(n la`m ba'o va^~n kho^ng tie^'p tu.c ga^y d-u+o+.c ba^`u
kho^ng khi' va(n nghe^. tru+o+'c d-o'\. Mie^`n Nam la.i d-o'n nha^.n ra^'t
nhie^`u nha` va(n nha` ba'o di cu+; nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i mo+'i to+'i hoa.t
d-o^.ng ti'ch cu+.c, ga^y nhu+~ng phong tra`o, nho'm va(n nghe^. mo+'i nhu+
Sa'ng Ta.o, Quan D-ie^?m, The^' Ky? 20, ...  Vi` nhu+~ng ly' do d-o', ca'c
nha` va(n chu? lu+.c cu?a mie^`n Nam d-a^`u tha^.p nie^n 50 de^~ bi. ro+i
va`o que^n la~ng. Chi? co' mo^.t i't nha` va(n nhu+ Bi`nh Nguye^n Lo^.c, So+n
Nam, tie^'p tu.c vie^'t. Giai d-oa.n va(n ho.c d-a(.c sa('c va` gia`u ve^`
pha^?m lu+o+.ng na`y tru+o+'c nay va^~n kho^ng d-u+o+.c d-u+a va`o chu+o+ng
tri`nh Trung va` D-a.i ho.c ngoa.i tru+` mo^.t so^' ba`i gia?ng va(n tri'ch
tu+` ca'c ta'c pha^?m cu?a mo^.t so^' ta'c gia? do mo^.t va`i nha` bie^n
soa.n ca^'p tie^'n. Trong khi d-o' thi` chu+o+ng tri`nh Vie^.t va(n d-u+o+.c
tho^'ng nha^'t no^.i dung cu~ng nhu+ ta'c gia? do d-o' ca'c the^' he^. tre?
du` trong Nam bi. d-a^?y xa da^`n ca'c ta'c gia? tho+`i mo+? d-a^`u vi` va(n
no'i va` vie^'t pha?i thay d-o^?i theo tho+`i gian va` d-ie^`u kie^.n d-i.a
ly'\. 

The^' Phong la` nha` phe^ bi`nh d-a^`u tie^n d-a~ gio+'i thie^.u giai d-oa.n
va(n ho.c na`y trong Nha` Va(n Kha'ng Chie^'n mie^`n Nam 1945-1950 - ta^.p 3
cu?a bo^. "Lu+o+.c Su+? Va(n Nghe^. Vie^.t Nam" xua^'t ba?n va`o na(m 1963
sau khi d-a~ d-a(ng tre^n ta.p chi' Va(n Ho'a A' Cha^u\. D-e^'n 1972,
Nguye^~n Va(n Sa^m xua^'t ba?n ta^.p lua^.n a'n cao ho.c ve^` "Va(n Chu+o+ng
Nam Bo^. va` Cuo^.c Kha'ng Pha'p 1945-1950" (29) la` mo^.t pha^n ti'ch kha'
chi tie^'t va` gia'o khoa\. 

Giai d-oa.n va(n ho.c na`y d-u+o+.c ca'c nha` nghie^n cu+'u Ha` No^.i to^
d-ie^?m nhu+ la` mo^.t va(n ho.c tranh d-a^'u cho^'ng ngoa.i xa^m. Ho. d-e^`
cao nhu+~ng Du+o+ng Tu+? Giang, Tha^?m The^. Ha`, Thie^'u So+n, Mai Va(n
Bo^., Tra^`n Va(n Gia`u, Nguye^~n Ba?o Ho'a, ...  va` ba^'t co^ng vo+'i Ho^`
Hu+~u Tu+o+`ng, So+n Khanh, ... Mie^`n Ba('c tru+ng du.ng ma?ng va(n ho.c
ye^u nu+o+'c na`y cho chi'nh tri. kha'ng chie^'n cho^'ng thu+.c da^n theo
khuo^n Ha` no^.i du` co' ngu+o+`i kho^ng he^` phu.c vu. cho thu+' chi'nh tri.
d-o' nhu+ Vu~ Anh Khanh, Du+o+ng Tu+? Giang, vv. Co' le~ d-o' cu~ng la` mo^.t
pha^`n ly' do khie^'n mie^`n Nam Co^.ng hoa` kho^ng d-e^? y' d-e^'n. 


