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VNSA-L digest 306
VNSA-L Digest 306
Topics covered in this issue include:
1) Re: Specificity
by vuca@envi.env.civil.saitama-u.ac.jp (Vu Thanh Ca)
2) RE: Ro^`ng bay phu+o+.ng mu'a ?
by Tuan Pham <tuan.pham@unsw.edu.au>
3) Re: Specificity
by Tran Minh Tien <tran@idefix.mpipks-dresden.mpg.de>
4) Re: Ti'nh ca'ch... (3)
by Tran Minh Tien <tran@idefix.mpipks-dresden.mpg.de>
5) Ba'o VN: Tho+`i su+. kinh te^'
by Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
6) Ba'o VN: Tin va(.t
by Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
7) Ba'o VN: ti`nh tra.ng thue^ la^.u co^ng nha^n nu+o+'c ngoa`i
by Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
8) Ba'o VN: CD-ROM "Nhu+~ng ngo^i chu`a no^?i tie^'ng Vie^.t Nam"
by Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
9) Ba'o VN: TPHCM ca^`n 133,641 ti? ddo^`ng dde^? pha't trie^?n
by Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
10) Ba'o VN: tin Ha` No^.i, Sa`i Go`n v.v.
by Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
11) Ba'o VN: truye^.n nga('n "Ca'i ti`nh chi"
by Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
12) Paracels and Spratleys
by huy.duong@ctsu.ox.ac.uk
13) re:Re: Re[2]: Take something back to Vietnam
by "Thai Nguyen" <tinguyen@nortel.ca>
14) Nu'i lu+?a Ha`m Ro^`ng (Gia Lai) co' hoa.t ddo^.ng tro+? la.i ?
by Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
15) Re: "Independence" Movement in Xinjiang/China
by Minh Dang <dang@par.univie.ac.at>
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Topic No. 1
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 97 18:32:25 JST
From: vuca@envi.env.civil.saitama-u.ac.jp (Vu Thanh Ca)
To: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu
Subject: Re: Specificity
Message-ID: <9703270932.AA03283@envi.env.civil.saitama-u.ac.jp>
At 3:06 AM 97.3.27 -0600, Dung Trong Nguyen wrote:
> Kho^n ngoan ddo^'i dda'p ngu+o+`i ngoa`i
> Ga` cu`ng mo^.t me. cho+' hoa`i dda' nhau
>
Co' ba?n che'p the^' na`y ba'c Du~ng a.
Kho^n ngoan dda' dda'p ngu+o+`i ngoa`i
Ga` cu`ng mo^.t me. cho+' hoa`i dda' nhau
*** dda'p co' nghi~a la` ne'm o+? nhie^`u vu`ng mie^`n Ba('c.
DDa' va` ne'm thi` ddi vo+'i dda' o+? ca^u du+o+'i chua^?n
ho+n co' pha?i kho^ng?
Ca.
------------------------------
Topic No. 2
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 1997 20:47:25 -0800
From: Tuan Pham <tuan.pham@unsw.edu.au>
To: vnsa-l <vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu>
Subject: RE: Ro^`ng bay phu+o+.ng mu'a ?
Message-ID: <333B4D5D.75AB@unsw.edu.au>
Ba'c Tie^'n ho?i ba'c Huy
>no'i nhu+ ro^`ng bay phu+o+.ng mu'a ...
>...
> ba'c hie^?u "ro^`ng bay phu+o+.ng mu'a" nhu+ the^' na`o ?
Hello
Tie^'ng Vie^.t thi` do^'t ma` ca^u ho?i ho'c bu'a,
nhu+ng cu~ng thu+? tra? lo+`i dda.i, co' ba^.y ca'c ba'c
su+?a giu`m. Xa nha` ma^'y chu.c na(m ro^`i, no'i sai cu~ng
kho^ng co' gi` la` que^ :)
Ho^`i xu+a to^i nho+' mang ma'ng tha`nh ngu+~ "chu+~
nhu+ ro^`ng bay phu+o+.ng mu'a" chi? chu+~ (nha^'t la`
chu+~ nho) vie^'t dde.p, nhu+ la` ma^'y ca'i fonts
Phu+o+ng Tha?o, Tha Hu+o+ng cu?a Trichlor ddo'. Co`n
tha`nh ngu+~
"no'i nhu+ ro^`ng bay phu+o+.ng mu'a"
thi` to^i chu+a nghe bao gio+`. Co' pha?i la` vu+`a no'i
vu+`a uo^'n e'o o~ng e.o nhu+ Nguye^~n Cao Ky` Duye^n
kho^ng? :)))
Cheers
Tuan Pham
------------------------------
Topic No. 3
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 1997 10:56:14 +0100 (MET)
From: Tran Minh Tien <tran@idefix.mpipks-dresden.mpg.de>
To: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu
Subject: Re: Specificity
Message-ID: <9703270956.AA05683@idefix.mpipks-dresden.mpg.de>
Hi all,
I think I could not answer your postings, otherwise
I will violate Admin requests.
Concerning "ro^`ng bay phu+o+.ng mu'a", I think you
can find it in any good dictionary.
Regards,
Tran Minh Tien
------------------------------
Topic No. 4
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 1997 11:02:23 +0100 (MET)
From: Tran Minh Tien <tran@idefix.mpipks-dresden.mpg.de>
To: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu
Subject: Re: Ti'nh ca'ch... (3)
Message-ID: <9703271002.AA03798@idefix.mpipks-dresden.mpg.de>
>
> Nhu+ng Ta`u chi? co' Ngo^. vo+'i Ni. tho^i. Co`n ta thi` co' ca? ta^'n chu+~.
Co`n nga~ nu+~a\. Ngay ca? to^i, ta ... to^i cu~ng ngo+` co' go^'c Ta`u\.
Ne^'u no'i tie^'ng Anh kho^ng xoa'y cu?a DDu+'c thi` DDu+'c xoa'y cu?a
Latin va^.y\.
Cheers, Tien.
> Kho^ng the^? no'i tie^'ng Anh la` xoa'y cu?a Ddu+'c ddu+o+.c vi` chi'nh
> da^n A(nglo-Saxon cu~ng la` gio`ng Nha^.t nhi~ man tu+` Ddan ma.ch qua.
> Cheers
> NAV
>
------------------------------
Topic No. 5
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 1997 02:06:09 -0800 (PST)
From: Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
To: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu
Subject: Ba'o VN: Tho+`i su+. kinh te^'
Message-ID: <Pine.SGI.3.91.970326000234.6104E-100000@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
Tho+`i su+. kinh te^'
T.Th
Ba'o Thanh nie^n So^' 44 (18/3/1997)
TP Ho^` Chi' Minh : Ca^`n 133,641 ti? ddo^`ng dda^`u tu+ pha't trie^?n
trong giai ddoa.n 1996-2000
Dda^y la` con so^' u+o+'c ti'nh ddu+o+.c UBND TP Ho^` Chi' Minh ddu+a ra
trong ba?n quy hoa.ch kinh te^' xa~ ho^.i TP Ho^` Chi' Minh dde^'n na(m
2000 - 2010. Ba?n quy hoa.ch na`y dda~ ddu+o+.c dde^. tri`nh le^n Bo^.
Ke^' hoa.ch dda^`u tu+ dde^? tha^?m ddi.nh. Theo ba?n quy hoa.ch na`y,
vo+'i so^' vo^'n dda^`u tu+ 133.64 ti? ddo^`ng, trong giai ddoa.n 1996 -
2000, TP Ho^` Chi' Minh :se~ dda.t to^'c ddo^. ta(ng GDP bi`nh qua^n 15%
va` GDP bi`nh qua^n dda^`u ngu+o+`i va`o na(m 2000 la` 1.606 USD. Nhu
ca^`u vo^'n dda^'u tu+ ha`ng na(m va`o khoa?ng 26.728,2 ti? ddo^`ng,
trong ddo' nguo^`n vo^'n tu+` nga^n sa'ch 2.405,5 ti? ddo^`ng (chie^'m
9%), tu+` doanh nghie^.p tu+ nha^n 8.285,7 ti? ddo^`ng (31%), tu+` doanh
nghie^.p nha` nu+o+'c 5.078, 4 ti? ddo^`ng (18%), tu+` vo^'n dda^`u tu+
nu+o+'c ngoa`i 10.958,6 ti? ddo^`ng (41%). Trong nhu+~ng na(m to+'i, TP
Ho^` Chi' Minh se~ u+u tie^n nguo^`n vo^'n cho pha't trie^?n kinh te^'.
Khu vu+.c III (khu vu+.c di.ch vu.) vo+'i so^' vo^'n pha^n bo^? dda^`u tu+
bi`nh qua^n la` 15.419,8 ti? ddo^`ng (57,6%), Khu vu+.c II (co^ng nghie^.p
xa^y du+.ng) 11.161,7 ti? ddo^`ng (41, 76%) va` Khu vu+.c I (khu vu+.c
no^ng la^m, khai tha'c) la` 146,7 ti? ddo^`ng (0,55%).
------------------------------
Topic No. 6
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 1997 02:07:33 -0800 (PST)
From: Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
To: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu
Subject: Ba'o VN: Tin va(.t
Message-ID: <Pine.SGI.3.91.970326000641.6104J-100000@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
Na(m 1996 lao ddo^.ng Vie^.t Nam o+? nu+o+'c ngoa`i dda~ chuye^?n 1.650
ti? ddo^`ng ve^` cho tha^n nha^n
Ng. Thuy?
Ba'o Thanh nie^n So^' 44 (18/3/1997)
(TN) Bo^. LDd-TB-H cho bie^'t co^ng ta'c xua^'t kha^?u lao ddo^.ng na(m
qua va^n pha't trie^?n to^'t, hie^.u qua? kinh te^' dda.t cao. Theo Cu.c
Qua?n ly' lao ddo^.ng vo+'i nu+o+'c ngoa`i (CQLLDdVNN) dde^'n nay co`n
khoa?ng 25.000 lao ddo^.ng Vie^.t Nam ddang la`m vie^.c o+? 30 ddi.a ba`n
kha'c nhau tre^n the^' gio+'i. Rie^ng na(m 1996 ddu+a ddi ddu+o+.c 12.661
ngu+o+`i, ta(ng 15,6 la^`n so vo+'i na(m 1992. Ti'nh toa'n so+ bo^. cu?a
CQLLDdVNN, to^?ng so^' tie^`n ngu+o+`i lao ddo^.ng Vie^.t Nam o+? nu+o+'c
ngoa`i chuye^?n ve^` tu+` ma^'y na(m qua u+o+'c khoa?ng 360 trie^.u USD ;
rie^ng na(m 1996 la` 150 trie^.u USD tu+o+ng ddu+o+ng vo+'i 1.650 ti?
ddo^`ng Vie^.t Nam.
