Ba`i Nguye^~n Va(n Da^n-Tu+ lie^.u (11)

["Hoang Khoa Quyen" <quyenkhoa@hotmail.com>]

Nha^n kha'i nie^.m "pha?n tho+" ba`n ve^` vie^.c tie^'p thu lÝ lua^.n va(n 
ho.c cu?a the^' gio+'i

Nguye^~n Va(n Da^n
	(Nha` ngo^n ngu+~ ho.c )

Ga^`n Ža^y, trong mo^.t so^' ba`i phe^ bi`nh va(n ho.c o+? Vie^.t Nam xua^'t 
hie^.n thua^.t ngu+~ "pha?n tho+". Ke^? ra, o+? nu+o+'c ngoa`i thi` Ža^y 
kho^ng pha?i la` mo^.t kha'i nie^.m mo+'i, no' Ža~ xua^'t hie^.n kha' la^u 
ro^`i.  Nhu+ng o+? ta thi` dda^y la` la^`n da^`u tie^n no' ddu+o+.c a'p 
du.ng dde^? xa'c ddi.nh mo^.t xu hu+o+'ng hay mo^.t so^' hie^.n tu+o+.ng 
trong ne^`n tho+ ca hie^.n dda.i cu?a Vie^.t Nam. Va^.y thi` kha'i nie^.m 
"pha?n tho+" co' y' nghi~a gi` va` ta pha?i a'p du.ng no' nhu+ the^' na`o 
trong phe^ bi`nh va(n ho.c.Tru+o+'c he^'t chu'ng to^i co' ma^'y nha^.n xe't 
ve^` vie^.c a'p du.ng thua^.t ngu+~ "pha?n tho+" trong phe^ bi`nh va(n ho.c 
Vie^.t Nam, cu. the^? o+? dda^y to^i xin ddu+o+.c nha^.n xe't ve^` ta^.p 
tie^?u lua^.n Tho+ pha?n tho+ cu?a TNH, do Nha` xua^'t ba?n Va(n ho.c a^'n 
ha`nh na(m 1995, ta'i ba?n na(m 1997.
Pha?i co^ng nha^.n ra(`ng anh TMH la` mo^.t ca^y vie^'t nha.y ca?m va` co' 
kha? na(ng ga^y a^'n tu+o+.ng ma.nh. Anh ha(ng ha'i ba`n lua^.n dde^'n 
nhu+~ng va^'n dde^` ga^y ca^'n cu?a tho+`i dda.i, co' nhu+~ng chu? kie^'n 
du+'t khoa't, mo^.t tha'i ddo^. kho^ng khoan nhu+o+.ng, la`m cho anh co' 
mo^.t va(n phong ddo^.c dda'o rie^ng. DDe^? ta.o cho mi`nh mo^.t va(n phong 
rie^ng cho anh co`n a'p du.ng nhie^`u thu? pha'p, va` mo^.t trong nhu+~ng 
thu? pha'p cu?a anh la` phe'p cho+i chu+~ va` ddo^'i chu+~. No' the^? hie^.n 
o+? nhu+~ng ca^u va` nhu+~ng ddi.nh dde^` nhu+: Tho+ chi'nh la` tuo^?i tho+ 
cu?a loa`i ngu+o+`i co`n so't la.i; tho+ hie^.n dda.i va` hie^.n dda.i tho+; 
ma^.t ong - ma^.t ga^'u; su+. ma^'t ngu? cu?a lu+?a - be^.nh ngu? cu?a tho+; 
su+. nga'i ngu? cu?a phe^ bi`nh - be^.nh ngu? cu?a kie^'n thu+'c; ddo^?i 
mo+'i - ddo^?i ga'c; va` ddie^?n hi`nh nha^'t la` kie^?u ddo^'i chu+~: tho+ 
- pha?n tho+. Tuy nhie^n sau khi ddo.c ki~ ca'c ba`i vie^'t cu?a anh to^i 
tha^'y ddo^i ddie^`u ba(n khoa(n ve^` ho.c thua^.t. Sau dda^y, to^i xin 
phe'p ddu+o+.c trao ddo^?i ve^` ddo^i ddie^`u ba(n khoa(n a^'y va` chi? 
ddu+'ng tu+` go'c ddo^. ho.c thua^.t ma` tho^i.
To^i pha?i no'i ngay ra(`ng lo^'i ddo^'i chu+~ hay cho+i chu+~ "tho+ - pha?n 
tho+" trong ta^.p tie^?u lua^.n cu?a anh TMH co' mo^.t su+. kho^ng ro~ 
ra`ng. Trong cuo^'n sa'ch in la^`n thu+' hai cu?a anh va` do chi'nh sanh 
su+?a ba?n in co' su+. thie^'u nha^'t qua'n: o+? bi`a mo^.t te^n sa'ch 
ddu+o+.c ghi la` "Tho+ pha?n tho+", o+? trang dda^`u sa'ch be^n trong va` 
o+? dda^`u dde^` ba`i phe^ bi`nh o+? trang 124 la.i ghi la` "Tho+ - pha?n 
tho+" (co' ga.ch no^'i). Co' the^? co' ngu+o+`i cho la` kho^ng quan tro.ng, 
nhu+ng thu+.c ra hai ca'ch vie^'t se~ ga^y ra hai ca'ch hie^?u kha'c nhau: 
"Tho+ pha?n tho+" (kho^ng co' ga.ch no^'i) nghi~a la` loa.i tho+ mang ti'nh 
cha^'t "pha?n tho+" (ne^'u di.ch ra tie^'ng Pha'p se~ la` "la poe'sie 
antipoe'tique"; co`n "tho+ - pha?n tho+" (co' ga.ch no^'i) se~ co' nghi~a 
la` ta'c gia? ba`n ve^` "tho+" va` "pha?n tho+" va` ve^` quan he^. giu+~a 
hai loa.i tho+ na`y (ne^'u di.ch ra tie^'ng Pha'p se~ la` "poe'si - 
antipoe'sie"). Song ne^'u ca(n cu+' va`o no^.i dung cu?a ba`i vie^'t o+? 