IV - Va(N Ho.C Mie^`N NAM 1954-1975 : 

Cuo^'n "Va(n Ho.c Mie^`n Nam To^?ng Quan" (30) cu?a Vo~ Phie^'n la` co^ng
tri`nh bie^n kha?o duy nha^'t ve^` tho+`i ky` na`y va` la` ca'i nhi`n d-a.i
die^.n cu?a ngu+o+`i mie^`n Nam. Ngu+o+`i Nam o+? tho+`i d-ie^?m na`y d-a~
bao go^`m ngu+o+`i ba mie^`n. Co^ng tri`nh bie^n kha?o na`y d-u+o+.c nha`
va(n Vo~ Phie^'n tie^'p tu.c vo+'i nhu+~ng gio+'i thie^.u cu.c bo^. mo^.t
so^' ta'c gia? tie^u bie^?u theo bo^. mo^n va(n ho.c nhu+ Tho+ Mie^`n Nam 1
(1991), 2 (1995), Truye^.n Mie^`n Nam 1 (1992), 2 (1993), 3 (1995), Ky',
Bu't, Ki.ch Mie^`n Nam 1 (1993), 2 (1995). 

Va(n ho.c tho+`i na`y d-a da.ng va` d-a(.c sa('c ve^` nhie^`u phu+o+ng
die^.n. Vi` hoa`n ca?nh chi'nh tri., ngu+o+`i ba mie^`n pha?i so^'ng chung
mo^.t ma?nh d-a^'t, mo^.t chi'nh the^?\. Ca'c sinh hoa.t ba'o chi', va(n ho.c
pha't trie^?n ma.nh. Tu+` d-o' mo+'i tha^'y ly' lua^.n cho ra(`ng d-a^'t va(n
va^.t la^u d-o+`i mo+'i sinh va(n hay, d-a^'t mo+'i kho' co' ta'c pha^?m hay
la` sai\. Co' nhu+~ng to^?ng ho+.p la`m ne^n nhu+~ng ca'i to^'t va` d-e.p.
Trong khi mie^`n Nam d-a^'t mo+'i kha^?n hoang hoa(.c phu` sa tra(m hoa d-ua
sa('c thi` mie^`n Ba('c bu't lo^ng bie^'n tha`nh mu~i te^n d-a.n chie^'n
d-a^'u cho 'ly' tu+o+?ng' ngoa.i nha^.p va` ngu+o+`i ca^`m bu't tro+? tha`nh
ca'n bo^. tuye^n truye^`n. Nga`y nay co`n ma^'y ta'c pha^?m tho+`i 'huy
hoa`ng' na`y ha~y co`n d-u+o+.c nha('c nho+? ? Trong khi d-o' va(n ho.c cu?a
mie^`n Nam thua cuo^.c co+` gian, bi. ga('n nha~n 'ngu.y\' va` tu+`ng bi.
ca^'m, la.i d-u+o+.c ngu+o+`i da^n Ba('c cu~ng nhu+ Nam ti`m kie^'m, kha'm
pha' vo+'i nhie^`u thi'ch thu'\. Mo^.t va(n ho.c khai pho'ng ho+n nhie^`u va`
cu~ng d-a da.ng kho^ng ke'm. 
 
D-o^'i vo+'i mie^`n Ba('c, ne^'u va(n ho.c mie^`n Nam d-u+o+.c d-e^` ca^.p
hoa(.c d-e^` cao thi` cu~ng cu`ng mu.c d-i'ch vo+'i vie^.c la^.p Ma(.t Tra^.n
Gia?i Pho'ng Mie^`n Nam. Gia?i thu+o+?ng Nguye^~n D-i`nh Chie^?u d-u+o+.c
la^.p ra d-e^? co^? vo~, tuye^n truye^`n cho cuo^.c chie^'n xa^m lu+o+.c
mie^`n Nam d-o'\. Sau 30/04/1975, ca'c nha` va(n ho.c Ha` No^.i d-a~ xua^'t
ba?n nhie^`u to^?ng ke^'t, nha^.n d-i.nh ne^`n va(n ho.c mie^`n Nam Co^.ng
Ho`a\. Trong ca'c sa'ch nhu+ "Va(n Ho.c Gia?i Pho'ng Mie^`n Nam" (1976),
"Va(n Ho'a Va(n Nghe^. Mie^`n Nam Du+o+'i Che^' D-o^. My~ Ngu.y" (1977),
"Va(n Ho.c VN Cho^'ng My~ Cu+'u Nu+o+'c" (1979), vv, ca'c vi. na`y nghie^m
kha('c vo+'i ca'c nha` va(n ho'a "ngu.y" bao nhie^u thi` la.i khen nhu+~ng
ngu+o+`i na(`m vu`ng hoa(.c d-i bu+ng bie^`n cu`ng phe, du` va(n cu?a nhu+~ng
ngu+o+`i na`y thu+o+`ng thi` gia? ta.o tu+` no^.i dung to+'i ngo^n tu+`\. 