200 ngu+o+`i se~ tham gia ha`nh tri`nh xuye^n Vie^.t la^`n 4 na(m 1997
(TN) Trong cuo^.c ho.p ba'o tua^`n qua ta.i Kha'c sa.n Prince (TP Ho^` Chi
Mi'nh), Co^ng ty Du li.ch Vie^.t Nam va` Vie^.t Nam Evenements Ltd. 2
ddo+n vi. to^? chu+'c cuo^.c ha`nh tri`nh xuye^n Vie^.t dda.t nhie^`u
ke^'t qua? kha? quan trong ca'c na(m qua cho bie^'t se~ co' khoa?ng 200
ngu+o+`i tham gia ha`nh tri`nh xuye^n Vie^.t la^`n 4 na(m 1997, ba('t
dda^`u tu+` nga`y 8.4 to+'i. Ha`nh tri`nh se~ chia la`m 2 tuye^'n. Tuye^'n
phi'a Ba('c xua^'t pha't tu+` Ha` No^.i nga`y 8.4. dde^'n Sapa - So+n La -
Hoa` Bi`nh - Ha?i Pho`ng va` ke^'t thu'c ta.i Ha. Long (Qua?ng Ninh) va`o
nga`y 15.4, vo+'i to^?ng chie^`u da`i 1.400 km. Tuye^'n phi'a Nam se~
xua^'t pha't tu+` Hue^' nga`y 18.4 qua Dda` Na(~ng, Qua?ng Nga~i, Kon Tum,
Dda('c La('c, La^m Ddo^`ng va` ke^'t thu'c ta.i TP Ho^` Chi' Minh nga`y
23.4 vo+'i to^?ng chie^`u da`i 1.200 km, 200 ngu+o+`i du+. ha`nh tri`nh
se~ ddi tre^n khoa?ng 100 mo^-to^, xe Jeep va` mo^.t so^' xe hai ca^`u
kha'c. Su+. kie^.n na`y ba('t dda^`u tu+` na(m nay se~ die^~n ra va`o
tha'ng 4 ha`ng na(m, ra^'t thu hu't ddu+o+.c kha'ch du li.ch nu+o+'c
ngoa`i.
TP Dda` Na(~ng : The^m ta`u du li.ch va` nha` ha`ng no^?i tre^n so^ng Ha`n
(TN) Co^ng ty Cung u+'ng ky~ thua^.t va` Pha't trie^?n vu+`a kho+?i co^ng
ddo'ng ta`u nha` ha`ng no^?i so^ng Ha`n ho^m 10-3 ta.i Xi' nghie^.p Ddo'ng
ta`u An Ha?i Ta^y va` du+. kie^'n se~ ddu+a co^ng tri`nh na`y va`o hoa.t
ddo^.ng tu+` tha'ng 7.97, go'p pha^`n la`m phong phu' the^m ca'c loa.i
hi`nh di.ch vu. phu.c vu. nha^n da^n tha`nh pho^' va` kha'ch du li.ch
dde^'n Dda` Na(~ng. Ta`u nha` ha`ng no^?i go^`m hai ta^`ng vo+'i 350 cho^~
ngo^`i. To^?ng vo^'n dda^`u tu+ cho co^ng tri`nh na`y khoa?ng 4,1 ti?
ddo^`ng do Danatours, Co^ng ty Xa^y la('p ddie^.n 3, Chi nha'nh Sa`i Go`n
Tourist ta.i Dda` Na(`ng va` Co^ng ty Cung u+'ng ky~ thua^.t - Pha't
trie^?n thuy? sa?n Dda` Na(~ng go'p vo^'n lie^n doanh.
Sa'ng nga`y 14/3/1997, cu~ng ta.i Xi' nghie^.p Ddo'ng ta`u An Ha?i Ta^y,
ta`u du li.ch Ha`n Giang dda~ ddu+o+.c ha. thuy? co' kha? na(ng ddu+a
60-80 du kha'ch ddi tham quan tre^n so^ng Ha`n, ba'n dda?o So+n Tra`, Cu`
Lao Cha`m (Ho^.i An)... Tre^n ta`u co' dda^`y ddu? ca'c di.ch vu. gia?i
tri' nhu+ nha` ha`ng, karaoke...
Long An : Mo^.t ca^n bo^. LDd-TB-XH tham o^ tie^`n cu?a 15 gia ddi`nh
chi'nh sa'ch
(TN) Vu+`a qua, mo^.t ca'n bo^. phu. tra'ch - ti?nh Long An chie^'m ddoa.t
tie^`n tro+. ca^'p, lu+o+ng hu+u cu?a 15 ho^. gia ddi`nh thuo^.c die^.n
chi'nh sa'ch cu?a xa~ na`y va` ddang ga^y ba^'t bi`nh trong nha^n da^n
ddi.a phu+o+ng. Theo ke^'t lua^.n cu?a Thanh tra nga`nh, ngu+o+`i thu+.c
hie^.n ha`nh vi vo^ dda.o na`y te^n la` Pha.m Va(n Re. So^' tie^`n y
chie^'m ddoa.t tuy kho^ng lo+'n (to^?ng co^.ng 14.530.000 dd) nhu+ng ti'nh
cha^'t vu. vie^.c la` nghie^m tro.ng. Ca'c co+ quan chu+'c na(ng ddang
hoa`n ta^'t ho^` so+ kho+?i to^' vu. a'n.
------------------------------
Topic No. 7
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 1997 02:09:20 -0800 (PST)
From: Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
To: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu
Subject: Ba'o VN: ti`nh tra.ng thue^ la^.u co^ng nha^n nu+o+'c ngoa`i
Message-ID: <Pine.SGI.3.91.970327020842.13860D-100000@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
y' kie^'n ddoa`n vie^n
Ba'o ddo^.ng ve^` ti`nh tra.ng thue^ la^.u co^ng nha^n nu+o+'c ngoa`i
Ba'o Lao ddo^.ng So^' 44 (18/3/1997)
Hie^.n nay ra^'t nhie^`u co^ng nha^n nu+o+'c ngoa`i (chu? ye^'u la` co^ng
nha^n Trung Quo^'c) ddang la`m vie^.c ta.i ca'c co^ng tri`nh xa^y du+.ng
o+? TP. Ho^` Chi' Minh, Ddo^`ng Nai, So^ng Be', Ba` Ri.a - Vu~ng Ta`u, Ha`
No^.i, Ha?i Pho`ng, Qua?ng Ninh... Ta.i co^ng tru+o+`ng xa^y du+.ng nha`
ma'y ddie^.n Hie^.p Phu+o+'c (TP Ho^` Chi' Minh) co' to+'i 559 ngu+o+`i
quo^'c ti.ch Trung Quo^'c, 31 ngu+o+`i Dda`i Loan ; Co^ng ty lie^n doan
Dda.i Ha?i (Ha?i Pho`ng) co' ga^`n 40 co^ng nha^n Trung Quo^'c.
Vie^.c thue^ la^.u co^ng nha^n nu+o+'c ngoa`i cu?a ca'c chu? dda^`u tu+
nu+o+'c ngoa`i la` tra'i vo+'i ca'c quy ddi.nh cu?a lua^.t pha'p Vie^.t
Nam. Theo quy ddi.nh ve^` nha` tha^`u phu. cu?a Bo^. Xa^y du+.ng, ca'c
nha` tha^`u nu+o+'c ngoa`i "chi? ddu+o+.c ddu+a va`o Vie^.t Nam ca'c ca'n
bo^. qua?n ly', ca'n bo^. ky~ thua^.t, tho+. ca? ma` Vie^.t Nam kho^ng
ddu? kha? na(ng dda'p u+'ng". Hie^.n nay ra^'t nhie^`u tho+. ha`n, tho+.
xa^y, tho+. ddie^.n, tho+. trang tri' no^.i tha^'t cu?a Trung Quo^'c ddang
la`m vie^.c trong ca'c doanh nghie^.p Vie^.t Nam. Nghi. ddi.nh so^' 58/CP
(3/10/1996) cu?a Chi'nh phu? Vie^.t Nam ve^` ca^'p gia^'y phe'p lao
ddo^.ng cho ngu+o+`i nu+o+'c ngoa`i la`m vie^.c ta.i ca'c doanh nghie^.p,
to^? chu+'c o+? Vie^.t Nam cu~ng ne^u ro~ : Ta^'t ca? ngu+o+`i nu+o+'c
ngoa`i va`o Vie^.t Nam la`m vie^.c, kinh doanh dde^`u pha?i co' gia^'y
phe'p hoa.t ddo^.ng co' tho+`i ha.n.
Dda^y la` ti`nh tra.ng ra^'t dda'ng ba'o ddo^.ng kho^ng chi? la`m a?nh
hu+o+?ng dde^'n an ninh, tra^.t tu+. xa~ ho^.i ma` co`n ca.nh tranh vie^.c
la`m cu?a co^ng nha^n Vie^.t Nam , trong khi nhie^`u no+i co^ng nha^n
nu+o+'c ta co`n thie^'u vie^.c (nha^'t la` nga`nh xa^y du+.ng, giao
tho^ng, thuy? lo+.i). Dde^` nghi. ca'c co+ quan chu+'c na(ng nhu+ Bo^.
No^.i vu., Bo^. LDd-TB-XH, Bo^. Ke^' hoa.ch va` Dda^`u tu+, To^?ng
LDdLDdVN, Thanh tra Nha` nu+o+'c ca^`n co' ca'c bie^.n pha'p dde^? nga(n
cha(.n ti`nh tra.ng tre^n.