trang 124 "Tho+ - pha?n tho+: ddo^?i mo+'i hay ddo^?i ga'c?" thi` to^i 
hie^?u la` ta'c gia? la.i muo^'n phe^ pha'n "loa.i tho+ mang ti'nh cha^'t 
pha?n tho+" (kho^ng co' ga.ch no^'i) mo+'i ddu'ng. Co`n ne^'u ca(n cu+' va`o 
toa`n bo^. ta^.p sa'ch thi` la.i pha?i dde^` te^n ta^.p sa'ch la` "Tho+ 
pha?n tho+" thi` mo+'i chi'nh xa'c, vi` trong ta^.p sa'ch na`y, ta'c gia? 
co`n co' nhu+~ng ba`i phe^ bi`nh va` ba`n lua^.n ve^` tho+ no'i chung va` 
ve^` nhu+~ng tha`nh tu+.u tho+ cu?a Vie^.t Nam no'i rie^ng nhu+ Che^' Lan 
Vie^n (ddu+o+.c da`nh rie^ng mo^.t ba`i), tho+ cho^'ng Mi~ v.v... Nhu+ the^' 
cu~ng ddu? tha^'y ra(`ng ta'c gia? chu+a na('m vu+~ng ca'c thua^.t ngu+~ va` 
su+? du.ng chu'ng mo^.t ca'ch nga^~u hu+'ng.
Nhu+ng tre^n dda^y mo+'i chi? la` vie^.c xem xe't kha'i nie^.m "pha?n tho+" 
theo nghi~a ma` anh TMH quan nie^.m. Co`n thu+.c te^' tre^n the^' gio+'i 
ngu+o+`i ta quan nie^.m "pha?n tho+" nhu+ the^' na`o ?Tu+` khoa?ng giu+~a 
the^' ky? XX tro+? ddi, cu`ng vo+'i su+. ra ddo+`i cu?a ki.ch phi li' va` 
tie^?u thuye^'t mo+'i, trong sa'ch ba'o phe^ bi`nh va(n ho.c o+? phu+o+ng 
Ta^y ba('t dda^`u xua^'t hie^.n ca'c thua^.t ngu+~ nhu+ "pha?n ki.ch", 
"pha?n sa^n kha^'u", "pha?n tie^?u thuye^'t", va` cu`ng vo+'i chu'ng la` 
ca'c thua^.t ngu+~ "pha?n ho^.i hoa.", "pha?n tho+", va` vu+o+.t le^n tre^n 
ta^'t ca? la` "pha?n nghe^. thua^.t". Co' nha` soa.n ki.ch ngu+o+`i Pha'p 
Euge`ne Ionesco, ngu+o+`i dda.i die^.n tie^u bie^?u cu?a ki.ch phi li'. dda~ 
go.i vo+?" Nu+~ ca si~ ho'i dda^`u" cu?a mi`nh la` "pha?n vo+? ki.ch" 
(tie^'ng Pha'p: anti-pie`ce). Ma(.c du` co' nhu+~ng dda(.c ddie^?m kha'c 
nhau, nhu+ng ca'c nha` va(n thuo^.c xu hu+o+'ng "pha?n" na`y dde^`u co' 
chung mo^.t thie^n hu+o+'ng la` cho^'ng la.i nhu+~ng qui u+o+'c sa'o mo`n 
cu?a nghe^. thua^.t kinh vie^.n, cu?a nghe^. thua^.t co^? ddie^?n, duy li' 
va` thu+.c chu+'ng no'i chung, ddo' la` dda(.c tru+ng cu?a ca'c tra`o lu+u 
va(n ho.c - nghe^. thua^.t no^?i loa.n ma` tho+`i ddie^?m ba('t dda^`u ca?u 
chu'ng pha?i ti'nh tu+` dda^`u the^' ky? XX va` ngu+o+`i ta va^~n go.i chung 
la` phong tra`o tie^n phong, la` phong tra`o nghe^. thua^.t mang xu hu+o+'ng 
ddo^?i mo+'i, phu? nha^.n ca'i cu~, ke^? tu+` tra`o lu+u vi. lai chu? nghi~a 
dde^'n tra`o lu+u sie^u thu+.c. Trong tinh tha^`n na`y, pha?n tho+ chi'nh 
la` mo^.t loa.i tho+ hie^.n dda.i cu?a phong tra`o tie^n phong, die^~n ra 
trong mo^.t giai ddoa.n li.ch su+? nha^'t ddi.nh.Ngu+o+`i ta thu+o+`ng quan 
nie^.m loa.i tho+ mo+'i phu+o+ng Ta^y hay "pha?n tho+" ddu+o+.c ba('t dda^`u 
tu+` dda^`u the^' ky? XX vo+'i nha` tho+ Pha'p Guillaume Apollinaire 
(1880-1918). Tuy nhie^n cu~ng co' ngu+o+`i cho ra(`ng go^'c ga'c cu?a thi 
pha'p "pha?n tho+" dda~ xua^'t hie^.n tu+` nhu+~ng na(m 1870 vo+'i hai nha` 
tho+ no^?i loa.n ngu+o+`i Pha'p la` Lautre'amont va` Rimbaud. "Tho+ mo+'i" 
la` loa.i tho+ cho^'ng la.i chu? nghi~a tu+o+.ng tru+ng ddang thi.nh ha`nh 
ho^`i ba^'y gio+` o+? phu+o+ng Ta^y. Ma(.c du` co' nhie^`u u+u ddie^?m so 
vo+'i tho+ la~ng ma.n, nhu+ng tho+ tu+o+.ng tru+ng va^~n bi. go` bo' bo+?i 
nhu+~ng qui u+o+'c ta? thu+.c. Chu'ng ta ha~y nghe ca'c qui u+o+'c ve^` 
"su+. tu+o+ng ho+.p" cu?a chu? nghi~a tu+o+.ng tru+ng ma` Baudelaire chu? 