Khi co' di.p, ngu+o+`i "trung u+o+ng" va^~n ti`m di.p d-e^? "da.y" ngu+o+`i
Nam vie^'t va(n. Trong cuo^'n "Va(n Ho.c Mie^`n Nam Trong Lo`ng Mie^`n
Ba('c", nha` phe^ bi`nh quo^'c doanh Ho^` Ngo.c khi phe^ bi`nh "gia' tri.
hie^.n thu+.c" trong ki.ch nga('n cu?a Nguye^~n Vu~ d-a~ pha'n " ...Du` ta'c
gia? la` ngu+o+`i mie^`n Nam, du` nha^n va^.t ki.ch la` ngu+o+`i mie^`n Nam,
ngo^n ngu+~ ki.ch va^~n pha?i chu' y' to+'i ti'nh cha^'t pho^? bie^'n trong
toa`n quo^'c cu?a no'\. Va? cha(ng, va^'n d-e^` ma`u sa('c d-i.a phu+o+ng
d-a^u pha?i chi? bie^?u hie^.n o+? cho^~ du`ng tu+` d-i.a phu+o+ng!..." (31)

Co' le~ vi` va^.y ma` ca'i go.i la` ma?ng va(n ho.c 'chie^'n tranh tha^`n
tha'nh cho^'ng My~-Ngu.y' na na' nhu+ nhau; ma` va(n ho.c Vie^.t Nam cu~ng
d-a~ kho^ng co' nhu+~ng Bi`nh Nguye^n Lo^.c, So+n Nam, Le^ Xuye^n, Ho^`
Tru+o+`ng An, Vo~ Ky` D-ie^`n, Nguye^~n Ta^'n Hu+ng, vv ne^'u nhu+~ng nha`
va(n na`y pha?i vie^'t trong nhu+~ng d-ie^`u kie^.n d-o'\. 

3. Sau tha'ng tu+ 1975, ne^`n va(n ho.c Vie^.t-Nam Co^.ng-Ho`a 1954-1975 bi.
chi'nh thu+'c ca^'m d-oa'n, sa'ch ba'o bi. ti.ch thu, tie^u hu?y\. Ngu+o+`i
la`m va(n nghe^. cu~ng bi. ca^`m tu` va` bi. treo bu't. Ngu+o+`i "chie^'n
tha('ng" d-a(.t na(.ng vie^.c pha' hu?y va(n ho'a mie^`n Nam Co^.ng Ho`a\.
ghi ca? trong nghi. quye^'t D-a.i ho^.i D-a?ng la^`n thu+' IV (1976) nhie^.m
vu. pha?i "que't sa.ch a?nh hu+o+?ng cu?a tu+ tu+o+?ng va` va(n ho'a thu+.c
da^n mo+'i" o+? mie^`n Nam (32). 

Mo^.t "ne^`n va(n nghe^. minh ho.a" nha^.p ca?ng tu+` Ba('c phu+o+ng kho^ng
co' gi` d-a(.c sa('c cho d-e^'n khi co' chi'nh sa'ch D-o^?i Mo+'i (1986).
Tu+` khi va(n nghe^. trong nu+o+'c d-u+o+.c co+?i tro'i du` tu+o+ng d-o^'i
va` sau mo^.t tho+`i gian ga.n lo.c gia? cha^n, mo^.t so^' nha` va(n tho+ co'
ta`i ba('t d-a^`u d-u+o+.c d-o^.c gia? trong cu~ng nhu+ ngoa`i nu+o+'c bie^'t
d-e^'n: Nguye^~n Huy Thie^.p, Pha.m thi. Hoa`i, Du+o+ng Thu Hu+o+ng, Ba?o
Ninh, Nguye^~n Kha('c Tru+o+`ng, vv. Mo^.t ca^u ho?i : Va(n ho.c co+?i tro'i
kho+?i sa('c d-o' co' kho^ng ne^'u kho^ng co' su+. tie^'p xu'c tru+o+'c d-o'
(du` bi. ca^'m) vo+'i va(n chu+o+ng "ngu.y" ? 
 