T.T.S
------------------------------
Topic No. 8
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 1997 02:09:52 -0800 (PST)
From: Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
To: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu
Subject: Ba'o VN: CD-ROM "Nhu+~ng ngo^i chu`a no^?i tie^'ng Vie^.t Nam"
Message-ID: <Pine.SGI.3.91.970327020923.13860E-100000@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
Ngu+o+`i va` vie^.c
* CD-ROM "Nhu+~ng ngo^i chu`a no^?i tie^'ng Vie^.t Nam"
V.V
Ba'o Lao ddo^.ng So^' 44 (18/3/1997)
La` cuo^'n sa'ch ddie^.n tu+? dda^`u tie^n vo+'i tie^u chua^?n Multimedia
ddu+o+.c Co^ng ty Tin ho.c Tin Vie^.t (TPHCM) ho+.p ta'c vo+'i NXB Va(n
hoa' - Tho^ng tin va` ta'c gia? Vo~ Va(n Tru+o+`ng bie^n soa.n tre^n ddi~a
CD-ROM. Sa'ch gio+'i thie^.u 300 ngo^i chu`a dda(.c sa('c trong kho ta`ng
quy' gia' cu?a ho+n 14.000 ngo^i chu`a Pha^.t gia'o o+? Vie^.t Nam , vo+'i
2.200 ta^'m a?nh tu+ lie^.u ddu+o+.c ta'c gia? chu.p trong suo^'t 15 na(m
qua, mo^.t so^' ba`i nha.c Pha^.t gia'o ddu+o+.c bie^n soa.n hoa` a^m
pho^'i khi' MIDI, cu`ng nhie^`u tu+ lie^.u quy'.
CD-ROM na`y ddu+o+.c bie^n soa.n co^ng phu ba(`ng hai thu+' tie^'ng Vie^.t
va` Anh de^~ tra cu+'u, la` cuo^'n sa'ch ca^`n thie^'t cho ca'c nha`
nghie^n cu+'u, ca'c Pha^.t tu+?, kha'ch du li.ch va` ba.n ddo.c trong,
ngoa`i nu+o+'c muo^'n ti`m hie^?u ve^` nhu+~ng di sa?n va(n hoa' quy' ba'u
cu?a Vie^.t Nam.
------------------------------
Topic No. 9
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 1997 02:12:34 -0800 (PST)
From: Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
To: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu
Subject: Ba'o VN: TPHCM ca^`n 133,641 ti? ddo^`ng dde^? pha't trie^?n
Message-ID: <Pine.SGI.3.91.970327021130.13860G-100000@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
Tho+`i su+. kinh te^'
T.Th
Ba'o Thanh nie^n So^' 44 (18/3/1997)
TP Ho^` Chi' Minh : Ca^`n 133,641 ti? ddo^`ng dda^`u tu+ pha't trie^?n
trong giai ddoa.n 1996-2000
Dda^y la` con so^' u+o+'c ti'nh ddu+o+.c UBND TP Ho^` Chi' Minh ddu+a ra
trong ba?n quy hoa.ch kinh te^' xa~ ho^.i TP Ho^` Chi' Minh dde^'n na(m
2000 - 2010. Ba?n quy hoa.ch na`y dda~ ddu+o+.c dde^. tri`nh le^n Bo^.
Ke^' hoa.ch dda^`u tu+ dde^? tha^?m ddi.nh. Theo ba?n quy hoa.ch na`y,
vo+'i so^' vo^'n dda^`u tu+ 133.64 ti? ddo^`ng, trong giai ddoa.n 1996 -
2000, TP Ho^` Chi' Minh :se~ dda.t to^'c ddo^. ta(ng GDP bi`nh qua^n 15%
va` GDP bi`nh qua^n dda^`u ngu+o+`i va`o na(m 2000 la` 1.606 USD. Nhu
ca^`u vo^'n dda^'u tu+ ha`ng na(m va`o khoa?ng 26.728,2 ti? ddo^`ng,
trong ddo' nguo^`n vo^'n tu+` nga^n sa'ch 2.405,5 ti? ddo^`ng (chie^'m
9%), tu+` doanh nghie^.p tu+ nha^n 8.285,7 ti? ddo^`ng (31%), tu+` doanh
nghie^.p nha` nu+o+'c 5.078, 4 ti? ddo^`ng (18%), tu+` vo^'n dda^`u tu+
nu+o+'c ngoa`i 10.958,6 ti? ddo^`ng (41%). Trong nhu+~ng na(m to+'i, TP
Ho^` Chi' Minh se~ u+u tie^n nguo^`n vo^'n cho pha't trie^?n kinh te^'.
Khu vu+.c III (khu vu+.c di.ch vu.) vo+'i so^' vo^'n pha^n bo^? dda^`u tu+
bi`nh qua^n la` 15.419,8 ti? ddo^`ng (57,6%), Khu vu+.c II (co^ng nghie^.p
xa^y du+.ng) 11.161,7 ti? ddo^`ng (41, 76%) va` Khu vu+.c I (khu vu+.c
no^ng la^m, khai tha'c) la` 146,7 ti? ddo^`ng (0,55%).
------------------------------
Topic No. 10
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 1997 02:15:09 -0800 (PST)
From: Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
To: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu
Subject: Ba'o VN: tin Ha` No^.i, Sa`i Go`n v.v.
Message-ID: <Pine.SGI.3.91.970327021302.13860H-100000@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
Tin tu+'c tu+` ba'o Ha` No^.i mo+'i, so^' 10107 ra nga`y thu+' ba,
25/3/1997
* Ha` no^.i se~ co' the^m mo^.t kha'ch sa.n na(m sao.
Ho^m qua, 24/3/97, ta.i vi. tri' K5 Nghi Ta`m be^n ca.nh Ho^` Ta^y, dda~
la`m le^~ ca^'t no'c co^ng tri`nh kha'ch sa.n na(m sao cu?a Cty lie^n
doanh tra'ch nhie^.m hu+~u ha.n Vie^.t nam- Malaysia (VIMAS). Dde^'n du+.
le^~ ca^'t no'c co' dd/c Tra^`n Lu+u Vy, Tru+o+?ng ban ta`i chi'nh qua?n
tri. TU+, Bo^. tru+o+?ng Bo. Xay du+.ng Ngo^ Xua^n Lo^.c, Pho' chu? ti.ch
UBND tha`nh pho^' Lu+o+ng Ngo.c Cu+`, dda.i su+' Malaysia ta.i Vie^.t nam
Chia-sam-ki'p va` nhie^`u quan kha'ch. Dda^y la` lie^n doanh cu?a ta^.p
ddoa`n Bec-hat (Malay sia) va` Tcty Ho^` ta^y. Kha'ch sa.n cao 18 ta^`ng,
co' 299 pho`ng o+?, mo^.t pho`ng tie^.c lo+'n ddu? cho^~ cho 450 ngu+o+`i,
se~ kha'nh tha`nh va`o cuo^'i na(m nay. Vo^'n dda^`u tu+ cho kha'ch sa.n
na`y la` 70 trie^.u U SD, phi'a ba.n go'p 70%, Tcty Ho^` Ta^y go'p 30%.
P.V.
* Trong hai tha'ng dda^`u na(m 1997, sa?n xua^'t kinh doanh cu?a kho^'i
co^ng nghie^.p che^' bie^'n (thuo^.c Bo^. No^ng nghie^.p va` pha't trie^?n
no^ng tho^n) dda~ dda.t gia' tri. to^?ng sa?n lu+o+.ng 679,964 ty?
ddo^`ng, ba(`ng 117,3% so vo+'i cu`ng ky` na(m 1996.
Gia' tri. xua^'t nha^.p kha^?u cu?a kho^'i dda~ dda.t to^?ng kim nga.ch
xua^'t nha^.p kha^?u la` 100,750 trie^.u USD, ba(`ng 76,86% so cu`ng ky`
na(m tru+o+'c. Ca'c ma(.t ha`ng xua^'t kha^?u chu? ye^'u la` ca`phe^, rau
qua? ho^.p, che`, na^'m ca'c loa.i, hoa ho^`i, que^'; nha^.p kha^?u chu?
ye^'u la` phu. gia thuo^'c tru+` sa^u, pha^n u-re^, pha^n kali.
* Ddu+a tri' thu+'c tre? ve^` la`ng:
Theo Bo^. GD-DdT, trong so^' 25 va.n sinh vie^n trong ca? nu+o+'c, co'
to+'i 2/3 xu'at tha^n tu+` no^ng tho^n, nhu+ng khi to^'t nghie^.p, co'
nghe^` thi` ho. la.i ti`m ca'ch co cu.m la.i o+? tha`nh pho^', kho^ng
muo^'n ve^` que^. Du+. a'n ban dda^`u cu?a TU+ Ddoa`n TNCS Ho^` Chi' Minh
huy ddo.ng 200 tri' thu+'c tre? ve^` la`m vie^.c ta.i ca'c vu`ng que^ xa.
The^' ma` chi? sau 2 trha'ng va^.n ddo^.ng, so^' tri' thu+'c tre? ti`nh
nguye^.n nhie^`u ga^'phu. thuo^.c -4 la^`n go^`m ca'c ky~ su+, ba'c si~,
cu+? nha^n, to+'i nha^.n tie^`n ho^~ tro+. mo^.t la^`n dde^? le^n
ddu+o+`ng.
* Ba cha^u a(n ga.o Vie^.t nam : Na(m 1996, nu+o+'c ta xua^'t kha^?u
3.047.899 ta^'n ga.o ca'c loa.i, ta(ng ga^`n 1 trie^.u ta^'n so vo+'i
1995. Thi. tru+o+`ng chu? ye^'u la` ca'c khu vu+.c: Cha^u My~ 15,7%, Trung
Ddo^ng 19%, cha^u Phi 31%, cha^u a' 35,3%. Hie^.p ho^.i xua^'t nha^.p
kha^?u lu+o+ng thu+.c Vie^.t nam la` co+ quan thu+.c hie^.n chi? tie^u
ga.o xua^'t kha^?u go^`m 36 tha`nh vie^n.
* Ngu+o+`i nghe`o cu?a 22 cho+. vay vo^'n tu+. ta.o vie^.c la`m : TP Ho^`
Chi' Minh co' 22 cho+. lo+'n, nho? trong ddo' kho^ng i't ngu+o+`i thie^'u
vo^'n "co`m" dde^? buo^n ba'n. Quy~ ho^~ tro+. vo^'n cho ngu+o+`i lao
ddo.ng tu+. ta.o vie^.c la`m ddu+o+.c tha`nh la^.p va` go.i ta('t la` Quy~
CEP. Ho+n 10 nghi`n lu+o+.t tie^?u thu+o+ng nghe`o dda~ ddu+o+.c vay tu+`
quy~ tre^n 16 ty? ddo^`ng, la~i sua^'t tu+` 2,8 dde'n 3%, tra? go'p ha`ng
nga`y.