tru+o+ng:

"Trong cho^'n dde^`n dda`i thie^n nhie^n ro^.ng lo+'n
Co' nhu+~ng a^m thanh mo+` a?o pha't ra:
Khu ru+`ng tu+o+.ng tru+ng la` co~i so^'ng cu?a ngu+o+`i ta
No' theo do~i con ngu+o+`i vo+'i ca'i nhi`n thie^.n ca?m
Nhu+ nhu+~ng tie^'ng vo.ng xa xa(m chen nhau vang ma~i
Trong kho^'i nha^'t loa`i u to^'i sa^u xa,
Ro^.ng lo+'n nhu+ dde^m dden va` nhu+ a'nh sa'ng bao la,
Co' nhu+~ng ba?n ho+.p ca cu?a hu+o+ng hoa,a^m thanh cu`ng ma`u sa('c"
(Tu+o+ng ho+.p) (*)

Trong khi ddo' thi` Apollinaire dde^` xua^'t su+. gia?i pho'ng cho tho+ ca 
thoa't kho?i nhu+~ng go` bo' cu?a tho+ hie^.n thu+.c va` tho+ tu+o+.ng 
tru+ng. O^ng dde^` xua^'t loa.i tho+ tu+. do, vo+'i nhu+~ng hi`nh tu+o+.ng 
lie^n tu+o+?ng bi' a^?n. Cha(?ng ha.n nhu+ lie^n tu+o+?ng giu+~a la`n to'c 
xoa(n vo+'i so'ng bie^?n nha^'p nho^ ba.c dda^`u, giu+~a ba`n tay ngu+o+`i 
ye^u vo+'i la` mu`a thu:

"Anh bie^'t to'c em tro^'n no+i dda^u
To'c xoa(n nhu+ so'ng bie^?n ba.c dda^`u
Anh bie^'t to'c em tro^'n no+i dda^u
Va` tay em nhu+ la` mu`a thu ru.ng
Ra('c dda^`y bo+?i lo+`i thu' to^.i hai ta"
(Marie)

Hay nhu+ o^ng co' nhu+~ng ba`i tho+ la`m theo kie^?u hoa. hi`nh:
"Tra'i tim to^i tro^ng nhu+ mo^.t ngo.n lu+?a lo^.n ngu+o+.c".
Ngu+o+`i ta va^~n coi Apollinaire la` ngu+o+`i dda^`u tie^n du`ng thua^.t 
ngu+~ chu? nghi~a sie^u thu+.c. Khi no'i ve^` vo+? ki.ch" Ca(.p vu' cu?a 
tha^`n Tiresias "cu?a mi`nh (1918), Apollinaire dda~ vie^'t: "DDe^? ne^u 
ba^.t ti'nh cha^'t dda(.c tru+ng cu?a vo+? ki.ch cu?a to^i, to^i dda~ su+? 
du.ng mo^.t tu+` mo+'i [...], va` to^i dda~ dda(.t ra ti'nh tu+` "sie^u 
thu+.c chu? nghi~a" ma` no' hoa`n toa`n kho^ng co' y' nghi~a la` tu+o+.ng 
tru+ng...". "DDe^? thu+? tie^'n ha`nh, ne^'u kho^ng no'i la` mo^.t su+. 
ddo^?i mo+'i sa^n kha^'u, thi` i't nha^'t cu~ng la` mo^.t no^~ lu+.c ca' 
nha^n, to^i tin ra(`ng ca^`n pha?i quay tro+? ve^` vo+'i chi'nh thie^n 
nhie^n, nhu+ng kho^ng pha?i dde^? ba('t chu+o+'c no' theo kie^?u cu?a ca'c 
nha` nhie^'p a?nh. Khi con ngu+o+`i muo^'n ba('t chu+o+'c bu+o+'c ddi thi` 
no' sa'ng ta.o ra ba'nh xe, la` va^.t kho^ng gio^'ng vo+'i ca'i cha^n. Nhu+ 
the^' na` no' dda~ ta.o ra chu? nghi~a sie^u thu+.c ma` no' kho^ng bie^'t 
"(1). The^' nhu+ng Apollinaire chi? la` ngu+o+`i mo+? dda^`u cho ne^`n "tho+ 
mo+'i'" no'i chung va` ba'o hie^.u cho tho+ sie^u thu+.c Pha'p no'i rie^ng, 
chu+' o^ng kho^ng pha?i la` nha` tho+ sie^u thu+.c thu+.c su+. nhu+ anh TMH 
hie^?u la^`m. Na(m 1924, sa'u na(m sau khi Apollinaire che^'t, Andre' 
Breton, chu? soa'i chu? nghi~a sie^u thu+.c, dda~ co^ng bo^' Ba?n tuye^n 
ngo^n cu?a chu? nghi~a sie^u thu+.c, trong ddo' o^ng kha(?ng ddi.nh su+. 