Ga^`n d-a^y o+? Vie^.t Nam co' nhu+~ng no^~ lu+.c ti`m hie^?u, nghie^n cu+'u
va(n ho.c mie^`n Nam tru+o+'c 1975 va` hie^.n tu+o+.ng xe't la.i phu.c ho^`i
danh du+. cho gia'o si~ D-a('c Lo^. va` Tru+o+ng Vi~nh Ky'\. 

Qua li.ch su+?, chu'ng ta tha^'y mie^`n Nam lu'c na`o cu~ng ti'ch cu+.c ra
tay che`o la'i con thuye^`n da^n to^.c theo va^.n nu+o+'c tro^i no^?i, khi
chi'nh tri. khi va(n ho.c, tho+`i ca^.n d-a.i cu~ng nhu+ hie^.n d-a.i va` ca?
nhu+~ng nga`y tru+o+'c ma('t. Nhu+ng co^ng lao go'p su+'c d-o' va^~n
thu+o+`ng bi. nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i to+'i tru+o+'c to+'i sau tie^'m co^ng, co' khi
vi` con ngu+o+`i mie^`n Nam qua' nga^y tho+ tin tu+o+?ng nhu+ng pha^`n lo+'n
vi` nhu+~ng anh chi. "Ca?" d-a~ qua' quen u+'c hie^'p, khu'c ruo^.t d-ang
lie^`n tha^n cu~ng bi. que^n mo^.t be^n. Mo^.t mie^`n Nam khai pho'ng, kho^ng
ma(.c ca?m va` co' nhie^`u ta`i su+'c d-o' ne^'u d-u+o+.c co^ng ba(`ng pha't
trie^?n, ne^'u d-u+o+.c li.ch su+. d-o^'i xu+?, thi` tu+o+ng lai va^.n ho^.i
chung cha('c cha('n se~ to^'t d-e.p ho+n. Ne^'u d-i ngu+o+.c d-u+o+`ng thi`
li.ch su+? nhu+~ng tha^.p nie^n ga^`n d-a^y d-a~ cho tha^'y a?nh hu+o+?ng tai
ha.i nhu+ the^' na`o ro^`i ! 

Trong hoa`n ca?nh thie^'u tho^'n ta`i lie^.u go^'c o+? ngoa`i nu+o+'c, chu'ng
to^i ghi la.i mo^.t so^' nha^.n xe't hy vo.ng se~ la` nhu+~ng go+.i y' d-o'ng
go'p cho nhu+~ng nghie^n cu+'u sa^u xa ho+n, vu+o+.t d-u+o+.c nhu+~ng ra`ng
buo^.c d-i.a phu+o+ng, chi'nh tri. hoa(.c y' thu+'c he^.\. 



CHU'\-THI'CH:

(1) Nhu+ng con o^ng la` Nguye^~n Phu'c Nguye^n (chu'a Sa~i, 1613-35) mo+'i
chi'nh thu+'c ly khai vo+'i vua Le^ chu'a Tri.nh. 