* Tha`nh pho^' Ho^` Chi' Minh : Xe't xu+? phu'c tha^?m vu. a'n TAMEXCO :
Theo TTXVN - Sa'ng 24-3, Toa` phu'c tha^?m, Toa` a'n nha^n da^n to^'i cao
TP HCM dda~ mo+? phie^n to`a xe't xu+? phu'c tha^?m vu. a'n TAMEXCO.
Ho^.i ddo^`ng xe't xu+? go^`m co' : o^ng Huy`nh Tha`nh La^.p, tha^?m
pha'n toa` a'n nha^n da^n to^'i cao ta.i TP HCM la`m chu? toa. phie^n to`a
va` hai tha^?m pha'n : o^ng Nguye^~n Va(n Hie^.n, pho' cha'nh to`a a'n
hi`nh su+. toa` a'n nha^n da^n to^'i cao, o^ng Nguye^~n Xua^n Pha't, pho'
cha'nh to`a phu'c tha^?m to`a a'n nha^n da^n to^'i cao ta.i TP HCM.
Dda.i die^.n Vie^.n kie^?m sa't giu+~ quye^`n co^ng to^' ta.i phie^n to`a
co' ba` Le^ Thu Ho^`ng, pho' vie^.n tru+o+?ng vie^.n kie^?m sa't xe't xu+?
phu'c tha^?m Vie^.n kie^?m sa't nha^n da^n to^'i cao ta.i TP HCM va` o^ng
Nguye^~n Ddi`nh Vie^'n, kie^?m sa't vie^n cao ca^'p.
So^' ngu+o+`i ddu+o+.c trie^.u ta^.p ta.i to`a phu'c tha^?m co' 59
ngu+o+`i go^`m 20 bi. ca'o (trong ddo' co' 15 ngu+o+`i kha'ng a'n sau khi
to`a xe't xu+? so+ tha^?m); 4 nguye^n ddo+n da^n su+. va` 35 ngu+o+`i co'
quye^`n lo+.i va` nghi~a vu. lie^n quan, trong so^' na`y dda~ va('ng ma(.t
ca'c o^ng Nguye^~n Minh Ninh ( nguye^n chu? ti.ch UBND ti?nh Ba` Ri.a -
Vu~ng Ta`u), Nguye^~n Tri' Du~ng (con trai cu?a ba` Le^ Thi. Va(n,
nguye^n pho' chu? ti.ch UBND TP HCM, lie^n quan dde^'n vie^.c mua chie^'c
xe cu?a Pha.m Huy Phu+o+'c) va` Chen Pu Zu. So vo+'i phie^n toa` so+
tha^?m, so^' lua^.t su+ tham gia ba?o ve^. quye^`n lo+.i cho ca'c bi. ca'o
va` ca'c nguye^n ddo+n da^n su+. dda~ ta(ng the^m 5 ngu+o+`i, na^ng to^?ng
so^' lua^.t su+ ta.i phie^n toa` le^n 28 ngu+o+`i.
Nga`y dda^`u tie^n ho^.i ddo^`ng xe't xu+? dda~ tie^'n ha`nh kie^?m tra
ly' li.ch ca'c bi. ca'o va` tha^?m va^'n ly' do kha'ng ca'o cu?a ca'c bi.
ca'o.
Theo du+. kie^'n phie^n toa` se~ ke'o da`i dde^'n 31/03/1997.
*Du+ lua^.n tie^'p tu.c u?ng ho^. Vie^.t nam ddo`i Trung quo^'c ngu+`ng
hoa.t ddo^.ng khoan tham do` trong vu`ng bie^?n nu+o+'c ta.
TTXVN- Ha~ng AFP ta.i Ha` no^.i nga`y 23-3 ,da^~n lo+`i ca'c nha` ngoa.i
giao ASEAN cho bie^'t Hie^.p ho^.i ASEAN se~ to? tha'i ddo^. u?ng ho^.
Vie^.t nam trong vie^.c ddo`i Trung quo^'c ngu+`ng hoa.t ddo^.ng khoan
tham do` trong vu`ng bie^?n cu?a Vie^.t nam ta.i cuo^.c ho.p ca^'p cao
ASEAN- Trung quo^'c va`o tha'ng to+'i.
Mo^.t dda.i su+' ASEAN ta.i Ha` no^.i no'i vo+'i ha~ng: " Ddu+o+ng nhie^n
la` ASEAN se~ u?ng ho^. Vie^.t nam... ".
AFP vie^'t tie^'p, sau mo^.t cuo^.c ho.p kha^?n ca^'p cu?a ca'c Dda.i su+'
ASEAN do Bo^. Ngoa.i giao Vie^.t nam trie^.u ta^.p ta.i Ha` no^.i ho^m
20-3, ca'c nha` ngoa.i giao dda~ khuye^n ca'c chi'nh phu? cu?a ho. da`nh
u?ng ho^. hoa`n toa`n cho dde^` nghi. cu?a Vie^.t nam ye^u ca^`u co' mo^.t
cuo^.c ho.p vo+'i Trung quo^'c ve^` cuo^.c tranh cha^'p ga^`n dda^y nha^'t
o+? bie^?n Ddo^ng va` ddu+a va^'n dde^` tre^n va`o chu+o+ng tri`nh nghi.
su+. cu?a ho^.i nghi. ho+.p ta'c ASEAN - Trung quo^'c tu+` 17 dde^'n 19-4
to+'i.
------------------------------
Topic No. 11
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 1997 02:18:43 -0800 (PST)
From: Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
To: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu
Subject: Ba'o VN: truye^.n nga('n "Ca'i ti`nh chi"
Message-ID: <Pine.SGI.3.91.970327021544.13860I-100000@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
Ca'i ti`nh chi...
Truye^.n nga('n cu?a Tra^`n Va(n Tua^'n
Ba'o Va(n nghe^. So^' 5+6 tha'ng 2/1997
La~o o^'m nhom, cao ke^`u, na^u sa.m nhu+ vu+`a tu+` lo` sa^'y chui ra.
La~o ddi hai ha`ng, la(`ng ngoa(`ng qua(ng qua^.t. Chie^'c dda^`u tro.c
lo^'c, lo^`i lo~m va` chie^'c mu~i mo? chim nho.n hoa('t luo^n ngo.
ngua^.y. Tro^ng la~o gio^'ng nhu+ mo^.t qua'i nha^n cao thu? trong
truye^.n chu+o+?ng cu?a Kim Dung. Ngu+o+`i trong he?m go.i la~o la` La~o
Xi?n.
Cu~ng bo+?i da^n gian quen go.i ngu+o+`i theo a^'n tu+o+.ng. Co+ quan co'
mo^.t tay ca'n bo^. dda^`u to, nhu+ng tri' thu+'c thi` qua' be' nho?,
ddu+o+.c anh em go.i la` Thie^n Lo^i bo+?i ga~ chi? bie^'t la`m theo
le^.nh tre^n chi? dda^u dda'nh ddo', ma` dda~ dda'nh la` dda'nh du+~ ba^'t
cha^'p ti`nh ly', pha?i tra'i. La.i co' mo^.t anh cha`ng "ba.ch die^.n
thu+ sinh" da'ng ve? nho nha~ li.ch thie^.p nhu+ng hie^?m a'c kho^n
lu+o+`ng, ai cu~ng pha?i de` chu+`ng, go.i la` "Ba.ch Xa` ddu+.c". Ngay
trong he?m na`y, ngu+o+`i ta cu~ng dda(.t te^n go.i cho nhie^`u ngu+o+`i
theo a^'n tu+o+.ng hi`nh the^? va` ti'nh ca'ch. Nhu+ co^ ba'n che` dda^.u
xanh la` co^ "che` dda'", anh dda.p xi'ch lo^ la` "lo^ lu`n", ba'c tho+.
ca('t to'c ho'i dda^`u la` "ca.o ho'i"... Co' ddie^`u ho+i kha'c no+i
co^ng so+?, ngu+o+`i trong he?m dda(.t bie^.t danh cho nhau kho^ng pha?i
do a'c y', nha^'n ma.nh ddie^?m xa^'u. Ca'i te^n la~o Xi?n cu~ng va^.y.
Ngu+o+`i dda(.t te^n cho la~o a^'y dde^? ghi nho+' nhu+~ng ca'i hu+~u i'ch
cu?a la~o khi say xi?n. La~o kho^ng pha?i xi?n qua^.y, ma` la` xi?n hu+~u
du.ng. Cu~ng la` ddie^`u la. trong ca'i xo'm he?m na`y. Xu+a nay, ngu+o+`i
ta thu+o+`ng no'i "say xi?n la`m ca`n" chu+' tuye^.t nhie^n chu+a tha^'y
ai no'i "say xi?n hu+~u i'ch" ca?. Cha(?ng the^' ma` Chi'nh phu? mo+'i ra
le^.nh ca^'m say xi?n ddo' tho^i. Cu~ng ca^`n pha?i no'i the^m cho co'
nga`nh co' ngo.n ve^` vie^.c dda(.t te^n la~o Xi?n, o+? ca'i he?m co' 23
ho^. na`y, dda`n o^ng say xi?n la` chuye^.n thu+o+`ng nga`y, la` vie^.c
ddu+o+ng nhie^n nhu+ dde^'n mu`a mu+a thi` mu+a dde^'n, mu+a nhie^`u thi`
nga^.p nu+o+'c... Co' dde^'n 90 pha^`n tra(m dda`n o^ng trong he?m me^
bia, ru+o+.u va` ha^`u nhu+ ta^'t ca? dde^`u say xi?n sau khi nha^.u. Co'
bu+~a, ho. xi?n ddo^`ng loa.t qua^.y pha' lung tung khie^'n dda`n ba` con
ni't ke^u kho'c om so`m, cha.y to+'i cha.y lui nhu+ cu+'u hoa? va` ba anh
co^ng an phu+o+`ng pha?i ta? xung hu+~u ddo^.t ho+n mo^.t gio+` mo+'i de.p
ye^n. Ngu+o+`i ta no'i mo^~i na(m o+? he?m na`y co' hai nga`y "di.ch xi?n"
tu+'c la` nga`y bo.n dda`n o^ng ddo^`ng loa.t xi?n. a^'y la` nga`y ra(`m
tha'ng ba?y cu'ng co^ ho^`n va` nga`y gia'p Te^'t Nguye^n dda'n ddu+a o^ng
Ta'o ve^` Tro+`i. Co+' sao ho. la.i cho.n hai nga`y a^'y dde^? qua^.y ?