kha'c nhau giu+~a kha'i nie^.m "chu? nghi~a sie^u thu+.c" cu?a Apollinaire 
vo+'i kha'i nie^.m cu?a ca'c nha` tho+ sie^u thu+.c sau Apollinaire. O^ng 
no'i: "To^i cho ra(`ng nga`y ho^m nay chu'ng ta kho^ng ca^`n pha?i nha('c 
la.i tu+` na`y nu+~a (chu? nghi~a sie^u thu+.c), va` ra(`ng ca'i nghi~a cu?a 
no' ma` chu'ng ta du`ng no'i chung co' gia' tri. vu+o+.t tro^.i ho+n so 
vo+'i quan nie^.m cu?a Apollinaire. DDa'ng le~ ddu'ng ho+n la` chu'ng ta 
pha?i du`ng tu+` chu? nghi~a sie^u tu+. nhie^n cu?a Ge'rard de Nerval trong 
lo+`i dde^` ta(.ng cho ta^.p truye^.n Ca'c co^ ga'i lu+?a (2) cu?a o^ng". 
Ca'c nha` va(n va` nha` tho+ thuo^.c tru+o+`ng pha'p sie^u thu+.c chu? 
nghi~a la` Breton, Aragon, Desnos, Eluard, Ge'rard, Mori'e, Picon, Soupault, 
Vitrac v.v.. va` ca? Tzara, cu+.u chu? soa'i cu?a tru+o+`ng pha'i Dada. Chu? 
nghi~a sie^u thu+.c chu? tru+o+ng tu+. do tu+o+?ng tu+o+.ng, khai tha'c 
the^' gio+'i mo^.ng tu+o+?ng, sa'ng ta'c mo^.t do`ng tho+ ca hoa`n toa`n 
theo su+. tho^i thu'c va` da^~n da('t cu?a ta^m li' va` cu?a tu+ duy "na(`m 
ngoa`i su+. kie^?m soa't cu?a li' ti'nh". Loa.i tho+ ca nhu+ the^' na`y co' 
the^? ddu+o+.c go.i la` tho+ ca thua^`n khie^'t. Su+. thua^`n khie^'t ddo^i 
khi dda.t to+'i mu+'c sie^u hi`nh nhu+ trong tho+ ti`nh cu?a P.Eluard:"Tu+` 
lu'c co`n tre? to^i dda~ giang tay ddo'n nha^.n su+. trong tra('ng. DDo' 
chi? la` mo^.t tie^'ng vo^~ ca'nh tre^n ba^`u tro+`i vi~nh ha(`ng cu?a to^i, 
chi? la` mo^.t tie^'ng tim dda^.p, tie^'ng ta^.p cu?a mo^.t con tim ddang 
ye^u trong lo^`ng ngu+.c bi. chinh phu.c. To^i kho^ng co`n co' the^? bi. sa 
nga~ ddu+o+.c nu+~a.To^i ye^u ti`nh ye^u. Qua? thu+.c a'nh sa'ng la`m cho 
to^i loa' ma('t. To^i giu+~ la.i a'nh sa'ng ddu? du`ng dde^? nga('m nhi`n 
ban dde^m, suo^'t dde^m, he^'t dde^m na`y sang dde^m kha'c.Ca'c co^ trinh 
nu+~, cha(?ng co^ na`o gio^'ng co^ na`o. To^i luo^n mo+ u+o+'c mo^.t co^. 
o+? tru+o+`ng, na`ng ma(.c ta.p - de^` ma`u dden ngo^`i o+? ba`n tru+o+'c 
ma(.t to^i. Khi na`ng quay xuo^'ng ho?i to^i dda'p so^' mo^.t ba`i toa'n, 
thi` ve? nga^y tho+ trong ma('t na`ng la`m cho to^i bo^'i ro^'i dde^'n no^~i 
na`ng thu+o+ng ti`nh ddu+a tay o^n la^'y co^? to^i.Na`ng chia tay to^i ddi 
xa. Na`ng le^n ta`u. Chu'ng to^i tro+? tha`nh ga^`n nhu+ ngu+o+`i du+ng 
nu+o+'c la~..."(Trong ta^.p Nhu+~ng ma(.t tra'i cu?a mo^.t ddo+`i ngu+o+`i 
hay la` kim tu+. tha'p nha^n loa.i).
Nhu+ va^.y la` trong quan nie^.m cu?a gio+'i sa'ng ta'c va` phe^ bi`nh va(n 
ho.c tre^n the^' gio+'i thi` "pha?n tho+" kho^ng co' y' nghi~a tu+. phu? 
ddi.nh, ma` no' chi? la` mo^.t xu hu+o+'ng sa'ng ta'c muo^'n cho^'ng la.i 
tho+ cu~, phu? ddi.nh tho+ cu~ ma` o+? dda^y chu? ye^'u la` tho+ tu+o+.ng 
tru+ng chu? nghi~a. No' ddu+o+.c du`ng dde^? chi? ne^`n tho+ ca phu+o+ng 
Ta^y tu+` Apollinaire dde^'n chu? nghi~a sie^u thu+.c. Tuy nhie^n su+. phu? 