(2) Tra^`n Cha'nh Chie^'u d-ie^`n chu? co' quo^'c ti.ch Pha'p nhu+ng co' tinh
tha^`n ye^u nu+o+'c cao d-o^.\. Hoa.t d-o^.ng cho phong tra`o D-o^ng du, o^ng
co' qua Nha^.t ga(.p Ky` ngoa.i ha^`u Cu+o+`ng D-e^?\. Khoa?ng 1907, o^ng
xua^'t ba?n ta^.p Minh Ta^n Tie^?u Thuye^'t la` mo^.t ta^.p lua^.n thuye^'t
khuye^n d-o^`ng ba`o tham gia co^ng cuo^.c Minh Ta^n la`m sa'ng ca'i d-u+'c
sa'ng va` la`m mo+'i da^n. Sau nhu+~ng vu. no^?i da^.y cho^'ng no^.p thue^'
o+? Trung ky` va` Ha` tha`nh d-a^`u d-o^.c na(m 1908, thu+.c da^n Pha'p ra
tay khu?ng bo^', phong tra`o Duy Ta^n bi. tan ra~, Tra^`n Cha'nh Chie^'u bi.
ba('t va` to+` Lu.c Ti?nh Ta^n Va(n bi. d-i`nh ba?n.  Nhu+ng d-e^? tie^'p
tu.c cho^'ng thu+.c da^n Pha'p, ca'c "Ho^.i ki'n" sau d-o' ba`nh tru+o+'ng
kha('p trong Nam va` co^ng khai thi` co' d-a?ng La^.p hie^'n cu?a ca'c o^ng
Bu`i Quang Chie^u, Nguye^~n Phan Long. Sa`i Go`n nhu+~ng na(m 1920 tro+?
tha`nh thu? d-o^ va(n hoa' chi'nh tri. quan tro.ng trong khi Ha` No^.i lu'c
d-o' ch! i? la`m va(n hoa'... thua^`n tu'y\. D-o' co' the^? la` ly' do
khie^'n ca'c o^ng D-a`o Trinh Nha^'t, Phan Kho^i va`o Nam la`m ba'o\. 

(3) Theo Huy`nh va(n To`ng (Li.ch su+? ba'o chi' Vie^.t Nam. Sa`i Go`n: Tri'
D-a(ng, 1973) va` Duy Va^n (Gia D-i.nh Ba'o\. Sydney: Nguo^`n Vie^.t, 1986)

(4) Quye^?n 2. Ha` No^.i, 1972. 

(5) Nha` xua^'t ba?n J. Linage\. Co' the^? vi` so^' trang, The^' Uye^n d-a~
coi Truye^.n Tha^`y Lazaro^ Phie^`n la` "truye^.n nga('n" quo^'c ngu+~ d-a^`u
tie^n cu?a VN va` Cho+n Ca'o Tu+. Su+. (1910) cu?a Cho+n Ti'nh la` "truye^.n
vu+`a" ("Le^ Hoa(`ng Mu+u, nha` va(n bi. bo? que^n". Va(n Lang so^' 1 (1991
), in la.i trong Nghi~ Trong Mu`a Xua^n. Los Alamitos, CA:  Xua^n Thu, 1992,
tr 233). 

(6) Tri'ch la.i theo Bu`i D-u+'c Ti.nh. Sd-d, tr. 198-199. 

(7) Su+o+ng mu` tre^n ta'c pha^?m Tru+o+ng Vi~nh Ky'\. (Sa`i Go`n?: Va(n
Ho.c, 1993) tr 171. 

(8) Na(m 1992, nha` xua^'t ba?n Tha`nh pho^' Ho^` Chi' Minh ta'i ba?n vo+'i
tu+.a mo+'i Nhu+~ng Bu+o+'c D-a^`u Cu?a Ba'o Chi' Tie^?u Thuye^'t va` Tho+
Mo+'i\. 286 tr. 

(9) Tr. 197-251. D-i.a chi' Va(n ho'a tha`nh pho^' Ho^` chi' Minh. Ta^.p 2 -
Va(n ho.c. Sa`igo`n: NXB Tha`nh Pho^' HCM, 1988. 

(10) Lo+`i gio+'i thie^.u\. Tuye^?n ta^.p Hoa`ng Ngo.c Pha'ch (Ha` No^.i:
Va(n Ho.c, 1989), tr. 13. 

(11) "Truye^.n nga('n quo^'c ngu+~ d-a^`u tie^n cu?a Vie^.t Nam: Tha^`y
Lazaro Phie^`n cu?a Nguye^~n Tro.ng Qua?n" (Va(n Lang so^' 2, 12-1991, tr.
93-120. Hi`nh nhu+ o^ng d-ang ho+.p ta'c vo+'i mo^.t gia'o su+ ngu+o+`i My~
nghie^n cu+'u ve^` giai d-oa.n va(n ho.c na`y\. Ngoa`i ra chu'ng to^i
d-u+o+.c bie^'t gia'o su+ Nguye^~n Va(n Trung d-ang hoa`n tha`nh nghie^n
cu+'u cu?a o^ng ve^` Lu.c Cha^u Ho.c d-a~ ba('t d-a^`u tu+` d-a^`u tha^.p
nie^n 1980 d-o^`ng tho+`i vo+'i ca'c o^ng Nguye^~n Va(n Y va` The^' Uye^n. 