Mo^~i ngu+o+`i no'i ra mo^.t ly' do cha(?ng ai gio^'ng ai, nhu+ng cha('p
no^'i la.i cu~ng co' the^? hie^?u ddu+o+.c : bo+?i la`m nghe^` tu+. do,
ba'm lo`ng le^` ddu+o+`ng kie^'m so^'ng, nay ddu+o+.c mai thua ne^n ho.
la('m me^ ti'n, la^'y hai nga`y ddo' la`m nga`y xa? xui. La.i pha?i nha('c
la.i, con he?m na`y vo^'n la` "vu+o+ng quo^'c" cu?a da^n nghe`o tu+. do.
Tru+o+'c 1975, ngu+o+`i trong he?m co' bo^'n ca'i kho^ng : kho^ng ddu+o+.c
ddi li'nh, kho^ng ho.c, kho^ng tro^.m ca('p, kho^ng xi?n kho^ng ve^`. Sau
gia?i pho'ng, hai ca'i kho^ng dda^`u pha?i bo?. Tre? con pha?i ddi ho.c,
thanh nie^n pha?i ddi nghi~a vu. qua^n su+.. Ca'i kho^ng tro^.m ca('p,
xo'm va^~n giu+~ ddu+o+.c tro.n ve.n, ne^'u co' xa?y ra chuye^n ma^'t
ddo^` cu~ng la` do ke? gian no+i kha'c dde^'n. Co`n ca'i "kho^ng xi?n
kho^ng ve^`" va^~n to^`n ta.i trong the^' no^?i chi`m, khi co' khi kho^ng.
Ca'nh dda`n o^ng trong he?m say xi?n ca`ng qua^'y nhie^~u nhu+ va^.y sao
kho^ng ai ddu+o+.c go.i la` xi?n ? Ngu+o+`i xu+' kha'c to` mo` ho?i. Ca'c
ba` gia?i thi'ch : "Co' gi` la. dda^u. Ma men dda~ nha^.p, ho. pha?i
qua^.y tho^i. Kho^ng co' gi` dda'ng no'i. Chi? co' o^ng ta mo+'i la` la..
Khi xi?n, o^ng de^~ thu+o+ng la('m". Co' ba` con no'i "de^~ thu+o+ng de^~
so+.".
Tha^.t ra, ca'i te^n dda^`u tie^n ngu+o+`i trong he?m dda(.t te^n cho la~o
la` o^ng "ki` cu.t" (ddu'ng ra la` ki` cu.c, nhu+ng vi` da^n o+? dda^y
kho^ng quen no'i na(.ng, ddo^?i a^m cu.c tha`nh cu.t). O^ng "ki` cu.t"
dde^'n he?m na`y ba^'t ngo+` nhu+ the^? tu+` tre^n tro+`i ro+i xuo^'ng
tu+` du+o+'i dda^'t chui le^n, hay no'i theo tho+`i dda.i cu?a ti vi la`
"ddo^.t ngo^.t nhu+ ddo^?i ke^nh truye^`n hi`nh". To^'i kho^ng tha^'y gi`.
Dde^m kho^ng tha^'y gi`. Sa'ng ra, ngu+o+`i ta tha^'y o^ng lu+`ng lu+~ng
o+? dda^`u he?m, sa sa? rao ba'o : "Ba'o mo+'i dda^y ! Tin mo+'i nha^'t
ve^` cuo^.c chie^'n vu`ng vi.nh. Qua^n My~ - Anh dda~ tie^'n sa't thu?
ddo^ Ba't dda..."
Ho^`i a^'y xa?y ra cuo^.c chie^'n vu`ng Vi.nh, lie^n qua^n My~-Anh tie^'n
dda'nh Ira('c ngu+o+`i ddo.c tha`nh pho^' so^i no^?i ba`n lua^.n. Gio+'i
ca' cu+o+.c bo'ng dda' cu~ng nha?y va`o cuo^.c. Ngu+o+`i ta ca' ddo^.
"O^ng Hu'txen ca^`m cu+. ddu+o+.c bao la^u ?". Ca'nh dda`n o^ng trong he?m
vo^'n la` dde^. tu+? tu'c ca^`u gia'o va` cu~ng la` cu+ da^n co' ho^.
kha^?u thu+o+`ng chu' o+? la`ng ca' ddo^. C,D tre^n sa^n Tho^'ng Nha^'t,
nhanh cho'ng ba('t mo^`i. Ma^'t cha(?ng dda'ng la` bao (co' 5 nga`n
ddo^`ng) nhu+ng ne^'u ddu+o+.c thi` ddu+o+.c nhie^`u thu+', tie^`n ba.c
chi? la` phu.. Ca'i ddu+o+.c lo+'n nha^'t la` va^~n la` danh gia'.
Ngu+o+`i trong he?m tin ca^.y o^ng, nho+` o^ng la`m qua^n su+. O^ng ddoa'n
tru'ng pho'c nga`y ke^'t cu.c cuo^.c chie^'n. Ca'nh dda`n o^ng trong he?m
tha('ng lo+'n, mo+? tie^.c chie^u dda~i o^ng. Ho. say xi?n, ve^` nha` ti`m
che'n me? dde^? dda^.p, ghe^' ga^~y cha^n dde^? pha', ho` he't doa. na.t
vo+. con... O^ng "ki` cu.t" cu~ng xi?n nhu+ng kho^ng qua^.y pha' nhu+
ho.. O^ng lang thang kha('p xo'm bie^?u die^~n va(n nghe^.. Dda^`u tie^n
o^ng ha't xa^?m mo^.t kie^?u ha't ra^'t la. tai ddo^'i vo+'i cu+ da^n o+?
he?m na`y. Ha't ra(`ng :"Ca'i ti`nh la` ca'i chi chi - nhu+ da^y trong
co^? da('t ddi, ke'o ve^` - Ca'i ti`nh co' la('m thuo^'c me^- Tro+`i rung
dda^'t lo+?, khen che^ ma(.c ddo+`i - Ca'i ti`nh la` ga~ do+? ho+i -
mu+o+.n no+i kho^' ra'ch, dda~i no+i qua^`n ho^`ng - Ca'i ti`nh nhe. tu+.a
nhu+ bo^ng - La.i na(.ng nhu+ nu'i cha^'t cho^`ng tha'ng na(m...". Sau
khi ke^? mo^.t tho^i mo^.t ho^`i ve^` ca'i ti`nh na`o ddo' la` con
ddu+o+`i u+o+i giu+~ o^'ng, con ca' lo^.i, con chim bay... dde^.m nha.c
ba(`ng chie^'c thanh la nho?, o^ng chuye^?n sang ha't ta^n co^? giao
duye^n vo+'i lo^'i die^~n cu?a ca'c ngo^i sau nha.c ro^'c pha tro^.n ta^'u
ha`i khie^'n mo.i ngu+o+`i thi'ch thu' cu+o+`i he^? ha?. Cuo^'i cu`ng la`
tie^'t mu.c ddo^.c ta^'u sa'o tru'c. Dda^y mo+'i la` ddie^`u dde^?
ngu+o+`i ta co' a^'n tu+o+.ng sa^u dda^.m. Co' ba` dda ca?m, nghe tie^'ng
sao, kho'c su.t su`i no'i :"Ddu'ng la` Tru+o+ng Chi ta'i the^'". Ca'i su+.
vi' von na`y da^`u kho^ng ho+.p nhe~ nhu+ng cu~ng co' the^? hie^?u
ddu+o+.c ta^`m mu+'c ca ngo+.i cu?a ba`. Cu~ng cha(?ng rie^ng gi` ba` dda
ca?m no., he^'t tha?y mo.i ngu+o+`i trong he?m tu+` gia` dde^'n tre?
dde^`u khen tie^'ng sa'o cu?a o^ng la` hay. No' tha thie^'t tra^`m bo^?ng.
No' ve'o von day du+'t, lu'c cha^.m lu'c nhanh ma` theo lo+`i o^ng gia'o
gia` dda~ 40 na(m go~ dda^`u tre? con o+? dda^`u he?m nha^.n xe't, tie^'ng
sa'o a^'y nhu+ Nguye^~n Du mo^ ta? tie^'ng dda`n cu?a Kie^`u :"Tie^'ng
khoan nhu+ gio' thoa?ng ngoa`i, tie^'ng mau sa^`m sa^.p nhu+ tro+`i ddo^?
mu+a..." Tie^'ng sa'o khie^'n mo.i ngu+o+`i pha?i bo^`i ho^`i tha?ng
tho^'t nho+' la.i nhu+~ng chuye^.n a^n ti`nh, nhu+~ng gu+o+ng ma(.t tha^n
quen, nhu+~ng ky? nie^.m dde.p... No' mang dde^'n cho ngu+o+`i ta ca'i
gio' ma't la`nh, sa('c tro+`i trong tre?o, va^`ng tra(ng sa'ng lung linh
va` nhu+~ng co^`n ma^y ba?ng la?ng mo+ ma`ng. Lo`ng ngu+o+`i la('ng di.u,
e^m a?. No'ng ma^'y cu~ng pha?i nguo^.i. Chao o^i ! A^m nha.c ky` a?o, ky`
die^.u la`m sao. Co' o^ng say xi?n ho. ha(m he la^'y ma.ng ke? thu`,
cho+.t buo^ng dao tho+? da`i ca ra(`ng :"Ngu+o+`i ta ai cha(?ng la`
ngu+o+`i, con ddau cu?a xo't thi'ch ddo+`i gia`u sang..." Ba'c "ca.o ho'i"
to? ra am hie^?u ve^` nghe^. thua^.t, bi`nh pha^?m ra(`ng : "Cu~ng la`
nho+` say xi?n ca? dda^'y. Co' o^ng hoa. si~ chi? ve~ ddu+o+.c khi xi?n.