ddi.nh cu?a "pha?n tho+" kho^ng pha?i la` phu? ddi.nh sa.ch tro+n, ma` la` 
phu? ddi.nh co' ke^' thu+`a nhu+ ta^'t ca? mo.i su+. phu? ddi.nh bie^.n 
chu+'ng kha'c. Co' nghi~a la` thua^.t ngu+~ "pha?n tho+" kho^ng pha?i 
ddu+o+.c du`ng dde^? phu? ddi.nh mo^.t ne^`n tho+ hay mo^.t hie^.n tu+o+.ng 
tho+, ma` chi? la` te^n go.i cu?a mo^.t loa.i tho+ mo+'i kha'c ve^` ca(n 
ba?n so vo+'i loa.i tho+ cu~, va` nhu+ va^.y no' va^~n mang nghi~a kha(?ng 
ddi.nh chu+' kho^ng pha?i phu? ddi.nh ddo^'i vo+'i chi'nh no'. Cu~ng gio^'ng 
nhu+ "pha?n sa^n kha^'u" la` thua^.t ngu+~ ddu+o+.c du`ng dde^? chi? sa^n 
kha^'u phi li' hay ki.ch phi li' ma` tha`nh tu+.u cu?a no' kho^ng pha?i la` 
thu+' ra'c ru+o+?i dda'ng vu+'t bo?. Tu+o+ng tu+., "pha?n tie^?u thuye^'t" 
hay co`n go.i la` "tie^?u thuye^'t mo+'i" cu?a Pha'p cu~ng co' nhu+~ng 
ddo'ng go'p nha^'t ddi.nh cho li.ch su+? va(n ho.c nha^n loa.i.Chu'ng to^i 
no'i nhu+ va^.y kho^ng co' nghi~a mo.i ta'c pha^?m mang ca'i nha~n cu?a ca'c 
thu+' "pha?n va(n ho.c" kia dde^`u la` tuye^.t ta'c, ma`, cu~ng nhu+ o+? 
mo.i li~nh vu+.c kha'c, trong "pha?n tho+", trong "pha?n ki.ch" hay trong 
"pha?n tie^?u thuye^'t" cu~ng dde^`u co' "ha`ng" to^'t, "ha`ng" do+?. Nhu+ng 
ddo' la` le~ ta^'t nhie^n cu?a quy lua^.t sa'ng ta'c, chu+' "ha`ng" to^'t 
hoa(.c xa^'u kho^ng phu. thuo^.c va`o vie^.c no' la` "pha?n" hay "kho^ng 
pha?n". Tie^'p to^' "pha?n" chi? co' chu+'c na(ng pha^n bie^.t ti'nh cha^'t 
cu?a hie^.n tu+o+.ng chu+' kho^ng mang nghi~a gia' tri. ho.c. Trong mi~ 
ho.c, dde^? phu? ddi.nh mo^.t hie^.n tu+o+.ng nghe^. thua^.t, ngu+o+`i ta 
du`ng tie^'p to^' "phi" chu+' kho^ng du`ng tie^'p to^' "pha?n". Cha(?ng ha.n 
nhu+ cu`ng trong xu hu+o+'ng ban dda^`u cu?a "pha?n tho+", nhu+ng chu? 
nghi~a duy ky~ thua^.t nga^y tho+ cu?a tra`o lu+u vi. lai Italia dda~ la`m 
cho tho+ ca cu?a no' ddi dde^'n cho^~ "phi tho+".
Nhu+ va^.y, mo^.t xu hu+o+'ng hay hie^.n tu+o+.ng tho+ ca "pha?n tho+" va^~n 
ddu+o+.c coi la` tho+ ca, nhu+ng ne^'u no' ddi dde^'n cho^~ "phi tho+" thi` 
no' kho^ng co`n la` tho+ ca nu+~a.Trong cuo^.c so^'ng ha`ng nga`y, chu+~ 
"pha?n" co' the^? co' nhie^`u sa('c tha'i y' nghi~a kha'c nhau. Nhu+ng trong 
mi~ ho.c thi` no' kho^ng he^` co' y' nghi~a tu+. phu? ddi.nh. DDa^y la` 
mo^.t tu+` mo+'i co' the^? la` dda~ ddu+o+.c vay mu+o+.n tu+` va^.t li' 
ho.c. Trong va^.t li' ha.t co+ ba?n ngu+o+`i ta co' thua^.t ngu+~ "ha.t" va` 
"pha?n ha.t". "Pha?n ha.t" kho^ng pha?i la` kho^ng co' ha.t, ma` chi'nh la` 
nhu+~ng ha.t co+ ba?n co' ddie^.n ti'ch hoa(.c mo^men tu+` ngu+o+.c vo+'i 
ddie^.n ti'ch hoa(.c mo^men tu+` cu?a ca'c ha.t tu+o+ng u+'ng, nhu+ pha?n 
ha.t positon la` electron mang ddie^.n ti'ch du+o+ng, pha?n proton la` 
proton mang ddie^.n ti'ch a^m, pha?n neutron la` neutron co' mo^men tu+` 
ngu+o+.c vo+'i mo^men tu+` cu?a neutron. Tuy nhie^n kho^ng the^? kha'i qua't 
hoa' sa('c tha'i na`y cho mo.i li~nh vu+.c cu?a ddo+`i so^'ng. Mo^~i li~nh 
vu+.c cu?a ddo+`i so^'ng dde^`u co' thua^.t ngu+~ rie^ng cu?a no', nhu+ 
trong chi'nh tri. thi` "pha?n ca'ch ma.ng" kho^ng pha?i va^~n la` ca'ch 
ma.ng, "pha?n da^n chu?" kho^ng pha?i va^~n la` da^n chu?. Trong khoa ho.c, 
ca'c thua^.t ngu+~ dde^`u co' nhu+~ng nghi~a dda(.c thu` cu?a rie^ng no' va` 
kho^ng the^? du`ng la^~n hoa(.c du`ng bu+`a ddu+o+.c.