(12) Tre^n ta.p chi' Va(n Ho.c (California) va` die^~n d-a`n Euroviet
"Sources et approches du Viet-Nam" 5-1995 o+? Provence, Pha'p. 

(13) Theo Bu`i D-u+'c Ti.nh. Sd-d, tr 207. 

((14) Ta^n Da^n Tu+? te^n tha^.t la` Nguye^~n Hu+~u Ngo+~i (BD-T Sd-d, tr.
186). O^ng co`n la` ta'c gia? ca'c bo^. tie^?u thuye^'t kha'c xua^'t ba?n
va`o khoa?ng 1926-1930: Gia Long Ta^?u Quo^'c, Hoa`ng tu+? Ca?nh Nhu+ Ta^y
va` Gia Long Phu.c Quo^'c. 

(15) BD-T. Sd-d, tr. 214. 

(16) BD-T. Sd-d, tr. 233. 

(17) Westminster, CA : Ho^`ng Li~nh, 1993. Tr. 111

(18) D-i.a Chi' Va(n Ho'a tha`nh pho^' HCM. Sd-d, tr 219. 

(19) Sa`i Go`n: Tri' D-a(ng, 1974, tr. 139. 

(20) Ha`\-No^.i: NXB D-a.i Ho.c va` Trung Ho.c Chuye^n Nghie^.p, 1974. Ta^.p
1, tr. 20. 

(21) Thanh La~ng nha^.n xe't ve^` Ho^` Bie^?u Cha'nh : "Tie^?u thuye^'t cu?a
HBC la` mo^.t bu+'c truye^`n tha^`n ghi la.i bo^. ma(.t cu?a mo^.t tho+`i"
(Va(n, so^' 80 d-a(.c bie^.t ve^` HBC, 15-4-1967). Trong cu`ng so^' ta.p chi'
na`y, So+n Nam ghi nha^.n "va(n chu+o+ng que^ mu`a, va(n chu+o+ng kho^ng va(n
chu+o+ng" cu?a HBC la.i chi'nh la` ca'i hay, la` d-a(.c d-ie^?m. 

(22) Sd-d\. Tu+.a, tr 6. 

(23) Sd-d\. tr 235. Cu~ng trong ba`i na`y, The^' Uye^n co' mo^.t d-ie^?m sai
khi ga'n cho Kha'i Hu+ng la` ta'c gia? "truye^.n co' cha`ng me^ na`ng say
su+a, nhu+ng he^'t ye^u khi ti`nh co+` ga(.p na`ng o+? sau bu.i ca^y lo
chuye^.n d-i tie^u d-i tie^?u". Truye^.n na`y tha^.t ra la` cu?a Lan Khai va`
d-a(ng tre^n Pho^? Tho^ng ba'n nguye^.t san. 

(24) Lu'c vie^'t Phan Ye^n Ngoa.i Su+? ...(1910), Tru+o+ng Duy Toa?n d-ang
hoa.t d-o^.ng cho VN Quang Phu.c Ho^.i; trong truye^.n o^ng no'i d-e^'n Ta^y
So+n la' co' y' no'i bo.n Ta^y\. Sau d-o' o^ng theo Ky` Ngoa.i Ha^`u Cu+o+`ng
D-e^? qua D-u+'c va^.n d-o^.ng cho^'ng Pha'p nhu+ng kho^ng tha`nh; o^ng la.i
d-u+a gia'c thu+ cu?a Cu+o+`ng D-e^? qua Paris nho+` cu. Phan Chu Trinh
chuye^?n cho chi'nh phu? Pha'p nhu+ng bi. Pha'p ba('t giam cu`ng cu. Phan cho
d-e^'n 1916 thi` bi. tru.c xua^'t ve^` an tri' o+? Ca^`n Tho+\. Sau o^ng
chuye^?n qua vie^'t ba`i ba?n ca?i lu+o+ng ma` bo^. d-a^`u tie^n Lu.c Va^n
Tie^n tro+? tha`nh tie^`n phong cho bo^. mo^n na`y\. 