Co' o^ng nha` tho+ khi xi?n mo+'i ra tho+. Say xi?n mo+'i co' gia^y phu't
xua^'t tha^`n, tha(ng hoa ca?m xu'c, hu+'ng kho+?i tra`o da^ng..." Dda'm
dda`n o^ng vo^~ tay :"Hoan ho^ say xi?n". Dda`n ba` ddo^`ng thanh no'i
:"Xi?n the^' mo+'i la` xi?n". Ho. kho^ng go.i o^ng la` "ki` cu.t" nu+~a,
ma` go.i La~o Xi?n. Ca'i te^n a^'y "ddo'ng che^'t" va`o la~o ma(.c da^`u
su+'c vo'c la~o co`n khoe?, gio.ng no'i sang sa?ng, gio.ng ca ma.nh me~,
kho^ng the^? go.i la` gia`. Kho^ng mo^.t ai bie^'t tuo^?i cu?a la~o. Khi
la~o ngo^`i tu+o+?ng gia`, lu'c ddu+'ng la.i tha^'y tre?, sa'ng tha^'y
ga`, chie^`u tha^'y tre?... Kho^ng bie^'t dda^u ma` lu+o+`ng. Lao Xi?n
kho^ng co' nhu ca^`u ta^m su+. ca' nha^n vo+'i ngu+o+`i ta. Kho^ng die^~n
tro` thi` la~o cu'i dda^`u im la(.ng. Co' ai ddo' bi. ddu+'t ca^`u dao
ddie^.n go.i la~o dde^'n su+?a du`m. Ro^`i thi` ca'i xe ba'nh mi` cu?a co^
Ba bi. hu+, la~o mang ke^`m bu'a dde^'n su+?a du`m. Nha` ai co' gio^~, ho^
mo^.t tie^'ng, la~o se~ vui ve? dde^'n ngay phu. giu'p vie^.c be^'p nu'c.
Chu+a bao gio+` la~o tu+` cho^'i ddie^`u gi` khi ngu+o+`i trong he?m nho+`
ca^.y, khi ti?nh cu~ng nhu+ khi xi?n, ke^? ca? chuye^.n la`m ma(.t du+~,
die^~n tro` ma quy? dde^? doa. tre? con ni'n kho'c. Sa'ng so+'m la~o ddi,
tru+o+'c dda^y la~o co' sa.p ba'n ba'o. Khi co' chi? thi. de.p lo`ng le^`
ddu+o+`ng la~o bo? sa(.p ba'n ba'o da.o. Kho^ng chi? co' ba'n ba'o,
tre^n chie^'c xe dda.p cu?a la~o co' nhie^`u thu+' va(n pho`ng pha^?m,
ke.o cao su, nhi.p nho^? ra^u, ddo^` la^'y ra'y tai... Nghe no'i, la~o
co`n la`m nhie^`u nghe^` kha'c. La~o ve^` lu'c tro+`i ga^`n to^'i, nga?
nghie^ng, xie^u xie^u, ve.o ve.o, nhu+ ddo^? sa^'p, nhu+ nga~ ngu+?a, nhu+
te' ngang, te' do.c. Nhu+ng chu+a bao gio+` lao te' nga~ ca?. Tre? con
la^`n lu+o+.t ro^`ng ra('n theo la~o. Chu'ng vo^~ tay ha't "Nha` ta co'
ma'i, Ma'i che na('ng che mu+a. Nha` ta co' tu+o+`ng. Tu+o+`ng dde^?
ddo+~ ma'i. Nha` ta ro^.ng ra~i. Kho^ng ghe^', kho^ng ba`n. Cho^~ ngu?,
cho^~ a(n. Thi'ch dda^u na(`m ddo'. Nha` ta co' cu+?a. Cu+?a luo^n ro^.ng
mo+?. Cho+` ngu+o+`i ddo+.i ngu+o+`i..."
Dda^'y la` ba`i ha't ve^` ca'i nha` cu?a la~o, mo^.t ca'i he?m cu.t su+?a
sang lo+.p ma'i tha`nh mo^.t ca'i nha`, tro^'ng ro^~ng nhu+ mo^.t toa ta`u
ha`ng. Dda^y la` qua` ta(.ng cu?a cu+ da^n trong he?m da`nh cho la~o.
Trong he?m co' la('m o^ng ga`n, nhie^`u ba` ngang nga.nh ddanh dda'. Ke^?
tu+` nga`y sau gia?i pho'ng 1975 dde^'n nay, da^n trong he?m mo+'i chi?
ddo^`ng ta^m nha^'t tri' 100% co' hai ddie^`u. Thu+' nha^'t la` vie^.c
chung su+'c, go'p tie^`n su+?a ddu+o+`ng, tho^ng co^'ng. Thu+' hai la`
nha^'t tri' giu'p la~o Xi?n co' nha` o+? va` ba?o la~nh cho la~o. Cu~ng
bo+?i lai li.ch cu?a la~o mo+ ho^`, kho^ng ro~ ra`ng ne^n co^ng an
phu+o+`ng ga^y chuye^.n kho' de^~. La~o kho^ng to? ra ba^'t bi`nh hay ca
tha'n gi` ca?. La~o tha?n nhie^n no'i : "To^i se~ ddi". Bo.n tre? bie^'t
chuye^.n, ba'o cho ca? he?m. Mo.i ngu+o+`i xu'm la.i giu+~ la~o, ddo^`ng
ta^m nha^'t tri' ba?o la~nh cho la~o :"O^ng a^'y la` quy' kha'ch cu?a
chu'ng to^i. Chu'ng to^i ba?o dda?m su+. trong sa.ch, lu+o+.ng thie^.n
cu?a o^ng a^'y". Ho. nha^'t loa.t no'i va^.y. Co^ng an phu+o+`ng dda`nh
cu+o+`i xoa` cho qua. The^m mo^.t ddie^`u la. nu+~a. Ngu+o+`i trong he?m
na`y vo^'n co' a'c ca?m va` luo^n ca?nh gia'c vo+'i ngu+o+`i la., nha^'t
la` ngu+o+`i xu+' kha'c dde^'n. Tu+` xu+a dde^'n gio+` chu+a he^` co'
mo^.t ngu+o+`i la., nha^'t la` ngu+o+`i xu+' kha'c dde^'n. Tu+` nay, chi?
co' ngu+o+`i ddi chu+' chu+a co' ngu+o+`i dde^'n. Ngu+o+`i xa kha'c dda^`u
tie^n dde^'n dda^y la` la~o. Ma` ha^`u nhu+ he^'t tha?y mo.i ngu+o+`i
dde^`u kho^ng bie^'t lai li.ch, go^'c ti'ch cu?a la~o. Ngu+o+`i ta ddoa'n
gia` ddoa'n non, mo^~i ngu+o+`i mo^.t y', kho^ng ai gio^'ng ai. La~o no'i
gio.ng xu+' Ba('c, nhu+ng go^'c kho^ng pha?i o+? Ba('c. La~o sinh va`
lo+'n le^n o+? dda^'t Sa`i Go`n - Gia Ddi.nh na`y. La~o co' gia^'y
chu+'ng nha^.n la` Vie^.t kie^`u Tha'i Lan ve^` nu+o+'c, so^'ng o+? vu`ng
Phu' Tho. ngoa`i Ba('c nhu+~ng na(m 60. La~o co`n giu+~ ca? gia^'y chu+'ng
nha^.n lao ddo^.ng tie^n tie^'n o+? no^ng tru+o+`ng cha(n bo` vu`ng Ninh
Bi`nh na(m 1970. La.i co' gia^'y khen cu?a Co^ng ty Ca^`u ddu+o+`ng ti?nh
Phu' Kha'nh ta(.ng cho la~o na(m 1982. Cu+' theo nhu+~ng gia^'y to+` cu?a
la~o, ngu+o+`i ta chi? bie^'t la~o ddi mo^.t vo`ng tra'i dda^'t, ro^`i
tu+` Ba('c va`o Nam, ve^` la.i no+i mi`nh dda~ sinh ra. Bo+?i va^.y co'
ngu+o+`i ddoa'n : la~o sinh ra no+i na`o ddo' trong con he?m hoa(.c ga^`n
vo+'i he?m na`y. Cuo^'i ddo+`i "la' ru.ng ve^` co^.i" la` le~ ddu+o+ng
nhie^n...
Nhu+ng, cu~ng co' ngu+o+`i no'i la~o bo^n ba kha('p no+i la` dde^? ti`m
kie^'m ngu+o+`i ti`nh. Trong bo'p la~o co' giu+~ ta^'m a?nh mo^.t co^
ga'i, da^`u dda~ bi. tho+`i gian la`m cho mo+` o^', nhu+ng tro^ng co`n
dde.p la('m. La~o ddi ba'n da.o kha('p tha`nh pho^' cu~ng la` dde^? ti`m
kie^'m ngu+o+`i xu+a. Tie^'ng sa'o cu?a la~o kho^ng pha?i la` tie^'ng go.i
ba.n thi` la` tie^'ng gi` ?
Ca'i y' kie^'n na`y xem ra co' ve? nghe ddu+o+.c. Va` ngu+o+`i ta ca`ng
tin va`o ca'i gia? thie^'t na`y ho+n khi co' ngu+o+`i pha't hie^.n ra
ra(`ng dda~ ga^`n mo^.t na(m la~o kho^ng he^` say xi?n. Lao chi? gia? vo+`
say xi?n dde^? die^~n tro` mua vui cho ca? he?m ma` tho^i. La~o kho^ng
he^` uo^'ng mo^.t gio.t bia ru+o+.u na`o khi chie^`u la`m sao co' the^?
xi?n ddu+o+.c. Bo+?i vi`, chie^`u na`o, tu+` na(m gio+` dde^'n sa'u gio+`
ru+o+~i la~o dde^`u dde^'n mo^.t ca(n nha` sang tro.ng ma(.t tie^`n o+?
mo^.t pho^' lo+'n co' nhie^`u tie^.m ddo^` sang tro.ng, da('t mo^.t ba`
la~o bi. mu` ra co^ng vie^n ngo^`i ho'ng gio'. Anh "lo^ lu`n" ddem ca?
ba`i vi. o^ng co^' no^.i ra the^` ddo' la` su+. tha^.t. Anh co`n no'i
the^m :"To^i bie^'t nha` ba` la~o na`y. Nha` ra^'t gia`u, la('m con
nhie^`u cha'u nhu+ng a(n o+? ba.c la('m, kho^ng ai cha(m lo ba` la~o ca?".