Ra^'t tie^'c la` anh TMH dda~ kho^ng na('m ddu+o+.c ca'i nguye^n ta('c no'i 
tre^n cho ne^n anh dda~ co' pha^`n na`o la.m du.ng tu+` "pha?n"; "pha?n 
tho+", "pha?n phe^ bi`nh". o+? cuo^'n sa'ch "Tho+ pha?n tho+" cu?a anh, anh 
dda~ du`ng kha'i nie^.m "pha?n tho+" vo+'i nghi~a la` "phi tho+". Anh 
vie^'t: "Cu~ng gio^'ng nhu+ na`ng tho+ va^.y, ne^'u qui' vi. lo^.t sa.ch 
mo.i xie^m y thuo^.c ti'nh cu?a na`ng thi` qua? la` su+. pha?n tho+ ro^`i 
co`n gi` ? " (tr. 133).Co' the^? co' ngu+o+`i se~ pha?n ba'c ra(`ng "pha?n 
hay "phi" thi` cu~ng the^', ca^`n gi` pha?i pha^n bie^.t cho ra'ch vie^.c! 
Nhu+ng ca'ch no'i nhu+ va^.y chi? co' the^? cha^'p nha^.n ddu+o+.c o+? 
nhu+~ng ke? "ngoa.i dda.o". Co`n ddo^'i vo+'i nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i dda~ ca^`m 
bu't vie^'t phe^ bi`nh va(n ho.c, thi` ddie^`u ddo' kho^ng the^? cha^'p 
nha^.n ddu+o+.c.
Chu'ng ta ddang tie^'n ha`nh co^ng cuo^.c ho^.i nha^.p vo+'i the^' gio+'i, 
trong ddo' co' ho^.i nha^.p va(n hoa'. Va^.y la`m sao co' the^? ho^.i nha^.p 
ddu+o+.c ne^'u kho^ng co' tie^'ng no'i chung ? Trong ho^.i nha^.p, mo^~i 
da^n to^.c va^~n co' quye^`n va` ca^`n thie^'t pha?i giu+~ gi`n ba?n sa('c 
va(n hoa' cu?a mi`nh, nhu+ng ca'c da^n to^.c du+'t khoa't pha?i tho^'ng 
nha^'t ddu+o+.c vo+'i nhau ve^` phu+o+ng tie^.n va` nguye^n ta('c giao 
tie^'p chung. Trong mi~ ho.c no'i chung va` trong va(n ho.c no'i rie^ng, 
ca'c phu+o+ng tie^.n va` nguye^n ta('c giao tie^'p ddo' la` ca'c he^. 
tho^'ng phu+o+ng pha'p, ca'c pha.m tru` va` thua^.t ngu+~. Ne^'u kho^ng 
tho^'ng nha^'t ddu+o+.c ve^` ddie^?m na`y thi` the^' gio+'i se~ hie^?u la^`m 
la` o+? ta ddang co' mo^.t xu hu+o+'ng "pha?n tho+" dda'ng ca ngo+.i chu+' 
kho^ng pha?i dda'ng phe^ pha'n nhu+ anh TMH quan nie^.m.
DDo.c toa`n bo^. cuo^'n sa'ch Tho+ pha?n tho+, to^i co' nha^.n xe't ra(`ng 
anh TMH vie^'t phe^ bi`nh thie^n ve^` ca?m hu+'ng chu+' chu+a chu' y' dde^'n 
co+ so+? ly' lua^.n, ho.c thua^.t, ma(.c du` thi?nh thoa?ng anh cu~ng chi? 
xua^'t su+' cho ne^n chu'ng kho^ng dda'ng tin, ho+n nu+~a anh ra^'t hay 
vie^.n da^~n dde^'n Kinh Tha'nh, ma` Kinh Tha'nh thi` la` huye^`n thoa.i va` 
gia'o ly' chu+' kho^ng pha?i la` sa'ch ly' lua^.n. Ta^'t nhie^n anh va^~n 
co' the^? khai tha'c Kinh Tha'nh hoa(.c ba^'t cu+' mo^.t ta'c pha^?m huye^`n 
thoa.i na`o kha'c, nhu+ng vie^.c khai tha'c na`y pha?i ho+.p ly' va` chi? 
la` co+ so+? dde^? ddi dde^'n nhu+~ng quan nie^.m ly' lua^.n cha(.t che~. 
Song anh TMH dda~ kho^ng la`m the^'. Chi'nh vi` va^.y ma` dda~ co' nhu+~ng 
ddi.nh dde^` ra^'t "nghe^. si~" chu+' kho^ng co' co+ so+? khoa ho.c. Mo+? 
