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Architecture
Hi anh Tuan, Thai Linh and all,
To^i nha^.n message cu?a anh sa'ng nay nhu+ng ba^.n qu'a kho^ng tra? lo+`i
ngay cho anh ddu+o+.c, da^~u sao ba'c Thai Linh dda~ tra? lo+i` ha^`u
he^'t nhu+~ng y' chi'nh trong ca^u ho?i cu?a anh. O+? dda^y to^i chi? xin
bo^? sung va`i y' hy vo.ng se~ co' i'ch cho anh i't nhie^`u.
Romanesque : ddu+o+.c du`ng dde^? chi? mo^.t phong ca'ch Kie^'n Tru'c
ba('t nguo^`n tu+` Ta^y A^u va`o cuo^'i the^' ky? thu+' IX va` ke^'t thu'c
khi Kie^'n Tru'c Gothic ba('t da^`u pha't trie^?n va`o the^' ky? XII .
No'i ve^` ddi.nh nghia~, tha^.t ra tu+` Romanesque somewhat is
misleading, vi` no' go+.i y' nhu+ ddu+o+.c kho+?i dda^`u tu+` Rome. Ma(.c
du` co' nhu+~ng lie^n he^. ma^.t thie^'t vo+'i Rome, Romanesque la` mo^.t
to^?ng ho+.p cu?a nhie^`u a?nh hu+o+?ng kha'c nhau : Roman, Byzantine,
Ottonian, Vikinng, Celtic....
Kie^'n Tru'c Romanesque pha't trie^?n ma.nh me~ nha^'t ta.i ca'c nu+o+'c :
France, England,
Italy, Germany, and Spain. Tuy va^.y, ngay ca? trong mo^.t nu+o+'c ,
ddo^i khi vie^.c xa'c
ddi.nh mo^.t co^ng tri`nh co' pha?i la` Romanesque cu~ng co`n la` mo^.t
va^'n dde^` kha' ra('c ro^'i. Ba?n tha^n Kie^'n Tru'c chi.u a?nh hu+o+?ng
cu?a ca'c ddie^`u kie^.n kinh te^', xa~
ho^.i, the^m va`o nhu+~ng ye^'u to^' khi' ha^.u, mo^i tru+o+`ng, va^.t
lie^.u xa^y ca^'t ...
da^~n dde^'n su+. kha'c bie^.t dda da.ng cu?a Romanesque style. Nhu+ng
Kie^'n Tru'c , va` Art no'i chung, giai ddoa.n na`y mang chung
characteristics ddo^.c dda'o : ddo' la` su+. ba?o tro+. cua? nha` tho+`
Thie^n Chu'a gia'o
A?nh hu+o+?ng cu?a gia'o ho^.i trong Romanesque architecture the^? hie^.n
ro~ trong bi`nh ddo^` hi`nh chu+~ tha^.p, tha'p chuo^ng , chu?ng
vie^.n... Co' le~ co^ng tri`nh dda^`u tie^n cu?a KT Romanesque xua^'t
hie^.n o+? Lombardy, Italy va`o cuo^'i the^' ky? thu+' 9. Tu vie^.n Clunny
o+? France ddu+o+.c xa^y va`o na(m 910. Pha?i to+'i nu+?a dda^`u the^'
ky? XII , co^ng vie^.c xa^y ca^'t tu vie^.n , nha` tho+` mo+'i dda.t to+'i
cao ddie^?m cua? no'.
Xin no'i the^m ve^` Kie^n' Tru'c Gothic, nhu+ ba'c Thai Linh dda~ tri`nh
ba`y, co' nhie^`u loa.i hi`nh kha'c nhau, nhu+ng no^?i ba^.t nha^'t va^~n
la` Cathedral vo+'i ca'i form ddo^.c dda'o cua? no'. Ban dda^`u ngu+o+`i
ta cho ca'i form cua? nha` tho+` Gothic la` mo^.t su+. ca?i tie^'n ve^`
ky~ thua^.t : the point arch ddu+o+.c du`ng nhu+ mo^.t su+. ta^'t ye^'u
khi pha't trie^?n ribbed vault. Toa`n bo^. ta?i tro.ng cua? Gothic vault
dde` le^n mo^.t khung su+o+`n la`m he^. tho^'ng tru. ddo+~ lie^n ke^'t
lo+'n ho+n ra dde^? cho^'ng la.i lu+.c dda^?y ngang. Ddie^`u na`y hoa`n
toa`n ho+.p ly' vo+'i ly' thuye^'t tru. ddo+~ tu+o+`ng, nhu+ng gia?
thuye^'t cho ra(`ng toa`n bo^. ta?i tro.ng cua? vo`m ma'i dda(. t he^'t
le^n khung su+o+`n thi` hoa`n toa`n kho^ng thu+.c te^'. Sau the^' chie^'n
thu+' 2, mo^.t so^' su+o+`n bi. pha' huy? nhu+ng vo`m ma'i va^~n ddu+'ng
vu+~ng. Ddie^`u ddo' chu+'ng minh ra(`ng nhu+~ng ca'i su+o+`n Gothic
mang ti'nh tha^?m my~ la` chi'nh.
Tuo+ng tu+. nhu+the^', nhu+~ng pointed arches , ngoa`i chu+c na(ng ke^'t
ca^'u, va^~n mang na(.ng y' nghi~a tha^?m my~ khie^'n KT Gothic kha'c
bie^.t vo+'i KT Romanesque, du`
point archs and ribbed vaults cu~ng hie^.n hu+~u trong KT Romanesque.
Tho+`i dda.i Gothic du`ng pointed archs vi` hin`h thu+'c na`y ddu+o+.c xem
nhu+ mo^t ca'ch mo+'i dde^? ba`y to? nhu+~ ca?m xu'c , tra.ng tha'i , hay
ca? mo^.t bie^u hie^.n tinh tha^`n vu+o+. t ngoa`i pha.m vi cua? round arch.
Cuo^'i cu`ng, su+. nha^'n ma.nh va`o ta^`m vu+o+n cao cua? KT Gothic cu~ng
mang mo^.t ta'c ddo^.ng tha^~m my~ nha^'t ddi.nh. Ca'i ddo^.c dda'o cu?a
nha` tho+` Gothic la` than`nh tu+.u cua? con ngu+o+`i trong no^~ lu+.c xa^y
ca^'t theo chie^`u cao. Chi'nh nhu+~ng ca'i
high vaults la` ye^u' to^' chi'nh ddem la.i cho KT Gothic ca'i form ddo^.c
dda'o rie^ng cua? no'. So sa'nh vo+'i KT Romanesque, ba(`ng su+. pha't
trie^?n cua? KT Gothic, A^u cha^u
dda~ co' mo^.t ne^`n KT mo+'i, vo+'i mo^.t nhi.p ddie^.u nhanh ho+n, thanh
nha~ ho+n, ca(ng tha(ng ho+n, va` vo+'i mo^.t ca?m xu'c tinh the^' ho+n.
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{{{{{ THANH DANG
( @-@ ) 4594 Central Drive
! U ! Stone Mountain, GA 30083-2541
! ~ ! (404) 292-1279
thanhlan@mindspring.com
thanh@assi.atlanta.com
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