Co' ngu+o+`i ho?i la~o "vi` sao va^.y?", la~o kho^ng tra? lo+`i, gia?
vo+` say xi?n kha^.t khu+o+~ng ha't :"Ca'i ti`nh la` ca'i chi chi..."
------------------------------
Topic No. 12
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 1997 10:21:22 GMT
From: huy.duong@ctsu.ox.ac.uk
To: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu, VNFORUM@saigon.com
Subject: Paracels and Spratleys
Message-ID: <97032710212204@a2.ctsu.ox.ac.uk>
Dear friends,
I have an idea on how to divide these archipelagoes and their
related resources. I think this idea is geographical and not
political/nationalistic and thereby avoids many conflicts.
What do you think?
For an archipelago, find the `centre of gravity', this CoG represents the
archipelago.
A small bit of coastline will exert an ownership on the CoG that is:
1)proportional to the angle substended at the CoG,
2)inversely proportional to some power, eg 1, of the distance
from the CoG.
(The reason for rule (2) is as follows. Suppose country A has a coastline
that is a semicircle of radius a centred on an island and country B has a
coastline that is a semicircle of radius b(>a) also centred on the island.
Although both coastlines substend the same angle of 180 degrees on the island,
A is nearer and should have more ownership.)
For each country, calculate the ownership by all bits of coastline
that satisfy the following conditions:
a)used by the international convention of the seas to calculate
ownership of the seas,
b)a straight line (strictly speaking a geodesic) can be drawn from that bit of
coastline to the CoG without going over (i) that country's or (ii) other
countries' land.
(The reason for (i) is so that for example the Indian Ocean coast of Malyasia
is irrelevant. The reason for (ii) is so that Australia's coast is irrelevant.)
The resources related to the archipelago are defined by the international
convention of the seas. They are then jointly exploited and the costs and
benefits divided among the countries according to the ratios of ownership.
Huy
------------------------------
Topic No. 13
Date: 27 Mar 1997 02:34 EST
From: "Thai Nguyen" <tinguyen@nortel.ca>
To: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu
Subject: re:Re: Re[2]: Take something back to Vietnam
Message-ID: <199703271024.EAA30269@batch1.csd.uwm.edu>
> Ne^'u anh em co' any sa'ch vo+? ho.c IT hoa(.c ba^'t cu+' thu+' gi`
>co' the^? hu+~u du.ng xin gom la.i du`m. Khi dda~ nhie^`u kha kha' co'
>the^? go+?i ve^`. Nho+` anh em cho mo^.t ca'i list. dde^? ddo+~ shipping
>expense.
> Thanks
> Aiviet
O+? ha~ng mi`nh la`m cu~ng thu+o+`ng xuye^n co' sa'ch IT (C/C++, Assembler,
Pascal, ect.) kho^ng du`ng nu+a~. Ma^'y tha'ng nay mi`nh co' giu+~ la.i mo^.t
so^', anh em na`o ve^` VN hay co' ca'ch na`o gu+?i ve^` chung cho ddo+~ to^'n
tie^`n cho mi`nh gui+? theo vo+'i.
Tha'i Nguye^n
------------------------------
Topic No. 14
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 1997 02:31:38 -0800 (PST)
From: Dam Son <son@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
To: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu
Subject: Nu'i lu+?a Ha`m Ro^`ng (Gia Lai) co' hoa.t ddo^.ng tro+? la.i ?
Message-ID: <Pine.SGI.3.91.970327022934.13860N-100000@fermi.phys.washington.edu>
Ba'o Tie^`n Phong 4/3/97:
Nu'i lu+?a Ha`m Ro^`ng (Gia Lai) co' hoa.t ddo^.ng tro+? la.i ?
Tu+` sau Te^'t Nguye^n Dda'n, ca'c co+ quan tho^ng tin cu?a ti?nh Gia Lai
va` mo^.t so^' to+` ba'o dda~ tho^ng tin ve^` hie^.n tu+o+.ng nhu+~ng
va.t dda^'t su.t lu'n va` nhu+~ng ve^'t nu+'t quanh khu vu+.c nu'i lu+?a
Ha`m Ro^`ng. Dda^y la` mie^.ng cu?a mo^.t so^' nu'i lu+?a ngu+ng hoa.t
ddo^.ng muo^.n nha^'t (ca'ch dda^y 1 trie^.u na(m), dde^? la.i da^'u ve^'t
ro~ ne't nha^'t o+? nu+o+'c ta. Ddi?nh Ha`m Ro^`ng cao 1.028 m na(`m ca'ch
thi. xa~ Pleiku 10 km ve^` phi'a Ddo^ng-Nam be^n ca.ch quo^'c lo^. 14. Vi`
va^.y, nhu+~ng tho^ng tin ve^` su+. ba^'t bi`nh thu+o+`ng quanh mie^.ng
nu'i lu+?a dda~ ga^y ta^m ly' hoang mang, lo la('ng cho nhu+~ng ngu+o+`i
so^'ng quanh dda^y. Sau khi ba'o chi' tho^ng tin, UBND ti?nh Gia Lai dda~
tha`nh la^.p mo^.t ho^.i ddo^`ng go^`m ca'c nga`nh lie^n quan: ddi.a
cha^'t, khoa ho.c co^ng nghe^. mo^i tru+o+`ng dde^? xa'c minh va` la`m ro~
va^'n dde^` na`y.
Chu'ng to^i nha^.n ddu+o+.c tho^ng tin ve^` su.p, nu+'t quanh nu'i Ha`m
Ro^`ng tu+` mu`ng 8 Te^'t (14/2/97) song cho ra(`ng chu+a ddu? du+~ lie^.u
tin ca^.y. Lie^n tie^'p sau ddo', ngoa`i vie^.c mo^.t so^' dda`i ba'o
ddu+a tin thi` ta.i Kontum co' tho^ng tin truye^`n mie^.ng ra(`ng ve^'t
nu+'t dda~ ke'o da`i 15 km. Nga`y 25/2 chu'ng to^i dda~ cu`ng gia'm ddo^'c
Ddoa`n ddi.a cha^'t 506 va` mo^.t so^' ca'n bo^. ky~ thua^.t cu?a Ddoa`n,
cu?a So+? Co^ng nghie^.p Kontum dde^'n ta^.n no+i dde^? ti`m hie^?u va^'n
dde^` na`y.
Dde^'n So+? Co^ng nghie^.p Gia Lai, chu'ng to^i ddu+o+.c chi? ddu+o+`ng
va` ba?o chi? vie^.c dde^'n nga~ ba ddi Ddu+'c Co+ se~ tha^'y ngu+o+`i ddi
xem nu+o+`m nu+o+.p. Chu'ng to^i dde^'n dda^y cha(?ng tha^'y co' ai ddi
xem "ve^'t nu+'t nu'i lu+?a" nhu+ng ra^'t may la` ga(.p mo^.t cha`ng trai
Thanh Hoa' to^'t bu.ng ta^.n ti`nh da^~n ddu+o+`ng. Anh co bie^'t nhu+~ng
nga`y tru+o+'c mo^~i nga`y co' va` tra(m ngu+o+`i ddi xem ma'y dde^'n xem
khu vu+.c na`y xa?y ra su.p lu'n thuo^.c tho^n 4 xa~ Ya Pa(ng (Chu+ro^ng).
Tu+` xa co' the^/ nhi`nh tha^'y nhu+~ng ma?ng su.p, lu'n sa^u va`i me't,
ro^.ng, co' no+i tre^n 1000 m. Dda(.c bie^.t, ta.i cha^n mo^.t tru.
ddie^.n 220 kv tu+` Pleiku ddi Da('c La('c ma?ng su.p kha' sa^u va` chi?
co' ca'ch cha^n co^.t ddie^.n chu+a dde^'n chu.c me't. Do va^.y co^.t
ddie^.n na`y buo^.c pha?i do+`i ddi no+i kha'c.
Nhu+~ng ma?ng su.p lo+? na`y kha' nhie^`u, tuy nhie^n chi? la` nhu+~ng
ma?ng cu.c bo^., gia'n ddoa.n do.c theo khe suo^'i ddo^? ve^` ho^`
Chu+pro^ng. Theo su+. quan sa't cu?a chu'ng to^i thi` hie^.n tu+o+.ng su.p
lu'n na`y dda~ xa?y ra tu+` nhie^`u na(m tru+o+'c. Tuy nhie^n, co' 2 ve^'t
lu'n ga^`n dda^y ga^y thie^.t ha.i ve^` kinh te^' la` ve^'t lu'n ca.nh
co^.t ddie^.n va` ve^'t lu'n ta.i ra^~y. Ca'c nha` thie^'t ke^' ddu+o+`ng
ddie^.n dda~ cho tro^`ng co^.t ddie^.n tre^n mo^.t mo?m dda^.t ddi.a
ta^`ng kho^ng o^?n ddi.nh giu+~a hai khe suo^'i thi` vie^.c sa.t lo+?
dde^'n cha^n tru. la` ddie^`u cha(?ng ga^y nga.c nhie^n. Co`n vie^.c
tu+`ng ma?ng dda^'t lu'n ma^'t ddi ha`ng tra(m me't kho^'i thi` ddu+o+.c
o^ng Bu`i Khoa'ng - Gia'm ddo^'c Ddoa`n ddi.a cha^'t 506 - gia?i thi'ch:
Dda^y la` nhu+~ng vu+.c dda^'t quanh suo^'i, trong lo`ng la` nhu+~ng
ma.ch nu+o+'c nga^`m lie^n tu.c cha?y ra; ddo^`ng tho+`i ke^'t ca^'u ddi.a
cha^'t khu vu+.c na`y kho^ng cha(.t (khoan xuo^'ng 300 m cu~ng chi? co'
dda^'t ddo? ba zan ma` cha(?ng ga(.p dda'). Vie^.c su.p lu'n do.c theo khe
suo^'i, so^ng la` chuye^.n bi`nh thu+o+`ng. Nhu+~ng ve^'t su.p lu'n na`y
co' nguye^n do tu+` ba`o mo`n cu?a thuy? lu+.c quanh suo^'i chu+' chu+a
tha^'y da^'u hie^.u cha^'n ddo^.ng ddi.a cha^'t do no^.i lu+.c be^n trong
vo? tra'i dda^'t. Co`n ve^'t nu+'t 15 km nhu+ tin ddo^`n thi`... xa?y ra
dda~ 1 trie^.u na(m nay la` con suo^'i ba('t nguo^`n tu+` ddi?nh Ha`m
Ro^`ng ddo^? ve^` trung ta^m huye^.n Chu+pro^ng.
