Itelligentsiya la` gi` ?

[Tran Minh Tien <tran@idefix.mpipks-dresden.mpg.de>]

Hi,

Tha^'y ca'c ba'c ba`n ve^` Intelligentsiya, to^i cho+.t nho+'
ddoa.n tri'ch sau trong ba`i pho?ng va^'n Arnol'd ma` ba'c na`o
ddo' o+? Hung dda~ dda(ng:

The Russian attitude toward knowledge, science, and mathematics always
conforms to the old traditions of the Russian intelligentsiya. This 
word does not exist in other languages, since no other country
has a similar caste of scholars, medical doctors, artists, teachers,
etc., who find more reward from their contributions to society than
from personal or monetary gains.

My friend Vershik recently tried to obtain an American visa in Paris.
``What is your salary in St. Petersburg?'' asked the staff at the
American consulate. After hearing his honest reply, the staff asked,
``Do you wish to persuade us that you intend to return to St.
Petersburg at such a salary?'' Vershik answered, ``Of course. Money is
not all!'' The staff was so shocked that Vershik was given the visa
immediately.


Xin dda(ng tie^'p 1 ddoa.n vie^'t ve^` Intelligentsiya cu?a Vu~
Ta`i Lu.c trong "Tha^n pha^.n tri' thu+'c" dde^? ca'c ba'c tham
kha?o the^m. Co' the^? no'i, tre^n phu+o+ng die^.n chi'nh tri.
phong tra`o Intelligentsiya la` tie^`n tha^n cu?a Ca'ch ma.ng
Tha'ng 10 Nga\. Du` Ca'ch ma.ng tha'ng 10 Nga the^' na`o cha(ng
nu+~a nhu+ng a?nh hu+o+?ng ti'ch cu+.c va` vo^ gia' cu?a no' 
ddo^'i vo+'i phong tra`o gia?i pho'ng da^n to^.c o+? ca'c nu+o+'c
thuo^.c ddi.a va` nu+?a thuo^.c ddi.a la` kho^ng the^? phu?
nha^.n ddu+o+.c\.

Xin lu+u y' ra(`ng tuy to^i dda(ng ba`i cu?a Vu~
Ta`i Lu.c nhu+ng kho^ng co' nghi~a la` to^i hoa`n toa`n ddo^`ng
nha^'t quan ddie^?m vo+'i Vu~ Ta`i Lu.c\.

Khi na`o ra?nh to^i se~ thu+? ba`n ve^` Hie^.p va` Va(n trong
Nho gia'o dde^? so sa'nh vo+'i Intelligentsiya\.

Cheers,

Tran Minh Tien


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INTELLIGENTZIA

        Tie^`n phong cu?a ca'ch ma.ng 1917 la` nhu+~ng hoa.t ddo^.ng tri'
thu+'c. Tu+` nhu+~ng phong tra`o na`y sa?n sinh ra danh tu+` Intelligentzia
(khoa?ng cuo^'i the^' ky? 19)

  Theo Nicolas Berdiaev thi` ngu+o+`i Ta^y phu+o+ng dda~ nha^.n xe't la^`m
ve^`Intelligentzia coi gio^'ng he^.t Intellectuel. Thu+.c ra no' ra^'t kha'c
bie^.t. DDa^y kho^ng ha(?n la` mo^.t to^? chu+'c nhu+ng no' cu~ng kho^ng
buo^ng tha? ai muo^'n la`m gi` thi` la`m nhu+ tri' thu+'c A^u
Cha^u. Intelligentzia o+? Nga so^'ng ga^`n nhu+ mo^.t to^n gia'o nho?
vo+'i gia'o ddie^`u ta^.p qua'n phong tu.c va` hi`nh da'ng be^` ngoa`i
rie^ng bie^.t va` co' cu`ng mo^.t  quan nie^.m vu~ tru. nha^n sinh. DDo'
la` mo^.t ta^.p the^? so^'ng theo ly' tu+o+?ng kho^ng pha^n bie^.t
nghe^` nghie^.p gia`u nghe`o. Mo+'i dda^`u ho. la` ta^`ng lo+'p ho.c
thu+'c ro^`i lan dde^'n ca'c co^ng tu+? qui' to^.c, sau xuo^'ng ca'c
tie^?u co^ng chu+'c, tie^?u thu+o+ng ddo^i lu'c co`n tha^'y ca? no^ng
da^n nu+~a`. So+ khai vi` kho^ng the^? tru+.c tie^'p hoa.t ddo^.ng chi'nh
tri., ho. go'i chi'nh tri. va`o hoa.t ddo^.ng va(n ho.c. La^u da^`n ca'c
buo^?i ho^.i dde^`u la` su+. tu. ta^.p dde^? phe^ pha'n chi'nh tri.\.