(25) Ba`i Tu+.a cu?a Truye^.n Tha^`y Lazaro^ Phie^`n : "... To^i cha(?ng co'
y' la`m sa'ch na`y cho d-a(.ng khoe ta`i, khoe tri'; to^i co' mo^.t du.ng y'
la^'y tie^'ng thu+o+`ng mo.i ngu+o+`i ha(`ng no'i ma` la`m ra mo^.t quye^?n
ha^`u cho ke? sau coi ma` ba`y d-a(.t cu`ng in ra i't nhie^`u truye^.n hay;
tru+o+'c la` la`m cho tre? con ham vui ma` ta^.p d-o.c, sau la` la`m cho da^n
ca'c xu+' bie^'t ra(`ng: ngu+o+`i An-nam sa'nh tri' sa'nh ta`i thi` cu~ng
cha(?ng thua ai". Mo^.t ta'c gia? kha'c, Tru+o+ng Duy Toa?n, coi nhu+~ng
truye^.n da~ su+? di.ch cu?a Ta`u la` me^ ti'n di. d-oan, do d-o' co' y'
"sa('p ba`y truye^.n mo+'i cho la'nh kho?i ca'i ne?o di. d-oan va` ba'o u+'ng
pha^n minh thi` d-u? ro^`i". Tinh tha^`n da^n to^.c na`y D-u+o+.c Pha.m Minh
Kie^n tie^'p no^'i trong ba`i Tu+.a truye^.n li.ch su+? Le^ Trie^`u Ly' Thi.
(1920): "To^i tha^'y ngu+o+`i mi`nh hay d-em nhu+~ng truye^.n Ta`u ra ma`
die^~n di.ch, ro^`i he` nhau ma` ta(.ng phong cho ngu+o+`i; cho ne^n to^i
muo^'n ! ti? ca^.p coi truye^.n mi`nh d-em ra ha't co' ba(`ng ho. hay kho^ng" 
hoa(.c trong Tu+.a truye^.n Tie^`n Le^ Va^.n Ma.t: "Ngu+o+`i mi`nh ne^n
bie^'t su+. ti'ch nu+o+'c nha` cho la('m la('m".  (Tri'ch theo BD-T. Sd-d,
tr. 17-19)

(26) So^' 1 ra nga`y 14-11-1907, chu? bu't la` Tra^`n Nhu+.t Tha(ng hie^.u
D-o^ng So+ tu+'c Tra^`n Cha'nh Chie^'u\. LTTV co^ng khai co^? vo~ phong tra`o
Duy Ta^n (Minh Ta^n) co^ng ki'ch che^' d-o^. thuo^.c d-i.a, ke^u go.i
ngu+o+`i Vie^.t tu+. kie^?m d-ie^?m bo? hu? tu.c, thie^n kie^'n va` pha?i
gia`nh quye^`n lo+.i thu+o+ng ma~i tu+` tay Hoa va` A^'n kie^`u ; o^ng co^?
d-o^.ng la^.p co^ng ty ca.nh tranh vo+'i hai gio+'i na`y\. Nhu+ng ma~i d-e^'n
1919 thi` phong tra`o ta^?y chay cu+?a ha`ng Hoa kie^`u mo+'i tro+? tha`nh
quan tro.ng, khie^'n nha` ca^`m quye^`n thu+.c da^n pha?i ra tay, o^ng bi.
ba('t ra to`a\. 

(27) Theo Nguye^~n Khue^\. Cha^n Dung Ho^` Bie^?u Cha'nh (Sa`i Go`n: Lu+?a
Thie^ng, 1974), tr. 30. 

(28) Thu+.c ra o^ng die^~n No^m ta^.p Nhu+ Ta^y Su+' Tri`nh Nha^.t Ky' cu?a
cu. Pha.m Phu' Thu+' da^ng vua Tu+. D-u+'c na(m 1863. 

(29) Sa`i Go`n: Lu+?a Thie^ng, 1972. 295 tr. 

(30) Wesminster, CA: Va(n Nghe^., 1986.. 

(31) Va(n ho.c mie^`n Nam trong lo`ng mie^`n Ba('c. Ha` No^.i: NXB Khoa ho.c
Xa~ ho^.i, 1969, tr 305. 

(32) Va(n Ho'a Va(n Nghe^. Mie^`n Nam Du+o+'i Che^' D-o^. My~ Ngu.y\. Ha`
no^.i : Va(n Ho'a, 1977. Tr. 8. 

NGUYE^~N VY\-KHANH
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