Huy`nh Kie^n
------------------------------
Topic No. 15
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 1997 11:46:55 +0100 (MET)
From: Minh Dang <dang@par.univie.ac.at>
To: vnsa-l@csd.uwm.edu
Subject: Re: "Independence" Movement in Xinjiang/China
Message-ID: <199703271046.LAA25890@darlene.par.univie.ac.at>
Hallo!
>
>
> Hello, forumors
> You have certainly sometimes heard about movements for independence in
> Taiwan and Tibet. Recently, there are some news about this kind of movement
> in Xinjiang which is one of the largest provinces located in the North-West
> of China.
> Can anyone out there provide me some news about this?
You can find some information about the independence movement in Xinjiang
in the following article from TIME MARCH 24, 1997 VOL. 149 NO. 12 :
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CRACKS IN THE FACADE
NO LONGER A MONOLITH, CHINA AFTER DENG IS A STEW OF
SEPARATIST LONGINGS, PROVINCIAL RIVALRIES AND
RICH-POOR TENSIONS. CAN JIANG HOLD IT ALL TOGETHER?
BY ANTHONY SPAETH
China laid to rest its leader of two decades, Deng Xiaoping, at a solemn ceremony at Beijing's
Great Hall of the People on Feb. 25. A few hours later, in faraway Urumqi, capital of the
northwestern province of Xinjiang, three bombs planted on aging, lumbering buses exploded
within minutes of each other, killing nine people and wounding 74. Ten days later, in one of
Beijing's busiest shopping districts, a pipe bomb planted at the front of a municipal bus
exploded,
shattering windows and injuring a dozen passengers. Press reports linked the unprecedented act
of violence to pro-independence groups from Xinjiang. Beijing Mayor Jia Qinglin called the blast
a "political act."
To the outside world, China has often appeared a massive monolith. In the 1950s and '60s, it was
among the world's most ardently ideological countries, where the thoughts of one man, Mao
Zedong, were both law and religion to hundreds of millions. When catastrophes occurred--like
the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution--they affected the entire country
simultaneously. Under Deng, China changed course and became, virtually overnight, an
international economic power, "The Modern China"--a label that once again suggested a
country unified, on the move and marching in a single direction.
The recent bombings raise explosive questions about that notion. The Xinjiang independence
movement is fractured and enjoys uneven support in its home province. Nonetheless, the blasts
were a remarkable reminder that China is a country of myriad parts and heterogeneous peoples
that long ago abandoned its national lockstep. Following two decades of economic reform, in
which individuals were told to look out for themselves and whole provinces jumped the queue of
prosperity, disparities in income have never been broader. For truly enormous segments of the
population--800 million farmers, 200 million residents of the depressed interior
provinces--their entire destinies seem vastly and perhaps permanently different from those of
their lucky countrymen elsewhere. In July, Hong Kong will become part of China: 6 million
Chinese will live, and probably thrive, under laws dissimilar to those obeyed by 1.2 billion
compatriots.
At the same time, Deng's reforms eroded the iron control of the Communist Party and
undermined the socialist ideology that gave it legitimacy. In the eyes of many Chinese, the party
is weaker now than at any time since 1949. That is why the bomb in Beijing, which went off a
block from the Zhongnanhai compound that houses China's leaders, sent such a shudder through
the capital. Its timing, shortly after Deng's death, is telling: at least some malcontents seemed
to
be announcing that they are unafraid to air grievances to a leadership perceived as substantially
weakened--and to perform its "political act" in their back yard. "It is a real wake-up call," says
Kenneth Lieberthal, political science professor at the University of Michigan. "Beijing's leaders
must be realizing that they have created an extremely complex, diverse country, and it is not
obvious who their enemies are. The list is very long."
That list is now the problem of President Jiang Zemin, Deng's successor, who must govern a
nation increasingly disunited as a result of his predecessor's reforms, which also created a raft
of
social problems. China's cities are engulfed in crime: 38,000 criminal gangs were busted last
year alone. Corruption is rampant, and 13,000 public officials were investigated for crimes in
1996. Labor unrest is high, especially at money-losing state-owned companies that have trouble
paying workers. All these social ills have been viewed for several years as ticking bombs. The
big question: did Deng's presence on the scene, even when he was elderly and enfeebled, keep
them from going off? And if poor farmers, laid-off factory hands or bomb-capable ethnic
minorities do get restive, does Deng's successor, Jiang Zemin, the technocratic former mayor of
Shanghai, have the skill or toughness to deal with them? "Jiang's mettle has not been fully
tested," says a Western diplomat in Beijing. "He just may not be up to the severe challenges he is
facing."
Jiang's main test is how to deal with the yawning divisions in today's China, which are of various
types. China is a mix of different peoples: it has 57 officially recognized minority groups, such
as
the Tibetans, Mongolians and Xinjiang's 7 million firmly Muslim, largely disgruntled Uighurs. In
the 1950s, some 400 groups applied for minority status on the basis of unique ethnic background
or language. Han Chinese represent 87% of the population, but among the Han there are nine
linguistic groups speaking 15 dialects.
More recently, reform has opened socio-economic divides throughout China: in two decades, a
determinedly egalitarian society has become a messy mix of haves and have-nots. City folk live
far better than the farmers who grow their food. Private sector entrepreneurs get the cars and
motorbikes, while state employees get paid in IOUs instead of cash. Some provinces have
prospered and wiggled free of Beijing's administrative control, while others languish in poverty.
The gap is eloquently illustrated by statistics: urbanites earn 3.34 times more than their country
counterparts. An employee in a joint-venture or foreign-owned firm makes, on average, $900 a
year, almost double what a worker in a quasi-private enterprise earns. Farmers are at the
bottom with average yearly incomes of $180, much of it earned in kind rather than cash. And
those are the lucky ones. Some 150 million farmers have been left jobless due to mechanization
and the merging of farms, and 80-100 million of them have hit the road, becoming a "floating
population" in search of odd jobs in cities such as Shanghai and Beijing. "A revolt of the pizi
(riffraff) could break out anytime," says Wang Shan, a commentator in Beijing--and that
possibility revives memories of the peasant uprisings that periodically convulsed China in the
past.
A portion of that diaspora of the unemployed also ends up in the rough lands of China's west, in
the so-called autonomous regions, homelands of such non-Han Chinese peoples as the Tibetans
and Uighurs. For five decades, China has struggled with its ethnic minorities, trying to keep them
within the national fold with offers of semi-autonomy, while periodically cracking down on
nationalist movements and sending millions of Han Chinese to settle in the areas. Of the five
autonomous regions, the Tibetans' nonviolent struggle to preserve their culture is perhaps best
known, thanks to their charismatic spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama. But all five are vital pieces
of
real estate for China. Xinjiang alone accounts for one-sixth of the country's land mass and has
enough oil to have earned it the nickname of China's Alaska.
Before the bomb blast in Beijing, few analysts expected Xinjiang to become a flashpoint for
Jiang. But trouble was brewing between the Han Chinese migrants and the province's
Turkic-speaking natives. "Relations between Chinese and Uighurs were not very good," relates
a Uighur writer living in exile in neighboring Kazakhstan. "Now they are worse." Xinjiang, pop.
16.6 million, shares borders with six countries, including most of the Muslim states of the former
Soviet Union; the Uighurs have the distinction of being the world's last Muslim population living
under Communist rule. Nationalism has run hot in the past, and from 1944 to 1949 the Uighurs
declared themselves an independent nation called East Turkestan. During the past year, China
increased its military presence in the province and extended its "Strike Hard" anti-crime
campaign into Uighur life. Anwar Yusuf, head of the Eastern Turkistan National Freedom Center
in Washington, claims 60,000 Uighurs have been arrested and 2,000 executed, largely to smother
a nascent independence movement. "Our country is a dungeon," he says, "but we are indigenous
people on our land." In early February, two days of anti-Chinese rioting in the border town of
Yining left nine dead, according to Chinese official sources. Following that incident, Erkin
Alptekin, son of a leader of the short-lived East Turkestan Republic, wrote an article in a Hong
Kong magazine calling for Uighurs to use violence against China. He encouraged assassination
of Chinese officials and diplomats. And since February, local officials have confiscated 6,000
pounds of explosives and 31,000 rounds of ammunition.
Until recently, the Uighur community was considered moderate and hard to inflame; the
independence movement was mostly nonviolent and hopelessly fragmented. Almaty, the capital
of neighboring Kazakhstan, has three Uighur separatist groups, and others are scattered around
the world. So disorganized is the movement that it's often hard to determine which acts of
rebellion were launched by whom. The blasts in Urumqi on Deng's funeral day were publicly
claimed by a supposed Uighur rebel spokesman in Almaty, but other exiles say the Chinese
themselves might have been responsible. The Beijing blast was assumed to be a Uighur
operation, but police concede that they're looking into other theories.
For those reasons, along with China's might and determination to keep its territory, most China
watchers have believed that separatism was not a major threat to Beijing, even when its own
officials say it is. Last week, China's prosecutor general Zhang Siqing told the National People's
Congress session in Beijing there were "a large number" of unstable elements in China, including
domestic saboteurs and dangerous religious groups. Twelve months earlier, Zhang had told the
same body that there were few such dangers. After the bombing in Beijing, China experts are
revising their view. "We are likely to witness more and more of this kind of activity," says
Andrew Nien-Dzu Yang, secretary-general of the Chinese Council of Advanced Policy Studies
in Taiwan. "Other minorities will watch very closely what is happening in Xinjiang, including
people in Tibet, Inner Mongolia and even the democratic representatives in Hong Kong." Says
Dru Gladney, professor of Asian Studies at the University of Hawaii: "Most Sovietologists
discarded the concept of nationalities, just as it is discarded by China scholars. But look what
happened." The Uighurs are just one group of have-nots clamoring for Jiang's attention--with
riots and bombs.
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End of VNSA-L Digest 306
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