[......]

        Tha'i ddo^. ta'o ba.o dda^`u tie^n cu?a Intelligentzia la` tu+o+'c
bo? he^'t ca'c quye^`n to^n gia'o ddo^'i vo+'i ho.\. Raditchev ddu+a ra
phu+o+ng cha^m : Ta^m ho^`n to^i ba^y gio+` hu+o+'ng ve^` ddau kho^? cu?a
con ngu+o+`i\. Radichev ti`m mo.i ca'ch dde^? truye^`n ba' tu+
tu+o+?ng Rousseau, Diderot, Voltaire\. Tu+ tu+o+?ng cu?a Ca'ch Ma.ng Pha'p
va`o Nga pha' vo+~ ddu+'c tin co^? truye^`n`. Pestel vie^'t cuo^'n
Ve'rite' Russe, mo^.t trong nhu+~ng dda` mo'ng cu?a chu? nghi~a xa~ ho^.i
ta.i Nga\.  

      Tinh tha^`n Raskol cuo^`ng nhie^.t ho+n sau vie^.c chi'nh quye^`n treo
co^? nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i ca^`m dda^`u vu. tha'ng 12 (les de'cembriste) la`
vu. no^?i loa.n mu+u sa't Nicolas 1er\. Trong so^' ngu+o+`i bi. treo co^?
co' hai thi si~ danh tie^'ng : Ryleev va` Pestel\.

     Ca'c pha^`n tu+? tri' thu+'c Intelligentzia the^` nguye^.n mo^.t ma^'t
mo^.t co`n vo+'i chi'nh quye^`n tho^'ng tri. ddu+o+ng tho+`i, ho. cha^n
tha`nh nghe theo tie^'ng go.i cu?a thi si~ Releev:

        Kho^ng the^? co' tho?a hie^.p na`o
        Giu+~a ba^`y no^ le^. vo+'i ba.o chu'a
        Chu'ng ta ha~y vie^'t ngay nhu+~ng trang su+? ma'u
        va` vung gu+o+m tie^'n bu+o+'c\.

      Kha('p da^n gian nhu+~ng ba?n vie^'t tay, in tha.ch lo+`i cuo^'i cu`ng
cu?a Kakhovsky ngu+o+`i ca^`m dda^`u vu. Tha'ng 12, ddu+o+.c truye^`n cho
nhau ddo.c:

        " So^' to^i dda~ ddi.nh ddoa.t\. To^i kho^ng than van tha?n nhie^n
nha^.n ba?n ca'o tra.ng. So^'ng hay che^'t vo+'i to^i ga^`n nhu+ cha(?ng
co' gi` dda'ng ke^?. To^i kho^ng muo^'ng no'i dde^'n to^i nhu+ng to^i
muo^'n no'i dde^'n to^? quo^'c cu?a to^i, ne^'u nga`y na`o tim to^i co`n
dda^.p thi` to^? quo^'c ma~i ma~i la` ddie^`u linh thie^ng nha^'t. To^?
chu+'c ho^.i ki'n cu?a chu'ng ta dda~ bi. kha'm pha'. Chu'ng to^i cho^'ng
la.i Nga`i (chi? Nicolas) vo+'i mu.c ddi'ch duy nha^'t la` tie^u die^.t
ba(`ng ddu+o+.c ca'i gia ddi`nh ddang ngu+. tri. du` pha?i ta('m trong
ma'u dde^? xa^y du+.ng mo^.t chi'nh quye^`n nha^n da^n. To^i say su+a
trong ti`nh ye^u To^? quo^'c, trong ti`nh ye^u Tu+. Do\. Vo+'i to^i kho^ng
co' gi` go.i la` to^.i lo^~i khi dda^'u tranh.

       Va` hi`nh a?nh nhu+~ng bo^. ma(.t tha?n nhie^n bu+o+'c le^n da`n treo
co^? dda~ tha`nh nhu+~ng hi`nh a?nh dde.p nha^'t. Tre^n ngo^n ngu+~ ha`ng
nga`y, tre^n ca'c sa'ng ta'c va(n ho.c chi'nh quye^`n ddu+o+.c me^.nh 
danh la` chu'ng no' ddo^'i la.i vo+'i chu'ng ta la` Intelligentzia. 
Ca'i gi` chu'ng no' tin thi` chu'ng ta pha?i phi? nho^?, ca'i gi` 
chu'ng no' cho la` gia' tri. thi` chu'ng ta khinh re?. Ta^'t ca? 
dde^`u ta^.p trung va`o su+. gia?i pho'ng con ngu+o+`i tre^n the^' gian, 
gia?i pho'ng tho+. thuye^`n ta.o ddie^`u kie^.n sinh hoa.t mo+'i, tie^u 
hu?y he^'t tha^?y tha`nh kie^'n, mo^. dda.o, me^ ti'n, le^. lua^.t tro'i 
buo^.c va` thu+' nha^'t la` thu+' tu+ tu+o+?ng "tre^n tro+`i", thu+' tu+ 
tu+o+?ng la`m cho no^ le^., thu+' tu+ tu+o+?ng dda'nh ca('p ha.nh phu'c 
nha^n loa.i\.

