Re: Ti'nh ca'ch ngu+o+`i Vie^.t (tie^'p)

[Tran Minh Tien <tran@idefix.mpipks-dresden.mpg.de>]

Cha`o ca'c ba'c,

Ba'c Ho^`ng La^m  o+i,  khi to^i dda~ pha?i ddu+a kha'i nie^.m 
"ddo^`ng nha^'t ti'nh tu+o+ng ddo^'i" la` to^i dda~ "ha`nh"
la('m ro^`i ddo' ba'c\. 

DDo^`ng nha^'t ti'nh tu+o+ng ddo^'i kho^ng co' nghi~a la`
pha?i 100% nhu+ nhau\. Muo^'n hie^?u theo nghi~a tho^'ng 
ke^ thi`  dda^'y cu~ng chi'nh la` no'\. Nhu+ng kho^ng co'
1 thu+' tho^'ng ke^ na`o co' the^? thu+.c hie^.n ddu+o+.c
o+? ngoa`i kho^ng-tho+`i gian\. Chi?  co' tho^'ng ke^ trong
cu.c bo^. kho^ng-tho+`i gian ma` tho^i\. Va^'n dde^` se~
o+? cho^~ ca'i cu. bo^. kho^ng-tho+`i gian na`y "ro^.ng"
dde^'n co+~ na`o\. DDie^`u na`y phu. thuo^.c va`o va^.t
the^? (object) ma` ta muo^'n ti`m hie^?u\. Khi ti`m tha^'y su+.
ma^u thua^~n cu?a va^.t the^? o+? 2 ddi.a ddie^?m kho^ng-tho+`i
gian kha'c nhau, thi` kho^ng co' nghi~a va^.t the^? ddo'
ma^u thua^~n, ma` ddo+n gia?n la` no' kho^ng co' ddo^`ng 
nha^'t ti'nh tu+o+ng ddo^'i trong 2 cu.c bo^. kho^ng-tho+`i
gian kha'c nhau ddo'\. Vi' du. ca'c ba'c tho^'ng ke^ dda(.c
ti'nh o+? tho+`i bi`nh va` tho+`i chie^'n, ca'c ba'c tha^'y
ti'nh ca'ch kha'c nhau hay ma^u thua^~n nhau\. DDo' la` do
kho^ng co' ddo^`ng nha^'t ti'nh trong 2 cu.c bo^. ddo'\.
DDa^y la` va^'n dde^` co^? ddie^?n, la`m the^' na`o dde^?
ddi tu+` "tu+. tu+o+'ng" (particularity) dde^'n "co^.ng 
tu+o+'ng" (extensionarity). To^i ho.c ddu+o+.c ca'i na`y
o+?  Hue^. Thi, Co^ng To^n Long\. "Ba.ch ma~ phi ma~" la` 
va^.y\. Xe't ve^` ma(.t "tu+. tu+o+'ng" thi` ngu+.a tra('ng
kho^ng pha?i la` ngu+.a, xe't ve^` ma(.t "co^.ng tu+o+'ng"
thi` ngu+.a tra('ng la` ngu+.a\. Muo^'n xem dda^u la` "co^.ng
tu+o+'ng" thi` pha?i ti`m ca'i chung, chu+' kho^ng pha?i ti`m
ca'i rie^ng, cai' ma^u thua^~n. Khi dda~ co' "co^.ng tu+o+'ng"
ro^`i, thi` cu~ng kho^ng the^? ddu+a no' va`o 1 "tu+. tu+o+'ng"
na`o ddu+o+.c dde^? no'i ra(`ng no' ma^u thua^~n\. Vi' du.,
ti`m hie^?u "ti'nh ca'ch VN", ddo' la` su+. "co^.ng tu+o+'ng"\.
Kho^ng the^? ddu+a "ti'nh ca'ch VN" na`y va`o 1 "tu+. tu+o+'ng"
cu. the^?, mo^.t cu.c bo^. kho^ng-tho+`i gian cu?a cu.c bo^.
kho^ng-tho+`i gian "co^.ng tu+o+'ng" na`o ddu+o+.c\. Vi' du.
kha'c, khi ca'c ba'c no'i dda(.c ddie^?m "ddoa`n ke^'t" va` 
"kho^ng chi.u ddu+o+.c ngu+o+`i kha'c", thi` dda^y la` 2 
"tu+. tu+o+'ng", 2 "tu+. tu+o+'ng" na`y co' ca'i gi` chung ? 
Kho^ng the^? go^.p chung la` "ddoa`n ke^'t + kho^ng chi.u ddu+o+.c
ngu+o+`i kha'c" ddu+o+.c, cu~ng nhu+ kho^ng the^? go^.p
ngu+.a tra('ng, ngu+.a ho^`ng tha`nh "ngu+.a tra('ng + ho^`ng",
tra('ng va` ho^`ng la` 2 "tu+. tu+o+'ng" kho^ng co' gi` chung\.

Tra^`n Minh Tie^'n