dda^`u cuo^'n sa'ch anh kha(?ng ddi.nh:"tho+ chi'nh la` tuo^?i tho+ cu?a 
loa`i ngu+o+`i co`n so't la.i" (tr.15). o+? dda^y, "tho+" va` "tuo^?i tho+" 
la` hai tu+` ddo^`ng a^m kha'c nghi~a, kho^ng hie^?u ta.i sao anh la.i xe^'p 
va`o cu`ng mo^.t ha`ng! Sau ddo' anh la.i chu+'ng minh ba(`ng nhu+~ng lua^.n 
cu+' he^'t su+'c vo^ ly', cha(?ng co' mo^'i quan he^. na`o ca?. To^i kho^ng 
hie^?u ca^u no'i "DDi ho?i gia`, ve^` nha` ho?i tre?" thi` co' lie^n quan 
gi` dde^'n ca'i ddi.nh dde^` no?i tre^n cu?a anh. (Ma` thu+.c ra ca'i ddi.nh 
dde^` na`y cu?a anh chi? la` mo^.t nguy. ddi.nh dde^` kho^ng the^? chu+'ng 
minh no^?i. Ro^`i anh co`n no'i: "Tu+` tho+`i co^? Hy La.p cho ma~i dde^'n 
nu+?a dda^`u the^' ky? thu+' mu+o+`i chi'n, ngu+o+`i ta go.i ta^'t ca? ca'c 
khoa ho.c la` thi ca" (tr.6). Hay:" the^' ky? thu+' tu+ tru+o+'c co^ng 
nguye^n, trong cuo^'n Thi pha'p no^?i tie^'ng cu?a mi`nh, Aristote go^.p ca? 
trie^'t ho.c, khoa ho.c va` nghe^. thua^.t va`o mo^.t the^? loa.i la` Tho+ 
(tr.140). Sao anh lie^`u the^' ? Pha't bie^?u nhu+~ng lo+`i quan tro.ng 
dda.i ngo^n nhu+ va^.y ma` cha(?ng he^` co' minh chu+'ng gi` ca?. To^i dda~ 
xem la.i ba?n di.ch ta'c pha^?m Nghe^. thua^.t tho+ ca cu?a Aristote dda(ng 
tre^n Ta.p chi' Va(n ho.c nu+o+'c ngoa`i, so^' 1 - 1997, va` to^i cu~ng xem 
la.i ca? ba?n di.ch ra tie^'ng Anh xua^'t ba?n ta.i Oxford na(m 1954, ma` 
kho^ng he^` tha^'y co' y' na`o nhu+ va^.y ca?. Chu+a he^'t, anh co`n tuye^n 
bo^': "So vo+'i ca'c nghe^. thua^.t kha'c, thi ca bao gio+` cu~ng chi? la` 
thu+' nghe^. thua^.t da`nh cho so^' i't, cho mo^.t ddo^'i tu+o+.ng he^'t 
su+'c cho.n lo.c" (tr.7). Va` la^`n na`y thi` anh tri'ch Maiako^pxki (nhu+ng 
kho^ng co' xua^'t xu+'). Nhu+ng Maia la.i no'i ve^` va(n nghe^. no'i chung 
va` no'i trong quan he^. vo+'i tuye^n truye^`n, chu+' kho^ng dde^` ca^.p 
rie^ng dde^'n thi ca. Va? la.i cha(?ng ca^`n tri'ch da^~n ai ta cu~ng tha^'y 
ngay su+. phi ly' cu?a ca^u kha(?ng ddi.nh tre^n. Ha~y chu+'ng minh ngay 
ba(`ng thu+.c te^' li.ch su+? cu?a va(n ho.c nha^n loa.i chu+' cha(?ng ca^`n 
pha?i vie^.n da^~n ca'c "lo+`i sa^'m" cu?a ai ca?. ngay ca? trong li~nh 
vu+.c lo^gic tho^ng thu+o+`ng anh cu~ng co' nhu+~ng lo+`i kha(?ng ddi.nh 
nga^~u hu+'ng phi ly' nhu+:" Con ga^'u a(n mo^.t thu+' ma^.t ngo.t nha^'t 
ddo+`i la` ma^.t ong dde^? sinh ra mo^.t thu+' dda('ng nha^'t ddo+`i la` 
ma^.t ga^'u". Co' ddu'ng la` ma^.t ong sinh ra ma^.t ga^'u kho^ng? Kie^'n 
thu+'c sinh va^.t ho.c cu?a anh la^'y o+? dda^u ra va^.y? DDa~ dda`nh ra(`ng 
dda^y la` ca'ch no'i vi' von, nhu+ng vi' von cu~ng pha?i co' co+ so+? khoa 
ho.c thi` mo+'i co' su+'c thuye^'t phu.c.
DDa^y chi? la` nhu+~ng vi' du. to^i la^'y chu? ye^'u trong mo^.t ba`i cu?a 
anh dde^? cho tha^'y anh vie^'t phe^ bi`nh "amato+" nhu+ the^' na`o. DDie^`u 
ddo' cu~ng kho^ng co' gi` la` nga.c nhie^n khi chu'ng ta ddo.c ddu+o+.c 
lo+`i "tuye^n ngo^n" cu?a anh ngay trong ta^.p sa'ch na`y: "Phe^ bi`nh tho+ 
ma` thie^'u say, thie^'u bo^'c, thie^'u ca?m xu'c rung ddo^.ng, thie^'u ca'i 
bay bo^?ng ra.t ra`o thi` chu+a the^? go.i la` nghe^. thua^.t, ca`ng kho^ng 
the^? go.i la` sa'ng ta.o ddu+o+.c (tr.22). Co' nghi~a la` anh kho^ng coi 
phe^ bi`nh la` khoa ho.c ma` chi? la` sa'ng ta.o nghe^. thua^.t. DDa^y la` 
quan ddie^?m kho^ng the^? cha^'p nha^.n ddu+o+.c.Qua? thu+.c, va(n phe^ 
bi`nh cu?a anh TMH ra^'t "bo^'c". Pha?i thu+`a nha^.n la` o+? nhu+~ng cho^~ 
na`o ma` ca'i "bo^'c" cu?a anh kho^ng ma^u thua^~n vo+'i co+ so+? ho.c 
thua^.t va` kho^ng ca^`n co' co+ so+? ho.c thua^.t la`m ha^.u thua^~n thi` 
va(n vie^'t cu?a anh kha' ha^'p da^~n va` ga^y a^'n tu+o+.ng. Tie^'c ra(`ng 
nhu+~ng cho^~ ca^`n co' co+ so+? ho.c thua^.t trong cuo^'n sa'ch cu?a anh 
kho^ng pha?i la` i't, ma` nhu+~ng co+ so+? ho.c thua^.t na`y, co' the^? do 
anh sao nha~ng hoa(.c do ddi.nh kie^'n ma` anh kho^ng quan ta^m. Cha(?ng 
ha.n anh hay ddi.nh kie^'n vo+'i ca'c tra`o lu+u hie^.n dda.i phu+o+ng Ta^y. 