        DDa` cuo^`ng ti'n le^n cao, dde^? cung u+'ng cho cuo^`ng ti'n 
co' mo^.t ddu+o+`ng hu+o+'ng kho?i ro+i va`o vu+.c sa^u ye^'m the^' 
la~ng  ma.n Netchaev sa'ng ta'c cuo^'n : Kinh Bo^?n Ca'ch Ma.ng 
(cathechisme re'volutionaire) a^'n ddi.nh mo^.t tinh tha^`n mo+'i :

        " Chi? bie^'t ca'ch ma.ng, ca'ch ma.ng thay the^' Thu+o+.ng 
DDe^'. La^'y lua^.t le^. ca'ch ma.ng la`m nguye^n ta'c  so^'ng, la^'y 
su+'c ma.nh sa('t the'p hoa.t ddo^.ng. Ngu+o+`i ca'ch ma.ng kho^ng co`n 
ti`nh ca?m, quye^`n lo+.i, co^ng vie^.c, lie^n he^.  rie^ng tu+ nu+~a\. "

        " Ca'i xa~ ho^.i kho^'n na.n na`y pha?i pha^n chia ra la`m 
nhie^`u loa.i: loa.i thu+' nha^'t la` bo.n pha?i ddem ha`nh hi`nh ngay, 
tru+o+'c he^'t la` nhu+~ng ke? nguy ha.i tru+.c tie^'p cho to^? chu+'c 
ca'ch ma.ng. Ba(`ng lo^'i gie^'t cho'c ta`n nha^~n luo^n luo^n ri`nh 
ra^.p chu'ng ta co' the^? la`m lung lay cha'nh quye^`n tho^'ng tri. 
ba(`ng ca'ch tie^u hu?y nhu+~ng tay sai kho^n gio?i cu?a no' ".


        Hu+o+?ng u+'ng lo+`i khuye^n cu?a Netchaev la` ha`ng loa.t vu. 
khu?ng bo^' kha('p no+i, nhie^`u nha^n va^.t cao ca^'p chi'nh quye^`n 
va` tay sai tu+` tha`nh thi. dde^'n tho^n que^ bi. gie^'t (ngu+o+.c 
la.i to^? chu+'c ca'ch ma.ng cu~ng bi. chi'nh quye^`n sa't ha.i 
kha' ddo^ng).  

        Khu?ng bo^' bie^'n cha^'t tro+? ne^n bu+`a ba~i, thu+o+`ng vi` 
ly' do ca' nha^n thu` ha^.n khie^'n cho mo.i ngu+o+`i ma^'t tin tu+o+?ng 
va` cha'n ghe't. Khu?ng bo^' la`m cho ca'ch ma.ng ga^`n tha`nh ngu+o+`i 
ma^'t tri'. Nhi`n tha^'y nguy co+ na`y, A`. D`. Mikhailov vie^'t 
mo^.t so^' ba`i lua^.n ve^` y' nghi~a cu?a to^? chu+'c va` ky~ thua^.t 
hoa.t ddo^.ng bi' ma^.t. Theo Mikhailov thi`:

        "La`m vie^.c vo^ to^? chu+'c la` la~ng phi' su+'c ma.nh"

        Ky? lua^.t, phu+o+ng pha'p tu+. che^', la`m vie^.c dde^`u dda(.n, 
chu dda'o ddu'ng gio+` gia^'c ddo' la` nhu+~ng ddu+'c ti'nh mo+'i ra^'t 
ca^`n cho ngu+o+`i ca'ch ma.ng trong giai ddoa.n hie^.n tho+`i.

        "Ta^'t ca? mu+u ddo^` chi'nh tri. dde^`u pha?i loa.i bo? ddu+o+.c 
mo.i ba^'t ngo+` may ru?i mo+'i co' the^? tha`nh tu+.u\. Pha?i to^? 
chu+'c, ta^'t ca? bi' quye^'t tha`nh co^ng o+? dda^'y\.

        Tu+ tu+o+?ng Mikhailov ta.o ne^n nhie^`u vu. la`m cha^'n ddo^.ng 
ta^m ly' toa`n quo^'c, nha^'t la` vu. theo dduo^?i gie^'t vua Alexandre 
DDe^. Nhi.\. Bi. nhie^`u la^`n che^'t hu.t, Alexandre pha?i tro^'n cha.y, 
ta(ng cu+o+`ng canh ga'c xa la'nh xung quanh, nghi ngo+` ddo^`n a(n 
thu+'c uo^'ng. Da^n gian thi'ch thu' truye^`n kha^?u nhau: Alexandre 
ra le^.nh nhu+ mo^.t vi. ba.o chu'a nhu+ng run re~ nhu+ mo^.t te^n no^ 
le^.\. Tu+ tu+o+?ng Mikhailov co' a?nh hu+o+?ng lo+'n, nhu+ng kho^ng 
ddi ra ngoa`i phu+o+ng pha'p va` hoa.t ddo^.ng khu?ng bo^'\. 
Ca'ch ma.ng va^~n nguye^n ve.n la` nhu+~ng a^m mu+u tu. ta^.p i't 
ngu+o+`i nho? he.p cho dde^'n khi mo^.t chuye^.n quan tro.ng xa?y to+'i\.
 Nga`y 9 tha'ng 1 na(m 1905 du+o+'i su+. la~nh dda.o cu?a cha Gapone, 
chu+`ng ho+n tra(m nga`n tho+. thuye^`n tu+` Saint Petersbourg bie^?u 
ti`nh tie^'n ve^` la^u dda`i Mu`a DDo^ng. Ho. kho^ng mang khi' gio+'i, 
ho. na('m tay nhau ha't ba`i : Xin Thu+o+.ng DDe^' phu` ho^. cho Tsar. 
Cha Gapone ddu+a lo+`i thi?nh ca^`u le^n Tsar Hoa`ng:

        "Chu'ng to^i kho^ng ddo`i ho?i chi nhie^`u`. Chu'ng to^i chi? 
xin ddu+o+.c la`m vie^.c 8 gio+` mo^.t nga`y, xin ta(ng tie^`n co^ng 
ha`ng nga`y le^n mo^.t ddo^`ng ru'p. Xin ha~y cu+'u da^n chu'ng va` 
ha~y pha' bo? ha`ng ra`o nga(n ca'ch giu+~a da^n chu'ng vo+'i Nga`i\."

        Tsar Hoa`ng ro+`i bo? Saint Petersbourg, quye^`n ha`nh trao tro.n 
va`o i't tu+o+'ng la~ng, gia'm ddo^'c co^ng an va` Qua^.n Co^ng Vladimir. 
Qua^n ddo^.i ha. le^.nh ba('n, dda'm ngu+o+`i bie^?u ti`nh nga~ xuo^'ng 
nhu+ sung ru.ng. To^?ng ke^'t co' 500 ngu+o+`i che^'t, 3000 ngu+o+`i bi. 
thu+o+ng, dda`n ba` con tre? la lie^.t tre^n dda^'t, ma'u ddo^? nhuo^.m 
ho^`ng ma`u tuye^'t.

        Ta.i Gene`ve trong ca(n ga'c to^'i, Lenine nha^.n ddu+o+.c tin va` 
nhi`n qua bie^'n co^' na`y o^ng nhi`n tha^'y mo^.t tro+`i a'nh sa'ng hy 
vo.ng ca'ch ma.ng dda~ tra`n va`o qua?ng dda.i qua^`n chu'ng. O^ng nghi~ 
lo`ng ha(ng say va` ca(m ha^.n dda~ no^?i da^.y tre^n kha('p nu+o+'c, 
ne^'u co`n thie^'u gi` chi? la` thie^'u ly' lua^.n dda^'u tranh, 
ky~ thua^.t dda^'u tranh. Lenine tu+. cho mi`nh co' bo^?n pha^.n 
cung u+'ng nhu+~ng thu+' ddo'. The^' la` ha`ng loa.t va(n pha^?m do 
Lenine vie^'t tha`nh hi`nh, chu'ng dda~ giu'p cho cuo^.c dda^'u tranh 
ra^'t nhie^`u\. Cu`ng lu'c a^'y mo^.t bo^. o'c kha'c ca^`n thie^'t cho
 Ca'ch Ma.ng Tha'ng Mu+o+`i va` dda~ ddo'ng go'p nhie^`u co^ng lao la`
 bo^. o'c cu?a Leon Bronstein tu+'c Trosky cu~ng hoa.t ddo^.ng du+~ do^.i\.

        Malapart khi nha^.n ddi.n ve^` Lenine co' vie^'t ca^u na`y:  

        "Lenine e'tait survenu pour donner une logique au peuple Russe"

        (Lenine hie^.n ra, ddem cho da^n to^.c Nga ca'ch lua^.n ly'.)

        Ca^u a^'y tha^.t kho^ng co' chi qua' dda'ng.