DDo.c ca'c ba`i vie^'t cu?a anh thi` ngu+o+`i ta kho^ng the^? cha^'p nha^.n 
ddu+o+.c chu? nghi~a hie^.n sinh va` pha^`n na`o chu? nghi~a sie^u thu+.c. 
Nhu+ng co' thu+.c chu? nghi~a hie^.n sinh xa^'u dde^'n mu+'c a^'y kho^ng ? 
Ne^'u co' xa^'u dde^'n mu+'c the^' thi` ta.i sao Camus co`n cho ra ddo+`i 
ddu+o+.c cuo^'n tie^?u thuye^'t "Di.ch ha.ch", mo^.t ta'c pha^?m mang y' 
nghi~a nha^n dda.o va`o loa.i sa^u sa('c nha^'t cu?a va(n ho.c the^' ky? XX.
Co' the^? no'i, ddo.c cuo^'n sa'ch Tho+ pha?n tho+ ddo^i cho^~ ta co' ca?m 
gia'c ha^~ng hu.t. Ta'c gia? dda~ co' co^ng ddo'ng go'p phe^ pha'n mo^.t 
so^' bie^?u hie^.n le^.ch la.c trong tho+ Vie^.t Nam hie^.n dda.i, nhu+ng 
cuo^'n sa'ch va^~n nhu+ thie^'u mo^.t ca'i gi` ddo', va` co' le~ ca'i 
thie^'u ddo' la` cha^'t khoa ho.c cu?a phe^ bi`nh. Ma(.t kha'c, do kho^ng 
co' su+. bie^n soa.n la.i, cho ne^n no' la.i co' cho^~ thu+`a. DDo' la` 
mo^.t loa.t ba`i co' chu? dde^` gio^'ng nhau le~ ra pha?i ddu+o+.c bie^n 
soa.n la.i tru+o+'c khi ddu+a ga`o sa'ch. "Sa'ch" kho^ng pha?i chi? ddo+n 
thua^`n la` su+. ta^.p ho+.p ca'c ba`i ba'o. Tu+` ba`i ba'o dde^'n sa'ch 
ca^`n pha?i co' su+. bie^n soa.n dde^? la`m cho cuo^'n sa'ch co' mo^.t ma.ch 
lie^n ke^'t su'c ti'ch va` ma.ch la.c. Co' nhu+ the^' mo+'i ga^y ddu+o+.c 
hie^.u qua? tho^ng tin cho ngu+o+`i ddo.c. Chu'ng to^i vie^'t nhu+~ng 
ddie^`u tre^n dda^y dde^? ddi dde^'n mo^.t ke^'t lua^.n dda~ ddu+o+.c co^ng 
nha^.n tu+` la^u la`: phe^ bi`nh kho^ng chi? la` nghe^. thua^.t ma` co`n 
pha?i la` khoa ho.c. Hay no'i ddu'ng ho+n: phe^ bi`nh tru+o+'c he^'t pha?i 
la` khoa ho.c ro^`i sau mo+'i la` nghe^. thua^.t. Ma` dda~ la` khoa ho.c 
thi` pha?i cha^'p nha^.n nhu+~ng nguye^n ta('c chung ma` the^' gio+'i dda~ 
nha^'t tri'. Nga`y nay, ho+n lu'c na`o he^'t, trong ky? nguye^n cu?a ho^.i 
nha^.p, giao lu+u, la`m khoa ho.c kho^ng the^? kho^ng co' su+. ho+.p ta'c 
quo^'c te^', ne^'u kho^ng se~ co' nguy co+ ro+i va`o ti`nh tra.ng "pha't 
hie^.n la.i cha^u My~". Kho^ng ne^n ti`m ca'ch mo+? mo^.t ca'nh cu+?a dda~ 
mo+? sa(~n va` ca`ng kho^ng ne^n du`ng mo^.t kha'i nie^.m dda~ co' nghi~a 
o^?n ddi.nh dde^? ga'n cho no' mo^.t nghi~a kha'c. Muo^'n sa'ng ta.o ca'i 
mo+'i ca^`n pha?i ti`m hie^?u ca'i cu~. DDo' la` tra'ch nhie^.m cao ca? cu?a 
ca'c nha` khoa ho.c. Vo+'i nhu+~ng y' kie^'n cha^n tha`nh tre^n dda^y, to^i 
mong ra(`ng anh TMH se~ hie^?u cho tra'ch nhie^.m vi` khoa ho.c cu?a to^i, 
va` ne^'u co' ddie^`u gi` kho^ng vu+`a lo`ng, mong anh lu+o+.ng thu+' cho./.

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